6. Our Solar System formed billions of years
ago from a large swirling cloud of gas and
dust (nebula).
As it rotated, it flattened into a disk. A
central bulge in the middle formed and
became our Sun.
8. Our Solar System formed billions of years
ago from a large swirling cloud of gas and
dust (nebula).
As it rotated, it flattened into a disk. A
central bulge in the middle formed and
became our Sun.
As the gas and dust coalesced, larger
grains of dust formed. These stuck
together to become rocks…. which
became bigger rocks… which became
―planetesimals‖… which became planets.
11. ―Once these planetesimals have been
formed, further growth of planets
may occur through their gravitational
accretion into large bodies. Just how
that takes place is not understood.‖
Martin Harwit, Astrophysical Concepts, p. 553
12. This theory explains:
The flat shape of our Solar System
The counterclockwise orbits of all
the planets.
The rocky inner planets and the
gaseous outer planets.
13. According to the nebular
hypothesis, every moon or planet
formed along similar lines and
should not be too different from
each other and conform to a single
pattern.
14. The solar nebula model (formed from gas
and dust billions of years ago)
A Biblical model (formed recently by an
intelligent Creator for signs, seasons, and
His own glory)
16. The closest planet to the Sun
Smaller than all planets except Pluto –
even smaller than Ganymede and Titan
Temperatures of 840 to -180 degrees F.
Looks much like our Moon.
19. Scientists
were surprised when the Mariner
10 space probe visited Mercury. We
measured the planet‘s gravitational pull and
other properties.
We discovered that Mercury is extremely
dense: the highest known density of all
planets other than Earth.
21. ―The driving force behind previous attempts to
account for Mercury has been to fit the high
density of the planet into some preferred
overall solar system scheme… It has
become clear that none of these proposed
models work, and the high density is
conveniently accommodated by the large-
impact hypothesis, which makes Mercury
unique.‖
Taylor, Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, p. 194
23. It is believed that early in its
history, an asteroid must have
crashed into Mercury. The lighter
material must have been stripped
away, leaving behind the dense
planet we see today.
26. ―Scientists theorized that Mercury consisted
of a silicate mantle surrounding a solid iron
core. This iron was considered solid - or so
the theory went - because small planets like
Mercury cool off rapidly after their
formation. If Mercury followed this pattern,
then its core should have frozen long ago.‖
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory – Mission News. May 03 2007
27. May 03 2007 – ―Researchers working with high-
precision planetary radars, including the
Goldstone Solar System Radar of NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., have
discovered strong evidence that the planet
Mercury has a molten core. The finding explains
a more than three-decade old planetary mystery
that began with the flight of JPL's Mariner 10
spacecraft. The research appears in this week's
issue of the journal Science.‖
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory – Mission News. May 03 2007
28. If the nebula theory is true:
It can‘t be dense, but it is.
It can‘t have a magnetic field, but it does.
It can‘t have a molten core, but it does.
1 Corinthians 1:27: ―But God hath chosen the foolish
things of the world to confound the wise; and God
hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound
the things which are mighty.‖
30. Atmosphere is primarily
carbon dioxide, with clouds
of concentrated sulfuric
acid. A massive greenhouse
effect makes Venus the
hottest place in the Solar
System: 900 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Pressure is 90
atmospheres.
Has no magnetic field.
31. Venus‘ surface is young and fresh – it doesn‘t
have billions of years of erosion.
34. Venus‘ axial tilt is only 2 degrees from
perfectly perpendicular to the ecliptic plane
Its orbit is the most circular in the Solar
System.
The only evidence is that otherwise, Venus
would contradict the nebula theory
37. Rotation period: Too slow would mean
extreme temperature changes. Too
fast would cause violent winds.
Axial tilt: Gives us moderate seasons.
Circular orbit: Gives us climate
stability.
Isaiah 45:18: For thus saith the LORD that created the
heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it;
he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he
formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is
none else.
39. High specific heat
Enormous latent
heat
High surface tension
Super solvent
Hydrogen bonding
42. Dynamo theory:
the process through
which a rotating,
convecting, and
electrically conducting
fluid can maintain a
magnetic field over
astronomical time.
43. ―The mechanism for generating the
geomagnetic field remains one of
the central unsolved problems in
geoscience.‖
National Geomagnetic Initiative, Dec, 19 2002
44. ―Magnetism is almost as much of a
puzzle now as it was when William
Gilbert (1544-1603) wrote his classic
text ‗Concerning Magnetism, Magnetic
Bodies, and the Great Magnet, Earth‘
in 1600.‖
Taylor, Destiny or Chance: our solar system and its place
in the cosmos, p 163-164
45. Since its first measurement in 1829,
its total energy has fallen by 14%.
