The document provides an overview of petroleum storage tank training, covering topics such as:
- Tank design types including fixed roof, internal floating roof, and floating roof tanks
- Selection of tank type based on product properties and volatility
- Tank structure including bottom/floor design, bottom and shell plates, and foundation types
- Stability calculations and anchor requirements for withstanding wind loads
- Tank inspection and safety procedures
The training aims to identify tank components, understand tank limitations, perform calculations, and operate tanks safely.
The document discusses several water and waste water management solutions from James Fisher Tank Inspection including:
1) A lead discriminator that can identify and locate service pipes without excavation in 30 seconds to 3 minutes.
2) 3D SONAR technology that can map settlements in harbors, tanks, and storage facilities with a survey time of 45 minutes and a maximum range and depth of 40 meters and 200 meters respectively.
3) Techniques for in-situ stress measurement in concrete and steel reinforcement to test and monitor concrete structures.
Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks ...Pradeep Dhondi
hi
i have made an excel base software base on API st.2000 "Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks" to make calculation easy and accurate , i have take many case study and verified my software got positive result.
if you think you need this software for design the vent , please go to "rajiravi.ml" website there you can find complete information base on software and information based on contact etc...
This document provides an introduction and overview of different types of storage tanks. It discusses 8 main types of storage tanks: fixed-roof tanks, external floating roof tanks, internal floating roof tanks, domed external floating roof tanks, horizontal tanks, pressure tanks, variable vapor space tanks, and LNG storage tanks. Each tank type is designed for storing different types of liquids and gases and has distinct features such as floating roofs, fixed roofs, insulation, and sizes that can range from meters to over 100 meters in diameter. The document also discusses containment basins, which storage tanks are often placed inside of to contain spills.
The document discusses standards for the design, fabrication, and construction of cylindrical steel tanks for oil storage according to API Standard 650. It summarizes key chapters and sections of the standard, including requirements for materials selection and testing, joint design and inspection, shell and bottom plate thickness calculations, and erection procedures. The standard provides guidance for tank manufacturers to ensure structural integrity and safety according to industry best practices.
This document discusses different types of storage tanks used in refineries and chemical plants. It describes atmospheric storage tanks, which operate at approximately atmospheric pressure, including fixed-roof tanks, floating-roof tanks, and fixed-roof tanks with an internal floating roof. Low-temperature and low-pressure storage tanks are also discussed. Standards for storage tank design include API-650 for atmospheric tanks and API-620 for low-pressure tanks. Floating roof tanks are described as minimizing vapor losses by maintaining a small vapor space or eliminating it completely.
This document discusses emissions from atmospheric storage tanks and methods to reduce them. It provides details on:
- Types of storage tank designs and their relative emissions levels. Fixed roof tanks without internal floating roofs have the highest emissions while internal floating roof tanks have the lowest.
- Methods to reduce tank emissions including installing internal or external floating roofs, vapor recovery systems, tank color and configuration options.
- Case studies on retrofitting existing external floating roof tanks with internal floating roofs to significantly reduce emissions by 99%.
- Options for measuring and quantifying tank emissions ranging from lower cost infrared cameras to higher cost DIAL and SOF measurement methods.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Kuan, Siew Yeng to the University of Southern Queensland in fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) degree. The dissertation focuses on designing a new floating roof tank. It provides background on floating roof tanks, relevant design codes and standards, and discusses design considerations and methods for the shell, roof, fittings and accessories. The goal is to develop basic rules and procedures for designing, constructing and operating floating roof tanks based on a case study.
This document provides a study aid of questions for API RP-575, Inspection of Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, to help prepare for the API 653 exam. There will be 15-30 questions from this document on the API 653 exam. The study aid questions are organized in the same order as sections in API 575 and cover topics like corrosion mechanisms, inspection techniques, tank components, and defects to examine. An answer key will be provided in class. It is recommended to read API 575 before working on these practice questions.
