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Ss Chapter 19.3

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The document summarizes key aspects of the lithosphere and the rock cycle. It describes how igneous rocks form from magma, and can be intrusive or extrusive. Sedimentary rocks form from compacted sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure changing other rock types. The rock cycle shows how rocks are continuously built up and broken down through volcanic eruptions, weathering, erosion, and sedimentation.

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Chapter 19.3 Earth Science The Lithosphere GEE Science Summer Remediation Mr. Nash Donnie Bickham Middle School Room 204
The Lithosphere Most dynamic of the four spheres and recycles elements in a variety of ways. Some methods are considered fast in a geological sense, while others may occur over billions of years. The rock cycle explains how rocks are built and recycled. Processes: Volcanic activity Weathering Erosion Mass wasting Pg. 329
Volcanoes Volcano – a mountain formed from lava and rocks made from materials that have emerged from inside the earth. Lava – magma that has reached the surface. Magma – liquid rock and dissolved gases still inside the earth. Dissolved gases: Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Sulfur Pg. 329
Volcanoes Magma reaches earth’s surface through a vent . Vents begin deep in the earth. Once out of the vent lava hardens to build a mountainous structure. Once the mountain/volcano is built lava still releases from the crater. Crater is a hole in the top of the volcano. Pg. 329
Volcanoes Magma is under pressure inside the earth. When this pressure is released the sudden expansion of gases causes an eruption. Example: Mount St. Helens 1980 Lava can also slowly flow from a volcano. Example: Kilauea in Hawaii Pg. 329
Volcanoes Volcanoes affect the other sphere b y causing physical damage, depositing elements, and creating rocks. During eruptions, sulfur and carbon gases, dirt, and ash are thrown into the atmosphere. This is sent high into the atmosphere. Pg. 330
Volcanoes This debris can become suspended in the atmosphere for a period of time. This debris can block sunlight, decreasing the temperature. A decrease in temperature can affect wind and precipitation. The gases form acids with the water in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Sulfur reacts with water to form Sulfuric Acid. Theory of dinosaur extinction similar to this. Pg. 330
External Processes External processes close to the surface include: Weathering-decomposition of rock by mechanical, biological, or chemical means. Mass wasting-transport of rock down slope under the effect of gravity. Erosion-movement of soil or rock material by water, wind, or ice. Pg. 330
Weathering Rock weathers as a response to changes in the environment. Weathering occurs by three processes: Mechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering Pg. 330
Mechanical Weathering Process where rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces by wind, water, ice or heat. Pg. 330
Chemical Weathering Process where minerals within the rocks are broken down by removing or altering elements that make up the minerals. Pg. 330
Biological Weathering Caused by living organisms using both mechanical or chemical means. Examples: Mechanical – Burrowing plants or animals break up the soil and rock mechanically. Chemical – Lichens secreting enzymes removing nutrients from the rock and soil while living on them. Pg. 330
Mass Wasting Transports rock down slope gradually or rapidly. Major types of mass wasting: Slumping – mass of rock moves as a single unit down slope along a curved surface. Rockslides – large sections of rock break away down slope Does not follow a curve like slumping Mudflows – sediment becomes saturated with water and flows down slope Occur rapidly after large rainfalls. Pg. 330
Erosion The breakdown and transport of soil or rock by water, ice, or wind. Streams and rivers break down rocks, but also transport them. Rivers alter their course cutting through rock and soil. Also occurs along shorelines where waves break down and transport rocks. Pg. 331
Erosion Ice erodes and transports rock by glacial movement. Rocks trapped in the ice erode by hitting each other or the walls of valleys. Glacial ice carves out valleys and erodes mountain tops. Pg. 331
Erosion Wind erosion is most apparent in desert environments. Rock fragments are carried by winds and pushed until they meet a hill. The fragments act like a sand blaster eroding the rock of the hill over time. Wind also transports large amounts of rock and soil over large distances. Pg. 331
Rock Types Three Types: Igneous – formed from magma deep inside the earth. Sedimentary – formed from deposited and compressed sediment. Metamorphic – changed by heat and pressure Pg. 331
Igneous Rocks Magma cools and solidifies. Cooling below the earth’s surface creates large crystals and are called intrusive igneous rocks. Cooling outside the earth’s surface creates small crystals and are called extrusive igneous rocks. Pg. 331
Sedimentary Rocks Can be either land derived or precipitated from ocean water. Land derived are usually transported, then deposited, compacted and cemented in another location. Sandstone, mudstone, and conglomerates. Ocean precipitates fall to the ocean floor as sediment and compacted. Limestone, halite (salt), and gypsum. Pg. 332
Metamorphic Rock Occurs when rocks change within the earth. Can be caused by heat and pressure or by chemical means. Examples: Carbon into diamond. Limestone into marble Sandstone into quartzite Pg. 332
Rock Cycle Begins with igneous rocks, then undergoes weathering and erosion to create sediment. Sediment becomes deposited and compacted forming sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are exposed to heat and pressure and form metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can melt inside the earth to erupt and from igneous rocks again. Pg. 332