Loses half its energy every 700 years
or so.
Archaeomagnetic and paleomagnetic
measurements show wild fluctuations
of polarity in the past.
Field can only be tens of thousands of
years old, not billions
48. Moon is at exactly the right distance.
Close enough - so that its gravity
creates tides in Earth‘s oceans
preventing stagnation.
Far enough – so the tides are not
harmful to us.
50. Genesis 1:14 And God said, "Let there be lights in
the expanse of the sky to separate the day from
the night, and let them serve as signs to mark
seasons and days and years,
61. The early Earth formed by the nebula
theory mechanism - out of a swirling
cloud of gas and dust.
Particles combine due to gravitational
attraction, leading to ever larger celestial
bodies.
The Moon formed out of the same
material as the Earth.
62. Apollo missions showed lunar rocks are
different than Earth rocks.
Moon‘s core is proportionally smaller
than Earth‘s.
Collapse of a gas/dust cloud into two
bodies is problematic.
64. What reduced its speed at
just the right moment?
Lunar rocks are the same
isotopically as Earth rocks.
65. Tests showed that lunar rocks are
different than Earth rocks in some
important ways (Moon is relatively
deficient in iron)
Earth‘srotation would need to be
incredibly fast (once per ~2.6
hours)
66. ―Ifthe rotation of the earth had been
slowed by tidal friction from 4 to 24
hours, there would have been an
energy dissipation of 1.2x1010
ergs…such an energy release is
sufficient to raise the temperature of
the entire earth by 1000o C.‖
R.B. Baldwin, A fundamental survey of the moon,
pp 42-43
67. ―In spite of everything that we have learned
during the last few years, we still cannot
decide between these three theories. We
will need more data and perhaps some new
theories before the origin of the Moon is
settled to everyone‘s satisfaction.‖
Berian M. French, The New Moon: A Window on the Universe
(Washington D.C.: NASA, 1975), p. 11
70. ―Scientists believe that the moon formed as a
result of a collision known as the Giant Impact
or the "Big Whack." According to this idea,
Earth collided with a planet-sized object 4.6
billion years ago. As a result of the impact, a
cloud of vaporized rock shot off Earth's
surface and went into orbit around Earth. The
cloud cooled and condensed into a ring of
small, solid bodies, which then gathered
together, forming the moon.‖
Spudis, Paul D. "Moon." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004.
World Book, Inc. (http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html)
75. Lunar Recession
1,000 years ago 125 feet closer
1 million years ago 28.4 miles closer
10 million years ago 284 miles closer
100 million years ago 2,840 miles closer
1 billion years ago 28,400 miles closer
1.4 billion years ago contact
80. ―The origin of the moon is still unresolved.‖
A. Snyder Ruzicka and L. A. Taylor, ―Giant Impact and
Fission Hypotheses for the origin of the moon: a critical
review of some geochemical evidence, International
Geology Review, 1998, p. 851.
The best explanation is the moon was
created in its present orbit very recently
94. Liquid water on Mars is impossible – it would
boil away in hours.
Recent soil samples by probes found only
trace amounts of carbonates (e.g.,
limestone), and instead found minerals like
olivine, which break down in the presence of
water.
Evolutionists want to find evidence of water
elsewhere – because origin of life theories
here on Earth have all ended in failure.
101. Jupiter spins on its axis
once every 10 hours!
― ‗We came to the conclusion,‘ says Lissauer, ‗that if
you accrete planets from a uniform disk of
planetesimals, prograde rotation just can‘t be
explained.‘ The simulated bombardment leaves a
growing planet spinning once a week at most, not
once a day.‖
Richard A. Kerr, ―Theoreticians Are Putting a New Spin on the Planets,‖
Science, Vol. 258, 23 October 1992, p. 548
103. ―Jupiter is the largest of all the planets. But
results in Nature now reveal the
embarrassing fact that we know next to
nothing about how—or where—it formed.‖
Philip Ball, Nature Science Update, Nov 18, 1999
110. Smoothestbody in the Solar System
Some speculate about water under the ice
111. Most heavily cratered object in the Solar
System in contrast to Europa
Both Europa and
Callisto are ½ ice
Europa has a core,
Callisto doesn‘t
119. "After all this time we're still not sure about the origin
of Saturn's rings," says Jeff Cuzzi, a planetary
scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center.
Astronomers once thought that Saturn's rings
formed when Saturn did: 4.8 billion years ago as
the Sun and planets coalesced from a swirling
cloud of interstellar gas. "But lately," Cuzzi says,
"there's a growing awareness that Saturn's rings
can't be so old."