Design Calculation of Venting for Atmospheric & Low Pressure Storage TanksKushagra Saxena
Storage Tanks are a very important part of a petroleum Industry, This software is based on the API Std. 2000, which calculates the design of Venting and its capacity for low pressure storage & atmospheric storage tanks in case of normal venting, due to thermal changes, and in case of fire exposure.
If you are in need of this software, Kindly contact at saxena.95kushagra@gmail.com
A comprehensive approach to tank design and tank equipment selectionMohieddin Hadidi
Tank design consideration to achieve safety;reduce risk of unplanned maintenance;ensuring working capacity and maintenance.
benefits of a fixed roof over your floating roof.
Common questions about full-contact roofs.
illustration of tank components.
tight-fitting seals
The document summarizes the design of a 200 cubic meter storage tank with a cone roof according to Indian Standard IS 803-1976. Key details include an input table with tank dimensions and material properties, as well as sections summarizing the design basis and code requirements. The design basis section outlines allowable stresses, joint efficiencies, equations for calculating minimum shell plate thickness, and requirements for stability against wind and vacuum loads. The tank has a diameter of 6 meters, height of 7.5 meters, and will store crude oil at temperatures up to 50°C.
Pressure vessels are designed to safely operate at specific pressures and temperatures. They consist of a cylindrical shell and elliptical or hemispherical heads and are used in applications like reactors, heat exchangers, and storage tanks. Pressure vessels are categorized based on whether they are fired or unfired. Unfired pressure vessels include tanks for storing gases and liquids and are designed according to codes like IS 2825-1969, which specifies design procedures and allows for different material stresses and corrosion allowances depending on the vessel's class. Key considerations in pressure vessel design include operating conditions, materials, dimensions, openings, and supports.
Storage tanks are used in several phases of the process plants. They can be used to store feed
prior to its use in the facility, as holding tanks for a partially process product awaiting further
processing, or to collect a finished product prior to its delivery or pick‐up by a customer.
Good arrangement of the storage tanks can save in land and cost of plant. In other hand, by
consideration a good nozzle orientation and good piping for these tanks operation problems
will be reduced. In this article we are going to review layout arrangement and piping of storage
tank farms that are related together closely.
To access a full version of this file follow this link: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07DC3YNJJ
This document provides an overview and introduction to ASME Section VIII Division 1, which establishes rules for the construction of pressure vessels. It discusses the historical context that led to the development of pressure vessel codes, an overview of ASME's codes and standards, key definitions, and the design requirements and considerations specified in Section VIII Division 1. The document covers topics such as material selection, corrosion allowances, minimum thickness requirements, design pressure, and loadings that must be considered in pressure vessel design.
- The document discusses sizing pressure safety valves (PSVs) for oil and gas facilities.
- It covers PSV types, causes of chattering, and outlines the step-by-step process for sizing calculations including developing relief scenarios, determining required relief areas, and selecting valve sizes.
- Relief scenarios considered include blocked outlets, thermal expansion, tube rupture, gas blow-by, inlet valve failure, and exterior fires. Relief calculations involve assessing single-phase, two-phase, and transient relief situations.
Chris brooks storage tanks inspection, maintenance and failureSreekumar K S
API 653 tank inspections are important to identify problems and prevent tank failures. Inspections should be conducted by certified inspectors following proper protocols, including visual and ultrasound thickness testing and vacuum testing of floor seams. Tank maintenance includes regular visual inspections, keeping records, and conducting API-653 inspections every five years. Common causes of catastrophic tank failures include improper welding procedures resulting in a lack of weld fusion, not using certified welders, weld deterioration over time, overfilling tanks, and using contractors not qualified to API standards.
