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Solid waste part-i

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Solid waste management is an important issue in many Indian cities. Solid waste is defined as all waste arising from human and animal activities that is normally solid and discarded. It consists of organic and inorganic materials. The composition of solid waste varies between countries and changes over time. Solid waste has negative impacts on human health such as chemical poisoning, diseases, and odor pollution. It also harms the environment by releasing greenhouse gases, contaminating soil and water, and causing visual pollution. Solid waste is classified based on its source such as residential, commercial, and industrial. It can also be classified based on its type such as garbage, ashes, combustible materials, and hazardous wastes. The sources and types of solid waste are described. The

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II Unit- V L-47 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PART-I

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Common scenario in Indian cities

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Solid Waste

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1. INTRODUCTION Definition:- ‘Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted’ * Solid waste may consist of organic and inorganic waste materials such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, appliances, paint cans, batteries etc

5

Composition of Solid waste in India The composition of municipal waste varies greatly from country to country and changes significantly with time.

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Solid waste part-i

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Life cycle of solid waste

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Waste management hierarchy

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Impacts of solid waste on human health  Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation of toxic gases emitted from solid wastes  Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in local area flooding  Low birth weight  Cancer  Congenital malformations (Related to eyes)  Neurological disease (Related to brain)  Odour pollution

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Nausea and vomiting because of foul smell. Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near solid waste disposal sites. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury. Problem of flies, mosquitoes, rodents (rats etc) and related diseases (Malaria, plague etc.)

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Impacts of solid waste on Environment. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable Visual pollution, unpleasant sights  Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them.

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2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE A] Source based 1) Residential 2) Commercial 3) Institutional 4) Municipal 5) Industrial 6) Agricultural

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B] Type based classification 1. Garbage:- Results from handling, sale, storage, preparation, cooking and serving of food. Comprises of putresceble organic matter. Needs special attention in handling, storage and disposal 2. Ashes and residues:- remaining from burning of combustible materials. 3. Combustible and non combustible:- paper, wood, rubber etc are combustible materials while metals, glass etc are non combustible wastes

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4. Bulky wastes:- out of service Refrigerators, ACs, Furniture are catagorised under bulky waste 5. Street wastes:- wastes resulting from different street activities such as cleaning, sweeping etc. Examples are paper, plastic, garden wastes 6. Bio-degradable and non biodegradable: Wastes capable of organic decomposition are biodegradable wastes. Examples:- food waste Wastes not capable of organic decomposition are non biodegradable wastes. Examples:- Ferrous metals, glass etc

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7. Dead animals:- Dead bodies of animals such as rats, dogs, cats etc. 8. Abandoned vehicles:- Large abandoned vehicle after their utility. Cars, Vans etc 9. Construction and demolition waste:- Waste resulting from construction and demolition activities.

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10. Farm wastes:- Waste resulting from farm yard activities. Agro waste 11. Hazardous wastes:- Wastes capable of posing danger to human health. Examples:- DDT, Petroleum waste 12. Sewage wastes:- Results from sedimentation and digester tanks of waste water plant

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3. Sources of Solid wastes Solid wastes come from a variety of sources including:  Residential  Commercial  Institutional  Construction and Demolition  Municipal Services  Treatment Plant Sites  Industrial  Agricultural

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Source Typical facilities, activities or locations Types of solid wastes Residential homes, flats, apartment blocks, chawls , slums etc food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, special wastes (e.g. bulky items such as heavy goods, batteries, oil, tyres), household hazardous wastes

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Commercial Shops, restaurants, markets, office buildings, hotels, motels, print shops, service stations, auto repair shops etc Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, metals, food wastes, glass, special wastes (as above), hazardous wastes Institutional Schools, hospitals, universities, prisons, government centres etc As above in commercial

20

Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repairs, building demolition Wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc Municipal services (excluding treatment works) Street cleaning, landscaping, parks and beaches, creek bed cleaning, litter bins Special wastes, rubbish, litter, sweepings, debris, general wastes Treatment plant sites Water, wastewater, industrial treatment processes etc Effluent plus residual sludges

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) All of the above All of the above Industrial Construction, fabrication, light and heavy manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power stations, demolition etc Industrial process wastes, scrap materials etc. Non- industrial wastes including food wastes, rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes, hazardous wastes Agricultural Crops, dairies, feedlots, piggeries, farms etc Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes

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Factors affecting generation of Solid waste 1. Geographic location 2. Seasons 3. Collection frequency 4. Population diversity 5. Extent of recycling and salvaging 6. Public attitude 7. Legislation

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DEGRADATION PERIOD OF SOME SOLID WASTES