The Real Lord of the Rings,
Science@NASA Headline News, 2002
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/12feb_rings.htm
120. Rings are bright and shiny, but they sweep up
space dust as Saturn orbits the Sun. After a few
hundred million years, they‘d be darkened.
Moons and ring material are exchanging angular
momentum. Eventually moons will be flung away
while outer half of rings will fall toward the planet.
But we ―know‖ Saturn is old
So where did these young rings come from?
122. ―Cuzzi speculates that some hundreds of millions of
years ago—a time when the earliest dinosaurs
roamed our planet—Saturn had no bright rings.
Then, he says, something unlikely happened: ‗A
moon-sized object from the outer solar system
might have flown nearby Saturn where tidal forces
ripped it apart. Or maybe an asteroid smashed one
of Saturn's existing moons.‘ The debris encircled
the planet and formed the rings we see today.‖
The Real Lord of the Rings,
Science@NASA Headline News, 2002
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/12feb_rings.htm
136. ―Models for the development of the
solar system cannot produce such
an orientation without invoking a
collision with another object.‖
Christiansen and Hamblin, Exploring the Planets,
p. 405
137. •Moons orbit
perpendicular to the
plain of the ecliptic.
•Radiates no energy.
•Magnetic axis is also
offset from the center of
the planet.
138. ―To the complete astonishment of scientists,
the magnetic axis [of Uranus] is tilted
approximately 60 degrees with respect to its
axis of rotation. It is not known why.‖
Christiansen and Hamblin, Exploring the Planets, p. 406
143. ―No one predicted anything looking
like Miranda.‖ Taylor, Destiny or Chance: our solar system and its
place in the cosmos, p. 86
―The central problem in modeling
the thermal histories of the uranian
satellites is accounting for
Miranda.‖ Croft, Uranus conference extracts, 5.10
145. ―Scientists believe that Miranda may have been
shattered as many as five times during its
evolution. After each shattering the moon would
have reassembled from the remains of its former
self with portions of the core exposed and portions
of the surface buried. Miranda's appearance can
be explained by theories, but the real reason is still
unknown.‖
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/features/planets/uranus/miranda.html, 15 Jan 2002
146.
―Although some sort of collisional disruption
appears to be required, it is not obvious that
the present terrain, with relief up to 20 km,
would survive catastrophic disruption and
reassembly.‖
Taylor, Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, p. 261
148. Neptune
Farthest large planet from the Sun:
30 times as far away as Earth.
Supposedly formed billions of years
ago: old, cold, and dead
Not cold: radiates 2x energy received
Not dead: Great Spot storm
disappeared since Voyager II in 1989
150. In 1986, Voyager discovered Uranus‘ magnetic field was
tilted and offset. ―Scientists suggested that Voyager had
caught the field in the middle of a reversal (when the
magnetic north and south poles switch places)‖
Christiansen and Hamblin., Exploring the Planets, p. 424
But then in 1989 Voyager discovered that Neptune‘s
magnetic field was the same way! ―It seems that the
possibility of finding two planets both experiencing magnetic
polarity reversals is small.‖ Ibid
Creationist Dr. Russell Humphreys had successfully
predicted the strengths of both fields years earlier, by
basing his model on the Bible. (His predictions were
100,000 times greater than evolutionist predictions. He was
right and they were wrong.)
151. ―Pssst ... astronomers who model the formation of
the solar system have kept a dirty little secret:
Uranus and Neptune don‘t exist. Or at least
computer simulations have never explained how
planets as big as the two gas giants could form so
far from the sun. Bodies orbited so slowly in the
outer parts of the sun‘s protoplanetary disk that the
slow process of gravitational accretion would need
more time than the age of the solar system to form
bodies with 14.5 and 17.1 times the mass of
Earth.‖
R.N., Birth of Uranus and Neptune, Astronomy 28(4):30, 2000
152. ―What is clear is that simple banging
together of planetesimals to construct
planets takes too long in this remote outer
part of the solar system. The time needed
exceeds the age of the solar system. We
see Uranus and Neptune, but the modest
requirement that these planets exist has not
been met by this model.‖
S.R. Taylor, Destiny or Chance: our solar system and its place in the cosmos, p. 73
153. ―There have been many attempts to model the evolution of
a swarm of colliding planetesimals... Safronov calculated
the characteristic timescales for planetary growth. In the
terrestrial region he found timescales of 107 [10,000,000]
years but the time estimates increased rapidly in the outer
regions of the solar system and was 1010 [10,000,000,000]
years for Neptune – which is twice the age of the solar
system.