Peaking and banding refer to the roundness and straightness of shell plates around vertical and horizontal joints in storage tanks. Peaking is measured using a horizontal sweep board along vertical joints, while banding is measured using a vertical sweep board along horizontal joints. Acceptance criteria per API standards allow for peaking deviations of up to 13 mm and banding deviations of up to 13 or 25 mm depending on the standard. Proper measurement procedures involve visually inspecting the tank, positioning the sweep board accurately, and taking measurements at a minimum of 8 locations around the tank circumference.
pipe stress analysis for piping engineeringYoga Sathish
This document provides information on pipe stress analysis, including why it is performed, what causes stress in pipes, and allowable stress limits. Pipe stress analysis is done to ensure stresses remain within safe limits due to various loads from pressure, weight, expansion, vibration and more. Stresses are evaluated separately for sustained loads and displacement loads to prevent damage. The document outlines stress analysis methods from piping codes including evaluating different load cases and calculating allowable stresses based on material properties. It also discusses stress intensification in fittings and provides the definition and calculation of stress intensification factors.
Oil and gas tank farm management may, dubaiPetro Nomics
This document provides information about an oil and gas tank farm management course taking place from May 18-22, 2015 in Dubai, UAE. The course will provide participants with the latest technical and managerial knowledge for handling and controlling product logistics. It will cover topics like measurement and calibration, product quality control, loading and receipts, inventory management, terminal operations, logistics planning, and health and safety. The goal is to help participants improve operational efficiency. The course fee is $3,500 per participant and in-house training can also be provided. Interested individuals should contact the organization for registration details.
This dissertation investigates the effect of the manufacturing process on the fatigue performance of conveyor pulleys through experimental and numerical methods. Tensile tests were conducted on steel plate samples to determine material properties for finite element analysis. Residual stresses from welding and bending were measured experimentally using the incremental hole drilling technique. Finite element models were developed and compared with current pulley design practices. The fatigue life of the pulley was assessed using classification standards and crack growth methods. The study found that manufacturing induced residual stresses can significantly influence pulley fatigue life, and proposed new design criteria considering residual stress effects.
Surveying ppt : COMPONENETS OF TRANSIT THEODOLITESukhvinder Singh
The document describes the main components of a transit theodolite. It lists 12 key components: 1) trivet, 2) foot screws, 3) tri branch, 4) leveling head, 5) spindles, 6) lower plate, 7) upper plate, 8) A frame, 9) T frame, 10) altitude bubble, 11) compass, and 12) tripod. The lower plate measures horizontal angles with graduations from 0 to 360 degrees. The upper plate has two verniers used to read fractions of degrees on the lower plate. The tripod supports the theodolite during field use.
This document discusses plate and shell elements for structural analysis. Plate elements are used to model flat surfaces, while shell elements model curved surfaces. Kirchhoff plate theory and Reissner-Mindlin plate theory are described for modeling plate bending, with the latter including transverse shear deformations. The derivation of a rectangular plate bending element is shown, involving assumed displacement fields and strain-curvature relationships. Shell elements can be formulated by combining plate and plane stress elements. Limitations of Kirchhoff shell elements for nearly coplanar or folded plate structures are noted.
The document discusses stresses in thin cylindrical and spherical shells. It defines a thin shell as having a wall thickness that is small compared to the internal diameter. For thin cylinders, the three main stresses are hoop (circumferential), longitudinal, and radial. Hoop stress is constant over the thickness and tends to increase the cylinder's diameter. Longitudinal stress acts along the length and tends to increase length. Radial stress is negligible for thin shells. Equations show that hoop stress equals internal pressure times internal diameter divided by twice the wall thickness, and longitudinal stress equals pressure times diameter divided by four times thickness. Internal pressure also causes changes in diameter, length, and volume of thin shells. Thin spherical shells experience uniform stress
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller,
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
The document provides an overview of petroleum storage tank training. It discusses the different types of storage tanks including fixed roof tanks, internal floating roof tanks, and floating roof tanks. It explains how to select the appropriate tank based on the product properties and outlines the key aspects of tank design such as the structure, foundation, fittings and safety considerations. The training aims to teach participants how to identify tank types, understand tank limitations, perform calculations, and safely operate storage tanks.