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The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc. a week or two. Paper 10–30 days Cotton cloth 2–5 months Wood 10–15 years Woolen items 1 year Tin, aluminium, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years Plastic bags one million years? Glass bottles undetermined

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTE

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4.Physical Properties of solid wastes 1. Density  This is the weight per unit volume and is expressed as kg/m3  Critical factor in design of landfills  Inert waste such as construction and demolition waste may have higher density. COMPONENT DENSITY (kg/m3) Food wastes 288 Paper 81.7 Plastics 64 Garden trimmings 104 Glass 194 Ferrous metals 320

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Procedure for finding out density of solid waste 1. Cubical container of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm (or any known volume) is taken and empty wt is recorded. 2. Solid waste is filled to overflow in the cubical container. 3. Compaction is done by tamping the container thrice. 4. For compaction container is lifted up 6cm above the ground and dropping down squarely.

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5. The top of container is leveled with the help of a straight edge. 6. Finally container is weighed. Density = (Wt of container filled with solid waste – empty wt of container) / volume of container

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2.Moisture Content •The ratio of the weight of water to the total weight of the wet waste. •Moisture increases weight of solid wastes •Plays important role in incineration. •Wastes should be protected from rain and other water.

30

M=[(w-w1)/w]x100 M=Moisture content w1=weight of sample after drying at 1050 C w= initial weight of sample Above table shows moisture content of some common wastes

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Type of Waste Moisture Content Range (%) Moisture Content Typical (%) RESIDENTIAL Food wastes (mixed) 50 - 80 70 Paper 4 - 10 6 Plastics 1 - 4 2 Yard Wastes 30 - 80 60 Glass 1 - 4 2 COMMERCIAL Food wastes 50 - 80 70 Rubbish (mixed) 10 - 25 15

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CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION Mixed demolition combustibles 4 - 15 8 Mixed construction combustibles 4 - 15 8 INDUSTRIAL Chemical sludge (wet) 75 - 99 80 Sawdust 10 - 40 20 Wood (mixed) 30 - 60 35 AGRICULTURAL Mixed Agricultural waste 40 - 80 50 Manure (wet) 75 - 96 94

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3. Particle Size and Distribution •Important for the recovery of materials. •Important for design of mechanical separators Sc= l Sc= [(l+w)/2] Sc= [(l+w+h)/3] Sc= Size of component l= Length in mm w= Width in mm h= Height in mm

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4. Field Capacity •The field capacity of MSW is the total amount of moisture which can be retained in a waste sample subject to gravitational pull. •Field capacity of residential and commercial sources are in the range of 50 - 60%.

35

5. Permeability of Compacted Wastes •The hydraulic conductivity of compacted wastes is an important physical property because it governs the movement of liquids and gases in a landfill. •Permeability depends on the other properties of the solid material include pore size distribution, surface area and

36

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTE

37

5. Chemical properties of solid wastes 1. Proximate Analysis Proximate analysis includes four tests – 1) Loss of moisture when heated to 105°C for 1 hour; 2) Volatile combustible matter (loss on ignition); 3) Fixed carbon; and 4) Ash (weight of residue after combustion).

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TYPE OF WASTE MOISTURE VOLATILES CARBON ASH Mixed food 70.0 21.4 3.6 5.0 Mixed paper 10.2 75.9 8.4 5.4 Mixed plastics 0.2 95.8 2.0 2.0 Yard wastes 60.0 30.0 9.5 0.5 Glass 2.0 - - 96-99 Residential MSW 21.0 52.0 7.0 20.0 Typical Proximate Analysis Values (% by weight)

39

2. Fusing Point of Ash •This is the temperature at which the ash resulting from the burning of waste will form a solid (clinker) by fusion. •Typical fusing temperatures are from 1100 - 1200°C.

40

3.Elemental Analysis •This is also known as ultimate analysis and involves the determination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Sulphur, and ash. • The results of this analysis is used to characterize the composition of the organic matter in wastes. • This is important for C/N ratios for biological decomposition.

41

4.Energy Content •The energy content of the components of waste can be determined using a boiler system, laboratory bomb calorimeter, or by calculation using elemental composition. •The SI unit of measurement is kJ/kg.

42

Objective Questions 1. Pick out odd one i. Paper, wood, cardboard, glass ii. Paper, tree leaves, food waste, plastic 2. Paper waste requires _____ weeks to disintegrate. 3. Leftover Food items require _______ time to disintegrate. 4. In India ___ % of solid waste is biodegradable

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Theory Questions Q1. Classify the solid wastes based on a. Sources b. Types Q2. Write short notes on 1. Physical characteristics of solid waste 2. Chemical characteristics of solid wastes Q3. Explain procedure for finding out density of solid waste.