―It is clear that, in view of the large timescales found for
the formation of the outer planets, a satisfactory theoretical
model for the accretion of planets from diffuse material is
not available at present.‖ Dormand, J.R. and Woolfson, M.M., The Origin of the solar system:
the capture theory, p. 39
News? Nope – Safronov published this in 1972!
154. ―It‘s
clear that our level of sophistication of
studying planet formation is relatively
primitive…So far, it‘s been very difficult for
anybody to come up with a scenario that
actually produces Uranus and Neptune.‖
Martin Duncan, Queens University, quoted in Astronomy 28(4):30
Nebula theory formation of starsCredit:NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC-Caltech)http://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/web_movies/pa/ssc2004-08v2_full.wmv
Asteroid Ida - Date: 28 Aug 1993Mosaic of five image frames acquired by the Galileo spacecraftat ranges of 1900 to 2375 miles. Galileo flew about 1,500 miles from Ida at a relative velocity of 28,000 miles per hour. Asteroid and spacecraft were 441 million kilometers 274 million miles from the Sun. Ida is the second asteroid ever encountered by a spacecraft. It appears to be about 52 kilometers (32 miles) in length, more than twice as large as Gaspra, the first asteroid observed by Galileo in October 1991. Image Source: NASA (public domain)http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=886
…it doesn’t work. Can get up to planetesimals, but not planets.
Mercuryhttp://creationwiki.org/Mercury_(planet)The closest planet to the SunSmaller than all planets except Pluto – even smaller than Ganymede and Titan (moons of Jupiter and Saturn)Temperatures of 840 to -180 degrees.Looks much like our Moon.Image source: NASA (public domain) Photo by Messenger spacecraft - 2008.http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/multimedia/mercury_color.html
Mercury looks much like our Moon with lots of craters. Photographed by Messenger spacecraft - 2008.Image source: NASA (public domain)http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap080121.htmlExplanation: What would it look like to fly past Mercury? Just such an adventure was experienced last week by the MESSENGER spacecraftduring its first flyby of the strange moon-like world nearest the Sun. Pictured above is the limb of Mercury seen by MESSENGER upon approach, from about 1 1/2 Earth diameters away. Visible on the hot and barren planet are many craters, many appeared to be more shallow than similarly sized craters on the Moon. The comparatively high gravity of Mercury helps flatten tall structures like high crater walls. MESSENGER was able to take over 1,000 images of Mercury which will be beamed back to Earth for planetary geologists to study. The robotic MESSENGER spacecraft is scheduled to fly past Mercury twice more before firing its thrusters to enter orbit in 2011.
Colorized image of Mercury from Mariner 10 spacecraft - 1974 and 1975.Image source: NASA (public domain)http://creationwiki.org/Mercury_(planet)http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011124.htmlExplanation: Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, remains the most mysterious of the Solar System's inner planets. Hiding in the Sun's glare it is a difficult target for Earth bound observers. The only spacecraft to explore Mercury close-up was Mariner 10 which executed three flybys of Mercury in 1974 and 1975, surveying approximately 45 percent of its surface. Mariner 10 deftly manuevered to photograph part of the sunlit hemisphere during each approach, passed behind the planet, and continued to image the sun-facing side as the spacecraft receded. Its highest resolution photographs recorded features approximately a mile across. A reprocessing of the Mariner 10 data has resulted in this dramatic mosaic. Like the Earth's Moon, Mercury's surface shows the scars of impact cratering - the smooth vertical band and patches visible above represent regions where no image information is available.
Problem is – mercury is too small to have such a high density. Its small size means it doesn’t have a strong gravitational field and should not have compacted all the material to such a high density.Image source: NASA (public domain)http://creationwiki.org/Mercury_(planet)http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011124.html
Taylor, Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, p. 194
“This artist's concept shows a celestial body about the size of our moon slamming at great speed into a body the size of Mercury… Astronomers say a similar type of event stripped Mercury of its crust early on in the formation of our solar system, flinging the removed material away from Mercury, out into space and into the sun.” Quote and image source: NASA (public domain)http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/multimedia/spitzer-20090810.html
Image source: NASA (public domain) Photo by Messenger spacecraft - 2008.http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/multimedia/mercury_color.htmlVerse on mouseclick: 1 Corinthians 1:27: “But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty.”