There are two main types of storage tanks: atmospheric and pressurized tanks. Atmospheric tanks operate at or near atmospheric pressure and are used to store liquids that do not vaporize at ambient temperatures. Pressurized tanks are designed to withstand pressure to prevent stored liquids with high vapor pressures, such as propane and butane, from vaporizing. When designing storage tanks, the type of tank and product properties like volatility must be considered. Standard vertical tanks come in open top, fixed roof, internal floating roof, and external floating roof designs. Construction of vertical tanks involves soil testing, choosing a civil foundation like stone columns or pilings, and erecting the tank structure through welding plates and installing equipment like breather valves, radar
This document discusses various types of storage tanks used for liquids and gases. It describes fixed roof tanks and floating roof tanks. Fixed roof tanks are simpler and cheaper but allow vapors to escape. Floating roof tanks reduce material losses and explosion risk by trapping vapors under a floating roof. External floating roof tanks are open-top while internal floating roof tanks have a roof inside a cone roof tank. Tank design considers the stored substance's flash point and tanks must withstand hydrostatic pressure. Proper construction and maintenance are needed to prevent tank failures from corrosion, thin walls or faulty welding.
Stress analysis of storage tank piping - Jeba AnandJeba Anand Nadar
1. The document discusses stress analysis of storage tank piping. It covers classification of tanks based on fluid type and construction, modeling of tanks in Caesar software, API 650 calculations, and nozzle checks as per API 650 standards.
2. Key points include classification of tanks as fixed roof, floating roof, horizontal pressure, and Horton sphere types. Modeling of tanks in Caesar involves defining displacements for tank settlement and bulging. Nozzle checks involve verifying loads do not exceed allowable limits given tank dimensions and properties.
3. Piping connected to tanks must be properly routed and supported, accounting for tank behavior due to settlement, thermal growth, and bulging under liquid head pressure. Spring supports may
1) Vertical aboveground storage tanks are commonly used to store liquids and gases in processing facilities. They can have fixed roofs or floating roofs, and selection depends on factors like the stored material's true vapor pressure.
2) There are two main types of floating roof tanks: external floating roofs that float directly on the stored liquid, and internal floating roofs that float inside a fixed roof tank.
3) Proper design of storage tanks involves considerations for process parameters, mechanical design, environmental regulations, structural requirements, and other safety factors. Standards like those from API provide guidelines for design, construction, and operation.
The document discusses factors that influence the design of vessels used in industrial processes. It focuses on selecting the appropriate vessel type based on the material properties, operating conditions, and intended function. The main types of vessels discussed are open vessels, closed cylindrical vessels with flat or conical bottoms, and spherical/modified spherical vessels. Criteria for selecting each type include operating pressure and temperature, material hazards, and storage volume.
This document provides an overview of the content covered in Week 2 of the CSWIP Plant Inspector Level 1 course, including:
1. An introduction to pressure equipment, defining key characteristics like stored energy and factors of safety.
2. Summaries of sections on pressure vessel inspection, outlining the roles of inspectors in verifying integrity, design aspects like corrosion allowance, and code compliance.
3. Details on visual and dimensional examinations performed on pressure vessels, including examination points for vessel exteriors and interiors and dimensional checking procedures.
This document discusses the retrofit of the crude oil storage tank T-107 at Petroleum Development Oman. It addresses questions about the roof support system, emergency drain system, floating roof seals, vents, and other components. The roof support uses a locking sleeve assembly to support the roof in both operating and maintenance positions without damaging the lining. The emergency drains are positioned above the maximum water level and drain directly to the stored product. The number and size of drains are sufficient to drain rainfall at the specified design rate. The floating roof seals are maintenance-free under normal operating conditions.
On most of the production units, oil and gas are directly piped to a refinery or tank terminal. It is difficult to store gas locally, but in certain cases underground mines, caverns or salt deposits can be used to store gas.
This document discusses the importance of tank cleaning and maintenance. Periodic maintenance is much cheaper than expensive repairs that would be required for unmaintained tanks. Proper maintenance through regular inspections can prevent early tank failure. All types of storage tanks require some level of maintenance to protect the integrity of the tank and quality of its contents.