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END OF PART-I

More Related Content

Solid waste part-i

  • 2. Common scenario in Indian cities
  • 4. 1. INTRODUCTION Definition:- ‘Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted’ * Solid waste may consist of organic and inorganic waste materials such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, appliances, paint cans, batteries etc
  • 5. Composition of Solid waste in India The composition of municipal waste varies greatly from country to country and changes significantly with time.
  • 9. Impacts of solid waste on human health  Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation of toxic gases emitted from solid wastes  Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in local area flooding  Low birth weight  Cancer  Congenital malformations (Related to eyes)  Neurological disease (Related to brain)  Odour pollution
  • 10. Nausea and vomiting because of foul smell. Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near solid waste disposal sites. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury. Problem of flies, mosquitoes, rodents (rats etc) and related diseases (Malaria, plague etc.)
  • 11. Impacts of solid waste on Environment. Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable Visual pollution, unpleasant sights  Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them.
  • 12. 2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE A] Source based 1) Residential 2) Commercial 3) Institutional 4) Municipal 5) Industrial 6) Agricultural
  • 13. B] Type based classification 1. Garbage:- Results from handling, sale, storage, preparation, cooking and serving of food. Comprises of putresceble organic matter. Needs special attention in handling, storage and disposal 2. Ashes and residues:- remaining from burning of combustible materials. 3. Combustible and non combustible:- paper, wood, rubber etc are combustible materials while metals, glass etc are non combustible wastes
  • 14. 4. Bulky wastes:- out of service Refrigerators, ACs, Furniture are catagorised under bulky waste 5. Street wastes:- wastes resulting from different street activities such as cleaning, sweeping etc. Examples are paper, plastic, garden wastes 6. Bio-degradable and non biodegradable: Wastes capable of organic decomposition are biodegradable wastes. Examples:- food waste Wastes not capable of organic decomposition are non biodegradable wastes. Examples:- Ferrous metals, glass etc
  • 15. 7. Dead animals:- Dead bodies of animals such as rats, dogs, cats etc. 8. Abandoned vehicles:- Large abandoned vehicle after their utility. Cars, Vans etc 9. Construction and demolition waste:- Waste resulting from construction and demolition activities.
  • 16. 10. Farm wastes:- Waste resulting from farm yard activities. Agro waste 11. Hazardous wastes:- Wastes capable of posing danger to human health. Examples:- DDT, Petroleum waste 12. Sewage wastes:- Results from sedimentation and digester tanks of waste water plant
  • 17. 3. Sources of Solid wastes Solid wastes come from a variety of sources including:  Residential  Commercial  Institutional  Construction and Demolition  Municipal Services  Treatment Plant Sites  Industrial  Agricultural
  • 18. Source Typical facilities, activities or locations Types of solid wastes Residential homes, flats, apartment blocks, chawls , slums etc food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, special wastes (e.g. bulky items such as heavy goods, batteries, oil, tyres), household hazardous wastes
  • 19. Commercial Shops, restaurants, markets, office buildings, hotels, motels, print shops, service stations, auto repair shops etc Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, metals, food wastes, glass, special wastes (as above), hazardous wastes Institutional Schools, hospitals, universities, prisons, government centres etc As above in commercial
  • 20. Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repairs, building demolition Wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc Municipal services (excluding treatment works) Street cleaning, landscaping, parks and beaches, creek bed cleaning, litter bins Special wastes, rubbish, litter, sweepings, debris, general wastes Treatment plant sites Water, wastewater, industrial treatment processes etc Effluent plus residual sludges
  • 21. Municipal solid waste (MSW) All of the above All of the above Industrial Construction, fabrication, light and heavy manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power stations, demolition etc Industrial process wastes, scrap materials etc. Non- industrial wastes including food wastes, rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes, hazardous wastes Agricultural Crops, dairies, feedlots, piggeries, farms etc Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes
  • 22. Factors affecting generation of Solid waste 1. Geographic location 2. Seasons 3. Collection frequency 4. Population diversity 5. Extent of recycling and salvaging 6. Public attitude 7. Legislation