Venus (Uranus, and Pluto) rotate retrograde with respect to their orbit.Explanations for backward rotation….Formerly: Gravitational braking on a tidal bulge - But Venus doesn’t have a tidal bulge, it’s almost perfectly round.Today’s explanation: Venus formed as predicted by nebula accretion, but then an asteroid hit it and spun it around the “wrong” way.Image source: NASA (public domain)http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html
Today’s explanation for backward rotation: Venus formed as predicted by nebula accretion, but then an asteroid hit it and spun it around the “wrong” way.What you aren’t being told about Venus:It should be similar to Earth, but it has no magnetic field, and its crustal structure is very differentIts surface is obviously youngIt rotates the “wrong” wayImage Source: NASA (public domain)http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=886
No Evidence for CollisionImage Source: NASA (public domain)http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=886
Earthhttp://creationwiki.org/Earth
Rotation speeds in our solar system range from Jupiter’s 9.84 Earth hours to Venus 243 Earth days.Verse on mouseclick - Isaiah 45:18: For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is none else.
Specific heat = heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree.Latent heat = the heat absorbed or released during a change of phase (evaporating water absorbs enormous heat that is released when condensing).
Meteorites (no asteroids) are thought to have deposited the water found on Earth.Source: NASA (public domain)http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=886
Earth’s Magnetosphere – protects the Earth from cosmic radiation. If our Earth is billions of years old, somehow the magnetic field must be sustained – the theory developed to explain the regular rejuvenation of the magnetic field is called the Dynamo theory (the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time.).Image from the "Touch the Sun" book include views from the SOHO and TRACE spacecraft. Credit: NASA/ESA/LMSALhttp://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/touch_sun_prt.htm
Dynamo theory (the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time.).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_theory
(Dynamo theories can’t explain these facts.)“Evidence” for water has other explanationsWater is impossible there todaySaying that it used to be there is hypocrisy
The moon is about the size of a tennis ball if the Earth were a basketball….The “Moon ABCs Fact Sheet” lists the Earth's diameter as 12,756 km and the Moon's diameter as 3,476 km. Therefore, the Moon's diameter is 27.25% of Earth's diameter. An official basketball has a diameter of 24 cm. This can serve as a model for Earth. A tennis ball has a diameter of 6.9 cm which is close to 27.25% of the basketball. (The tennis ball is actually 28.8% the size of the basketball.) These values are very close to the size relationship between Earth and the Moon. The tennis ball, therefore, can be used as a model of the Moon.Info source:http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/education/activities/expmoon/distancemoon.pdfMore info: World Book at NASAhttp://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html
The moon is uniquely positioned to serve as signs to mark seasons and days and years. Lunar eclipses are used to track the progression through months.Verse on mouseclick: Genesis 1:14 And God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mark seasons and days and years,Solar eclipses happen because the sun is 400 times that of the moon, which is also 400 times further away, making the moon and Earth exactly the same size from our perspective. (The sun is ~100 times the diameter of the Earth - 109 to be precise.)The perfect eclipse, makes the study of the Sun's thin outer layer possible. Perfect eclipses and the resultant rare shot of the chromosphere offer the optimal setting for discovering the nature of the Sun's atmosphere, measuring the deflection of starlight, testing the Theory of General Relativity, and timing Earth's rotation. And if the size of the moon differed even slightly, the perfect eclipse wouldn't be possible. Info source:http://www.discovery.org/a/1931Further readinghttp://creationwiki.org/Eclipse
When Apollo spacecraft traveled to the dark side of the moon, scientists were surprised to learn that the Maria, which as so clearly visible on our side of the moon were conspicuously absent.The dark areas on the moon are known as maria (MAHR ee uh). The word maria is Latin for seas; its singular is mare (MAHR ee). The term comes from the smoothness of the dark areas and their resemblance to bodies of water. (names were assigned to them, such as the Sea of Tranquility, Sea of Fertility)The maria were partly flooded by lava when volcanoes erupted – probably as a result of massive impacts that triggered volcanic flow. The lava then froze, forming rock. Since that time, meteoroid impacts have created craters within the maria.If the moon were billions of years old, you would expect it to be reasonably uniform, the absence of Maria on the dark side indicates that at one point in time (fairly recently) and moon suffered a terrible catastrophe – perhaps the asteroid shower that triggered the global flood of Noah.Maria info source:http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.htmlhttp://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/earth/basalt.htmA view of the Moon taken by the Galileo spacecraft in 1992.Image source: NASA (public domain)http://discovery.nasa.gov/grail.htmlOrigin theories info:http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970626.html
Maria stand out as distinct from the surrounding terrain…The maria were partly flooded by lava when volcanoes erupted – probably as a result of massive impacts that triggered volcanic flow. The lava then froze, forming rock. Since that time, meteoroid impacts have created craters within the maria.Info source:http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/earth/basalt.htmIf the moon were billions of years old, you would expect it to be reasonably uniform, but when the dark side of the moon was finally seen, the Maria are conspicuously absent, indicating that at one point in time (fairly recently) and moon suffered a terrible catastrophe.