This document provides an overview of different types of offshore structures used in oil and gas exploration. It discusses jack-up rigs, semi-submersibles, drill ships, concrete platforms, jacket platforms, tension leg platforms, wellhead platforms, floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) systems, spar platforms, subsea production systems, guyed towers, and shuttle tankers. Each structure is described in 1-2 paragraphs outlining its key characteristics and applications. The document also provides a high-level introduction to designing offshore structures and considering factors like loads, specifications, and stability in deep waters.
This document provides an overview of NFPA 30-2008 requirements for storage tank safety:
1) Chapter 21 outlines general requirements for storage tanks including design standards, materials, testing, hazard analysis, identification and overfill prevention. Tanks must meet engineering standards and be compatible with the stored liquid.
2) Chapter 22 covers aboveground tank requirements such as location, separation distances from property lines and buildings based on tank type and capacity. Emergency venting is required for certain tank types. Spill control includes diking or remote impounding.
3) Chapter 23 addresses underground tank installation including following manufacturer instructions, proper excavation to avoid undermining structures, and location.
PRESSURE VESSELS Presentation Codes And StandardsZainSalleh1
Pressure vessels are containers designed to hold liquids and gases under pressure. They are regulated by ASME codes and come in different shapes depending on their application. Common components include cylindrical shells, domed heads, and supporting legs or skirts. Proper venting and relief devices are required for safety. Heat transfer surfaces and cleaning systems like CIP/SIP are also important design considerations for some vessel uses.
This document is a term project report on aboveground fuel storage tanks prepared by Subkhiddin MUKHIDINOV for Prof. Şafak YILMAZ at Istanbul Technical University. It discusses the introduction, description, usage, design, materials, and manufacturing of fuel storage tanks. Fuel tanks are designed to safely store flammable liquids and allow for filling, gauging fuel levels, venting vapors, and feeding the engine. Design considerations include placement, shape, and calculating required volume, while common materials are aluminum, steel, and stainless steel. Manufacturing involves creating a mockup, adding openings, and leak testing after joining pieces through methods like riveting, brazing, soldering
The document discusses fire water storage tank inspection and maintenance. It covers topics like classification of storage tanks, design aspects, materials used, objectives of tank inspection, internal and external inspection procedures and intervals, areas prone to corrosion, and precautions during inspection. The document provides detailed guidance on planning and conducting thorough inspections of fire water storage tanks to evaluate integrity and safety.
Discuss different conventional hatch including the structural components, testing methods and watertight and weather tight of the hatch cover.
A cargo hatch or deck hatch or hatchway is type of door used on ships and boats to cover the opening to the cargo hold or other lower part of the ship. To make the cargo hold waterproof, most cargo holds have cargo hatch. Hatch covers of ships are designed to be efficient and cost-effective, as an initial investment and during service, and at the same time should suit the demands of the various types of cargo vessels. With the many changing trends of cargo transportation, it would be expected that the design and structure of cargo holds would change to meet the needs of modern shipping. This is clearly evident with container tonnage and the vehicle decks of the Roll-on, Roll-off (Ro-Ro) vessels. However, the changes in the carriage of general cargoes have been comparatively small. This is possible because most merchandise will suit the more popular container or similar unit load movement.
Hold structures have tended to go towards square corners to reduce broken stowage (BS), and suit palletization, pre-slung loads and the use of the fork lift truck inside the holds. Stowage by such vehicles are aided by flush decks in way of the turn of the bilge, as opposed to the angle turn in the sides of the holds of older tonnage.
Some specialist cargoes, like steel coils , still suit conventional holds and clearly would not be compatible inside containers, because of the shape and weight of each item. As with large case goods or castings, which tend to transport better by means of conventional stowage in the more conventional type vessel. Such merchandise is clearly edging towards heavy-lift type loads and these heavier loads are covered in detail here, alongside the designated heavy-lift ship and project cargoes.