  • 24. The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc. a week or two. Paper 10–30 days Cotton cloth 2–5 months Wood 10–15 years Woolen items 1 year Tin, aluminium, and other metal items such as cans 100–500 years Plastic bags one million years? Glass bottles undetermined
  • 26. 4.Physical Properties of solid wastes 1. Density  This is the weight per unit volume and is expressed as kg/m3  Critical factor in design of landfills  Inert waste such as construction and demolition waste may have higher density. COMPONENT DENSITY (kg/m3) Food wastes 288 Paper 81.7 Plastics 64 Garden trimmings 104 Glass 194 Ferrous metals 320
  • 27. Procedure for finding out density of solid waste 1. Cubical container of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm (or any known volume) is taken and empty wt is recorded. 2. Solid waste is filled to overflow in the cubical container. 3. Compaction is done by tamping the container thrice. 4. For compaction container is lifted up 6cm above the ground and dropping down squarely.
  • 28. 5. The top of container is leveled with the help of a straight edge. 6. Finally container is weighed. Density = (Wt of container filled with solid waste – empty wt of container) / volume of container
  • 29. 2.Moisture Content •The ratio of the weight of water to the total weight of the wet waste. •Moisture increases weight of solid wastes •Plays important role in incineration. •Wastes should be protected from rain and other water.
  • 30. M=[(w-w1)/w]x100 M=Moisture content w1=weight of sample after drying at 1050 C w= initial weight of sample Above table shows moisture content of some common wastes
  • 31. Type of Waste Moisture Content Range (%) Moisture Content Typical (%) RESIDENTIAL Food wastes (mixed) 50 - 80 70 Paper 4 - 10 6 Plastics 1 - 4 2 Yard Wastes 30 - 80 60 Glass 1 - 4 2 COMMERCIAL Food wastes 50 - 80 70 Rubbish (mixed) 10 - 25 15
  • 32. CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION Mixed demolition combustibles 4 - 15 8 Mixed construction combustibles 4 - 15 8 INDUSTRIAL Chemical sludge (wet) 75 - 99 80 Sawdust 10 - 40 20 Wood (mixed) 30 - 60 35 AGRICULTURAL Mixed Agricultural waste 40 - 80 50 Manure (wet) 75 - 96 94
  • 33. 3. Particle Size and Distribution •Important for the recovery of materials. •Important for design of mechanical separators Sc= l Sc= [(l+w)/2] Sc= [(l+w+h)/3] Sc= Size of component l= Length in mm w= Width in mm h= Height in mm
  • 34. 4. Field Capacity •The field capacity of MSW is the total amount of moisture which can be retained in a waste sample subject to gravitational pull. •Field capacity of residential and commercial sources are in the range of 50 - 60%.
  • 35. 5. Permeability of Compacted Wastes •The hydraulic conductivity of compacted wastes is an important physical property because it governs the movement of liquids and gases in a landfill. •Permeability depends on the other properties of the solid material include pore size distribution, surface area and
  • 37. 5. Chemical properties of solid wastes 1. Proximate Analysis Proximate analysis includes four tests – 1) Loss of moisture when heated to 105°C for 1 hour; 2) Volatile combustible matter (loss on ignition); 3) Fixed carbon; and 4) Ash (weight of residue after combustion).
  • 38. TYPE OF WASTE MOISTURE VOLATILES CARBON ASH Mixed food 70.0 21.4 3.6 5.0 Mixed paper 10.2 75.9 8.4 5.4 Mixed plastics 0.2 95.8 2.0 2.0 Yard wastes 60.0 30.0 9.5 0.5 Glass 2.0 - - 96-99 Residential MSW 21.0 52.0 7.0 20.0 Typical Proximate Analysis Values (% by weight)
  • 39. 2. Fusing Point of Ash •This is the temperature at which the ash resulting from the burning of waste will form a solid (clinker) by fusion. •Typical fusing temperatures are from 1100 - 1200°C.
  • 40. 3.Elemental Analysis •This is also known as ultimate analysis and involves the determination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Sulphur, and ash. • The results of this analysis is used to characterize the composition of the organic matter in wastes. • This is important for C/N ratios for biological decomposition.
  • 41. 4.Energy Content •The energy content of the components of waste can be determined using a boiler system, laboratory bomb calorimeter, or by calculation using elemental composition. •The SI unit of measurement is kJ/kg.
  • 42. Objective Questions 1. Pick out odd one i. Paper, wood, cardboard, glass ii. Paper, tree leaves, food waste, plastic 2. Paper waste requires _____ weeks to disintegrate. 3. Leftover Food items require _______ time to disintegrate. 4. In India ___ % of solid waste is biodegradable
  • 43. Theory Questions Q1. Classify the solid wastes based on a. Sources b. Types Q2. Write short notes on 1. Physical characteristics of solid waste 2. Chemical characteristics of solid wastes Q3. Explain procedure for finding out density of solid waste.

Editor's Notes

  1. Numerous epidemiology studies have been conducted to evaluate whether the health of people living near hazardous waste disposal sites is being adversely affected(Moeller, 20050.