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Ss Chapter 19.3

  • 1. Chapter 19.3 Earth Science The Lithosphere GEE Science Summer Remediation Mr. Nash Donnie Bickham Middle School Room 204
  • 2. The Lithosphere Most dynamic of the four spheres and recycles elements in a variety of ways. Some methods are considered fast in a geological sense, while others may occur over billions of years. The rock cycle explains how rocks are built and recycled. Processes: Volcanic activity Weathering Erosion Mass wasting Pg. 329
  • 3. Volcanoes Volcano – a mountain formed from lava and rocks made from materials that have emerged from inside the earth. Lava – magma that has reached the surface. Magma – liquid rock and dissolved gases still inside the earth. Dissolved gases: Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Sulfur Pg. 329
  • 4. Volcanoes Magma reaches earth’s surface through a vent . Vents begin deep in the earth. Once out of the vent lava hardens to build a mountainous structure. Once the mountain/volcano is built lava still releases from the crater. Crater is a hole in the top of the volcano. Pg. 329
  • 5. Volcanoes Magma is under pressure inside the earth. When this pressure is released the sudden expansion of gases causes an eruption. Example: Mount St. Helens 1980 Lava can also slowly flow from a volcano. Example: Kilauea in Hawaii Pg. 329
  • 6. Volcanoes Volcanoes affect the other sphere b y causing physical damage, depositing elements, and creating rocks. During eruptions, sulfur and carbon gases, dirt, and ash are thrown into the atmosphere. This is sent high into the atmosphere. Pg. 330
  • 7. Volcanoes This debris can become suspended in the atmosphere for a period of time. This debris can block sunlight, decreasing the temperature. A decrease in temperature can affect wind and precipitation. The gases form acids with the water in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Sulfur reacts with water to form Sulfuric Acid. Theory of dinosaur extinction similar to this. Pg. 330
  • 8. External Processes External processes close to the surface include: Weathering-decomposition of rock by mechanical, biological, or chemical means. Mass wasting-transport of rock down slope under the effect of gravity. Erosion-movement of soil or rock material by water, wind, or ice. Pg. 330
  • 9. Weathering Rock weathers as a response to changes in the environment. Weathering occurs by three processes: Mechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering Pg. 330
  • 10. Mechanical Weathering Process where rocks are physically broken into smaller pieces by wind, water, ice or heat. Pg. 330
  • 11. Chemical Weathering Process where minerals within the rocks are broken down by removing or altering elements that make up the minerals. Pg. 330
  • 12. Biological Weathering Caused by living organisms using both mechanical or chemical means. Examples: Mechanical – Burrowing plants or animals break up the soil and rock mechanically. Chemical – Lichens secreting enzymes removing nutrients from the rock and soil while living on them. Pg. 330
  • 13. Mass Wasting Transports rock down slope gradually or rapidly. Major types of mass wasting: Slumping – mass of rock moves as a single unit down slope along a curved surface. Rockslides – large sections of rock break away down slope Does not follow a curve like slumping Mudflows – sediment becomes saturated with water and flows down slope Occur rapidly after large rainfalls. Pg. 330
  • 14. Erosion The breakdown and transport of soil or rock by water, ice, or wind. Streams and rivers break down rocks, but also transport them. Rivers alter their course cutting through rock and soil. Also occurs along shorelines where waves break down and transport rocks. Pg. 331
  • 15. Erosion Ice erodes and transports rock by glacial movement. Rocks trapped in the ice erode by hitting each other or the walls of valleys. Glacial ice carves out valleys and erodes mountain tops. Pg. 331
  • 16. Erosion Wind erosion is most apparent in desert environments. Rock fragments are carried by winds and pushed until they meet a hill. The fragments act like a sand blaster eroding the rock of the hill over time. Wind also transports large amounts of rock and soil over large distances. Pg. 331
  • 17. Rock Types Three Types: Igneous – formed from magma deep inside the earth. Sedimentary – formed from deposited and compressed sediment. Metamorphic – changed by heat and pressure Pg. 331
  • 18. Igneous Rocks Magma cools and solidifies. Cooling below the earth’s surface creates large crystals and are called intrusive igneous rocks. Cooling outside the earth’s surface creates small crystals and are called extrusive igneous rocks. Pg. 331
  • 19. Sedimentary Rocks Can be either land derived or precipitated from ocean water. Land derived are usually transported, then deposited, compacted and cemented in another location. Sandstone, mudstone, and conglomerates. Ocean precipitates fall to the ocean floor as sediment and compacted. Limestone, halite (salt), and gypsum. Pg. 332
  • 20. Metamorphic Rock Occurs when rocks change within the earth. Can be caused by heat and pressure or by chemical means. Examples: Carbon into diamond. Limestone into marble Sandstone into quartzite Pg. 332
  • 21. Rock Cycle Begins with igneous rocks, then undergoes weathering and erosion to create sediment. Sediment becomes deposited and compacted forming sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are exposed to heat and pressure and form metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can melt inside the earth to erupt and from igneous rocks again. Pg. 332