The objective of this chapter is to provide an overall picture of an industry sector which is an essential part of cargo handling and general shipping practice. It does not have such a high profile...
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2. PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS - Basic Training
What we'll be covering
> The design of the tank.
> Which tank , which product.
> The structure & assembly of the tank.
> Tank inspection
> Measurement
Goals for Today & Tomorrow
> To identify tank type & tank equipments
> To know the limitation of tank
> Calculation of tank volume
> Safe tank operation
3. PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS - Basic Training
Course Content
1. Background
2. Tank Design
Day One - Types of vertical tanks
- Selection of vertical tanks
3. Tank Structure & Assembly of Tank
4. Tank Fittings
- Operational fitting
- Fittings common to all vertical tanks
- Additional fitting for floating roof tanks
- Special fittings and accessories for floating
5. Tank Inspection
6. Tank Farm Safety
…………………………………………………………………………………...
7. Measurement
Day Two 8. Internal & external incident learning
9. Field trip
4. STORAGE TANKS- Basic Training
TANKS-
1.0 Background
Tanks have been around since the beginning of hydrocarbon
production. Tanks vary considerably, in the type and size based on
the type of products to be stored and the volume involved.
The failure of a tank can have several undesirable effects such as
endangering personnel, affecting the environment and interrupting
the Operator’s business.
Companies therefore, require a consistent approach for assessing tank
integrity and maintaining compliance with industry and regulatory
standards, (that is community requirements). Such an approach must;
• Ensure tanks are not leaking and will not leak before next inspection
• Reduce the potential for releases
• Maintain tanks in safe operating conditions, and
• Make repairs and determine when replacement is necessary.
5. PETROLEUM STORAGE TANKS Basic Training
TANK
The primary function of a storage tank is to store liquid substance.
This liquid substance may be:
a) Feedstock (Unit 71)
b) Finished products prior to shipping out to customers (Unit 75)
c) and Unfinished petroleum components awaiting for further
- processing (intermediate – Unit 72)
- blending (Unit 73)
While in the storage tanks, these products may settle out undesirable
substances such as;
a) Water
b) Emulsions
c) Dirt etc.
This undesirable substances can then be removed through draw-off devices.
Products may also be mixed, blended and treated in storage tanks effectively,
using the large capacity available in these tanks.
6. TANK (cont)
Broadly, the storage tanks can be divided into two basic types:
Atmospheric storage
Atmospheric storage is a term applied to tanks operating at or near atmospheric
pressure. This type of tank is used to hold liquid which will not vaporize at
ambient temperature. Tanks used in this category are primarily the open top,
fixed roof (cone & dome) and floating roof.
Pressurized storage
Pressurized storage applies to those vessels (mounded bullets) which are
designed to withstand pressure sufficient to keep the liquid stored, from
vaporizing. High vapor pressure hydrocarbons such as propane, butane,
iC5 are the types of products requiring pressurized storage vessels (Mounded
Bullets).
Note: STORAGE TANK TRAINING for MG 3 Operators, will basically focus
on aboveground vertical storage tanks of various types.
7. TANK
For safe storage of petroleum products, we have to consider the product
properties such as volatility (RVP, pour point, flash point and others before
we start designing and constructing the tank.
Cone Roof Dome Roof
Tank Tank
Internal
Floating Roof Floating
Tank roof tank
8. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.0 The design of the tank
Standard vertical tanks are available in several types, which differ in
vapor-saving efficiency and in cost.
2.1 Vertical tanks
2.1.1 Open top tanks
This type of tank has no roof and shall be used for storing city water,
fire water and cooling water (All water tanks in PPMSB are with roofs).
2.1.2 Fixed roof tanks
These types of tanks can be divided into:
- Cone roof
- Dome roof
Each type can be further subdivided into non-pressure and low-
pressure fixed roof tanks.
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Fixed roof tanks
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Fixed roof tanks
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Fixed roof tanks are well known type of storage tanks, constructed over 100 years ago and
r
provided mostly withwell known type of storage tanks, either cone or dome years roofs. For
Fixed roof tanks are self supporting roof structures constructed over 100 type ago
n
large provided mostly roof tanks column supported roof either conefor example in North
and diameter fixed with self supporting roof structures are used, or dome type roofs.