Image source: NASA (public domain)http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11.html
Apollo 11 - BuzzAldrin next to a seismometer.During their time, they collected rocks and soil and emplaced instruments including the first of three seismometers. Apollo 15 carried the third seismometer emplaced on the Moon. After it was deployed, the simultaneous operation of the three working instruments permitted calculations of the seismic properties of the lunar interior.Image and info source: NASAhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_6.html
Apollo 15 carried the third seismometer emplaced on the Moon. After it was deployed, the simultaneous operation of the three working instruments permitted calculations of the seismic properties of the lunar interior.Apollo 15.James Irwin next to the Lunar Rover lunarLander. A mobile, self-powered vehicle, the Lunar Rover, was first used at the Apollo 15 site to transport the astronauts on long (kilometers) excursions to visit places too far for foot excursions. The Rover, also called the "Lunar Buggy" Image and info source: NASA (public domain)http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_6.html
There are 3 possibilities for its formation from natural processes:1. it formed near the Earth as a separate body (Accretion/Condensation)2. it formed somewhere else and was captured by the Earth (Capture)3. it formed as part of the Earth and separated from it (Fission)Any theory which explains the existence of the Moon must naturally explain the following facts: The Moon's low density (3.3 g/cc) shows that it does not have a substantial iron core like the Earth does. Moon rocks contain few volatile substances (e.g. water), which implies extra baking of the lunar surface relative to that of Earth. The relative abundance of oxygen isotopes on Earth and on the Moon are identical, which suggests that the Earth and Moon formed at the same distance from the Sun. Info source:http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question38.htmlA view of the Moon taken by the Galileo spacecraft in 1992.Image source: NASA (public domain)http://discovery.nasa.gov/grail.html
The Condensation Theory: This theory proposes that the Moon and the Earth condensed individually from the nebula that formed the solar system, with the Moon formed in orbit around the Earth. However, if the Moon formed in the vicinity of the Earth it should have nearly the same composition. Specifically, it should possess a significant iron core, and it does not. Also, this hypothesis does not have a natural explanation for the extra baking the lunar material has received. Also, the Moon has a different chemical composition that the Earth...which some scientists believe points to it having formed as a separate body, either near or farInfo source:http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question38.htmlhttp://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970626.html
Fission: it formed as part of the Earth and separated from it. The early Earth was spinning rapidly. A chunk of material tore off and became the Moon.Pacific Ocean Basic in thought by some to be the origin of the moon.This theory was thought possible since the Moon's composition resembles that of the Earth's mantle and a rapidly spinning Earth could have cast off the Moon from its outer layers. However, the present-day Earth-Moon system should contain "fossil evidence" of this rapid spin and it does not. Also, this hypothesis does not have a natural explanation for the extra baking the lunar material has received. Independent researchers have proposed a nuclear explosion based fission – rather than spinning.http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/articles/did-the-moon-form-in-natural-nuclear-explosionInfo source:http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question38.htmlA view of the Moon taken by the Galileo spacecraft in 1992.Image source: NASA (public domain)http://discovery.nasa.gov/grail.html
Mars-sized asteroid thought to have impacted the Earth – leading to the formation of the moon.
Not proof, just a storyNot even necessarily a good story – computer simulations are approximationsRequires everything to be just rightWhy doesn’t Venus have a Moon?Requires the Moon to be formed 4.5 billion years agoQuote source: World Book at NASAhttp://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html
Scientists who analyze data from the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment have reported some watershed results from these long-term experiments, begun 25 years ago when the Apollo 11 astronauts deployed a reflector array in the Sea of Tranquillity. "Using the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment, we have been able to improve, by orders of magnitude, measurements of the Moon's rotation," said Jet Propulsion Laboratory team investigator Dr. Jean Dickey. "We also have strong evidence that the Moon has a liquid core, and laser ranging has allowed us to determine with great accuracy the rate at which the Moon is gradually receding from the Earth.“The first laser ranging retroreflector was positioned on the Moon in 1969 by the Apollo 11 astronauts. By beaming laser pulses at the reflector from Earth, scientists have been able to determine the round-trip travel time that gives the distance between the two bodies at any time to an accuracy of about 3 centimeters. The laser reflector consists of 100 fused silica half-cubes, called corner cubes, mounted in a 46-centimeter square aluminum panel. Each corner cube is 3.8 centimeters in diameter. Corner cubes reflect a beam of light directly back toward the point of origin."Lunar ranging involves sending a laser beam through an optical telescope," Dickey said. "The beam enters the telescope where the eye piece would be, and the transmitted beam is expanded to become the diameter of the main mirror, then bounced off the surface toward the reflector on the Moon."Info source: NASA (Public domain)http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/ApolloLaser.htmlImage sources:http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/lsso2.html
U.S. Apollo program and Russian/France Luna (robotic probe) reflector placements.The Apollo 11 placement is in the Sea of Tranquility.
Scientists who analyze data from the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment have reported some watershed results from these long-term experiments, begun 25 years ago when the Apollo 11 astronauts deployed a reflector array in the Sea of Tranquillity. "Using the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment, we have been able to improve, by orders of magnitude, measurements of the Moon's rotation," said Jet Propulsion Laboratory team investigator Dr. Jean Dickey. "We also have strong evidence that the Moon has a liquid core, and laser ranging has allowed us to determine with great accuracy the rate at which the Moon is gradually receding from the Earth.“The first laser ranging retroreflector was positioned on the Moon in 1969 by the Apollo 11 astronauts. By beaming laser pulses at the reflector from Earth, scientists have been able to determine the round-trip travel time that gives the distance between the two bodies at any time to an accuracy of about 3 centimeters. The laser reflector consists of 100 fused silica half-cubes, called corner cubes, mounted in a 46-centimeter square aluminum panel. Each corner cube is 3.8 centimeters in diameter. Corner cubes reflect a beam of light directly back toward the point of origin."Lunar ranging involves sending a laser beam through an optical telescope," Dickey said. "The beam enters the telescope where the eye piece would be, and the transmitted beam is expanded to become the diameter of the main mirror, then bounced off the surface toward the reflector on the Moon."Info source: NASA (Public domain)http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/ApolloLaser.htmlSatellite laser ranging is routinely performed at the Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory. This facility, along with other satellite laser ranging telescopes around the world, could be used to precision range to a laser transponder placed on the lunar surface. Currently, only the largest of telescopes can be used to laser range to the lunar retroreflectors. Credit: NASA Image source:http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/LRO_lr.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/lsso2.html
The Moon is receding at about 4 cm (1.5 inches) per yearLooking backwards in time, the recession rate was faster.Image source:http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/rocket/TRCRocket/rocket_principles.html
TLP reported here
TLP reported here
What you aren’t being told about the Moon:There is exists no sound explanation for its originLunar recession says it can’t be billions of years oldTLP / liquid core say it can’t be billions of years oldImage source:CreationWiki (NASA) Public domainhttp://creationwiki.org/Apollo_8http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/features/bm_gallery_4.html
Artist rendition of Mars rover Spirit / Opportunity. After more than a year on Mars, rovers Spirit and Opportunity are still actively exploring. Spirit's solar panels are collecting a fine layer of dust, which has reduced energy levels. Despite the dust, Spirit has recently visited "Cumberland Ridge" and has been moving towards "Larry's Lookout." Opportunity is in good health, and has completed its investigation of a trench and soil materials under clear skies. Both rovers are scheduled for software updates. Image source:http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/categories/1-MER
Mars landscape from the robotic Spirit rover.Explanation: What created this unusually textured rock on Mars? Most probably: a volcano. Dubbed Bumpy Boulder, the strange stone measuring just under a half-meter high was found by the robotic Spirit rover currently rolling across Mars. Pits on the ragged rock are likely vesicles and arise from hot gas bubbling out of hot rock ejected by an active Martian volcano. Several similar rocks are visible near Bumpy Boulder that likely have a similar past. The above true-color image was taken about one month ago. The Spirit rover, now in its third year of operation on Mars, is weathering the low sunlight winter of Mar's northern hemisphere on a hillside slope in order to maximize the amount of absorbable battery-refreshing sunlight. Image source:http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060515.html
Dust storms come up suddenly that cover the entire planet
These dust storms dramatically effect temperatures. Thermal infrared measurements by TES orbiting Mars aboard Mars Global Surveyor reveal how the Martian atmosphere has substantially warmed during the ongoing dust storm.http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast16jul_1/http://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2001/07/16/ast11oct_2_resources/temperature_movie_big.gif
Because of the presence of oxygen on earth, chemical evolution of the organic polymers necessary for life is simply impossible. All attempts to show how there polymers could have formed from racemic (L&D mixtures) mixture have ended in failure. But if evidence of life elsewhere (or even life-giving water) could be found, t would provide evidence that life might have originated elsewhere, and then made its way to Earth.
The gas giant are the four largest planets in the solar system. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Gas giants are also the largest known type of planet in the universe. From current observations they are largely composed of gas and liquid. On account of their thick atmospheres and their distances from Earth, astronomers do not know whether the gas giants have a solid surface like the terrestrial planets. Other gas giants ("hot Jupiters") may also exist outside of the solar system, and are believed by a number of astronomers to be of sufficient size to be detectable from Earth. Reports of gas giants in other star systems have already appeared in the astronomical and astrophysical literature. Info source:http://creationwiki.org/Gas_giants
Famous for the giant red spot – a huge storm that has been there as long as we’ve been able to see the planet up close.Info and Image source: public domain (NASA)http://creationwiki.org/Jupiterhttp://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA01527.jpg
The Galilean moons are the four satellites of Jupiter discovered on January 7, 1610by Galileo Galilei. They were the first natural satellites of any planet other than Earth to be discovered and are in fact the only four known dwarf planet sized satellites that Jupiter has. Image and info source: CreationWiki / NASA (public domain)http://creationwiki.org/Galilean_moonhttp://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00600
Io's Tvashtar volcano extends 330 kilometers (200 miles) above the moons surface.The problem that Io is tiny and should be cold and dead – not geologically active, but it is…Five frame sequence snapped by the probes Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft flew past Jupiter earlier this year, this first-ever movie of an Io plume clearly shows motion in the cloud of volcanic debris.Animation source: NASA (public domain)http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=5503
Io's Tvashtar volcano extends 330 kilometers (200 miles) above the moons surface.The problem that Io is tiny and should be cold and dead – not geologically active, but it is…Five frame sequence snapped by the probes Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft flew past Jupiter earlier this year, this first-ever movie of an Io plume clearly shows motion in the cloud of volcanic debris.Animation source: NASA (public domain)http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=5503
Cracks in the ice surface.
Has weird grooved surface with odd streaks that looks like someone took a paint brush and smoothed them all out.
Has weird grooved surface with odd streaks that looks like someone took a paint brush and smoothed them all out.What you’re not being told about Jupiter:Can’t be spinning as fast as it isIo appears to be young, Ganymede can’t have a magnetic field, etc.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun and the second largest planet in the solar system. Saturn is a gas giant with an atmosphere predominantly of hydrogen, with a small fraction of helium and trace amounts of several other compounds. The most prominent feature of Saturn is its ring system, which has been known to astronomy since less than half a century after the invention of the telescope and was for more than three centuries the only ring system known to man. Distance from Earth - 746 million miles (1.2 billion km). 4011 light seconds / 66.8 light minutes from Earth.Info and Image Source: CreationWikihttp://creationwiki.org/SaturnImage source: NASA (public domain)http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn&Display=OverviewLong
The particles in Saturn's rings are composed primarily of water ice and range from microns to meters in size. Saturn was the first planet observed to have rings. It wasn't until 1977 that it was discovered that Uranus also had rings. Later the rings of Jupiter and Neptune were also observed. Image Source: NASA (Public Domain)Saturn (Hubble image)http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap040117.html
Enceladus- one of Saturn’s moons - visible beneath the rings of saturn
Enceladus is one of Saturn’s moons
Emissions believed to be water geysers
Emissions shooting far into space.Far too “old” to be geologically active!
Titan also about the same size, but has an atmosphere – made largely of methane. The problem is - Methane broken down by sunlight – so astronomers theorized that Titan has seas of methane that would replenish the atmosphere.
When we got there and were able to examine Titan beneath the clouds – no methane was found on the surface.If Titan is billions of years old, its atmosphere should not be there.
Orbiting Saturn at a few 10s of miles apart, periodically these moon change places. First one is closer to Saturn and they orbit like that for a while, then change places…What you aren’t being told about Saturn:Rings are young, Enceladus is young, Titan is youngDancing moons, odd ring phenomenaThe Creator is not only skilled, but He appreciates beauty
It is believed that a giant asteroid smashed into the planet knocking it on its side.But Uranus’ orbit is one of the most circular of all the planets (only Venus, Earth, and Neptune have orbits that are more circular)Uranus’ orbit lies more closely within the ecliptic plane than any other planet except Earth.Source: NASA (public domain)http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=886
But Uranus’ orbit is one of the most circular of all the planets (only Venus, Earth, and Neptune have orbits that are more circular)Uranus’ orbit lies more closely within the ecliptic plane than any other planet except Earth.
All the other gas planets radiate more energy into space than they get from the sun. Uranus does not.
Source: NASA (public domain)http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=886
What you aren’t being told about Uranus:Sideways rotation conflicts nebula theoryMagnetic field conflicts nebula theoryShould be radiating energy but isn’tMiranda is a complete mystery
The big spot in this picture has disappeared since this image was captured.