America. Fixed roof tanks are designed as atmospheric are used, for example in North and
For large diameter fixed roof tanks column supported roof , low , or high pressure tanks
v
America. Fixed roof tanks are designed as atmospheric , low , or high pressure tanks
a
may be used to store hydrocarbons as per product classification as given for example in
and may be used to store hydrocarbons as per product classification as given for example
l
the the code. v
in IP IP code.
e
These recommendationswill include the type of of tank, measures to obtainbest best
These recommendations will include the type tank, measures to obtain the the
performancea with regarding to emission reduction, use of P/V valves, floating suction,
performance regarding to emission reduction, use of P/V valves, floating suction,
internalfloating roofs, cost effective maintenance, etc.
internal floating roofs, cost effective maintenance, etc.
n
d
w
11. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.1.3 Fixed roof tanks with floating covers (internal floating roof tanks)
In a fixed roof tank a floating cover can be installed to give a further
reduction of vapor losses. These tanks are fitted with breather vents
either at the top course of the shell plate or on the roof edge.
Typical feedstock/ products stored are: DPK (Kerosene, Jet A1)
2.1.4 Floating roof tank
This type of tanks are designed to work at atmospheric pressure. The
diameter of a floating roof tanks shall at least be equal to its height to
enable the use of a normal rolling ladder for access to the roof.
Typical Products stored are: Crude oil, Gasoline and Gasoline
components, Solvents……
2.1.5 Bullets
The very volatility & high vapor pressure product such as Isopentane, LPG &
Butane will be store in a vessel that will withstand product pressure and prevent
any product vaporization. Due to high volatility & high vapor pressure the vessels are
Mounded underground to prevent thermal radiation in case of any fire nearby.
14. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.2 Selection of Vertical Tanks – which tank, which product
2.2.1 General
The types and ranges of tanks recommended for storage of
different classes of petroleum products.
15. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.2 Selection of Vertical Tanks – which tank, which product
2.2.1 General
The types and ranges of tanks recommended for storage of
different classes of petroleum products.
2.3 Stability
For calculations of tank stability in strong winds, the
velocities given in the local regulations should be used; if
no local regulations exist, local experience should be
considered.
Unstable tanks shall be provided with anchor bolts and
concrete foundation rings. Uplifting is caused by the
internal vapor pressure acting against the underside of the
roof, in conjunction with wind load. A stability calculation shall
be made to determine the number of anchor required.
16. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.3 Stability
For calculations of tank stability in strong winds the following
need to be done:
a) the velocities given in the local regulations should be
used;
b) if no local regulations exist, local experience should
be considered.
Unstable tanks shall be provided with anchor bolts and concrete
foundation rings. Uplifting is caused by the internal vapor pressure
acting against the underside of the roof, in conjunction with wind
load. A stability calculation shall be made to determine the number
of anchors required.
17. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.1 Checking of foundation
Surface, subsurface and climatic conditions vary from place to place,
so it is not practical to establish design data to cover all situations.
The allowable soil loading and exact type of subsurface construction
to be used must be decided for each individual case after careful
consideration.
Some of the many conditions that require special engineering
consideration are as follows:
> site on hillsides – undisturbed/ land filled
> sites at swampy or filled ground
> sites underlain by soils, such as organic clays that will settle over
long period and can cause lateral ground stability problem
> site adjacent to water courses or deep excavation
> site exposed to flood water
> site in regions of high seismicity
18. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.2 Typical Foundation Types
2.4.2.1 Earth foundation without a ringwall
When subsurface conditions shows adequate bearing capacity and
that settlements will be acceptable, satisfactory foundations may be
constructed from earth material.
Design for satisfactory long-term performance are:
> For small tanks, foundations can consist of compacted crushed
stone, screenings, fine gravel, clean sand, or similar material
placed directly on virgin soil.
19. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.2 Typical Foundation Types
2.4.2.2 Earth foundations with a concrete ringwall large tanks, with heavy or
tall shell and/or self-supported roofs impose a substantial load on the
foundation under the shell. When there is some doubt whether a
foundation will be able to carry the load directly, a concrete
ringwall foundation should be used.
Advantages of concrete ringwall are:
> It provides better distribution of the concentrated load of the shell
to produce a more uniform soil loading under the tank
> It provides a level, solid starting plane for concentration of the shell
> It is capable of preserving its contour during construction
> It retains the fill under the tank bottom and prevents loss of
material as a result of erosion
> It minimizes moisture under the tank
20. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.2 Typical Foundation Types
2.4.2.2 Earth foundations with a concrete ringwall
Other design requirements are:
> The ringwall shall not be less than 300 mm (12 in) thick
> Depth of ringwall depends on the local conditions
2.4.2.3 Earth foundations with a crushed stone and gravel ringwall
A crushed stone or gavel ringwall will provide adequate support for
high load imposed by the shell.
Advantages are:
> It provides better distribution of the concentrated load of the shell
to produce a more uniform soil loading under the tank
> It provides a means of leveling the tank grade, and it is capable
of preserving its contour during construction
> It retains the fill under the tank bottom and prevents loss of material
as a result of erosion
> it can more smoothly accommodate differential settlement
because of its flexibility
21. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
API supports a general position of installing a Release Prevention
barrier (RPB) under new tanks during initial construction. An RPB
includes steel bottoms, synthetic materials, clay liners, and all other
barriers or combination of barriers placed in the bottom of or
under an aboveground storage tank, which have the following
functions:
> preventing the escape of contaminated material
and
> containing or channeling released material for leak
detection
22. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
23. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations and leak detection
24. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
25. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
26. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
27. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
28. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
29. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
30. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
2.4 Tank Foundation
2.4.3 Tank foundations for leak detection
31. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.0 Tank Structure
3.1 Bottom/ Floor design – Designed to, permit complete draw-
off, minimize product contact and to ulitilize maximum tank
capacity and prevention of corrosion of bottom plate.
3.1.1 Two types of tank flooring are:
> Cone down bottom (Bottom down)
Generally, bottom down is design for cone roof tanks. Centre
of the flooring is installed with drain pit. Water in the tank is
accumulated in the pit (lowest point of the bottom plate/
floor).
> Cone up bottom (bottom up)
Generally, this type of design is used for floating-roof tanks,
3 to 4 collector pits are installed, close to the shell plate.
Each of the pit is provided with a water draw-off line.
However, only one is connected to the closed water draw
system in PPMSB.
32. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.0 Tank Structure
3.2 Bottom plates
> All bottom plates shall have a minimum nominal
thickness of 6 mm exclusive of any corrosion allowance
specified by the owner for the bottom plates.
> Annular plates shall be at least 8 mm thick.
> Bottom shell plate shall have a minimum nominal width
of 1800 mm
At least a Min.
25 mm 600 mm
6 mm
ANNULAR
33. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.0 Tank Structure
3.3 Attachment to shell
The connection between the bottom edge of the lowest course
of the shell plates and the bottom annular plates shall be
continuous fillet weld on both side of the shell plates.
3.4 Joints in tank bottom plates
All joint in bottom plates shall be lapped. The minimum lap shall
be five times the thickness of the plate.
There shall be a minimum lap of 65 mm between the bottom
plates and the bottom annular plates.
34. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.0 Tank Structure
3.5 Pad Plates
Pad plates fixed to the tank bottom shall be used at all supports.
Pad plates should be of circular shape; if square or rectangular
plates are used, they shall have their corners rounded (radius at
least 5 times the plate thickness) and continuously welded.
3.6 Shell Design
The bottom course shall have a minimum height of 1800 mm
and a minimum thickness of 8 mm.
The nominal thickness of the shell plates shall not exceed 40
mm. The minimum shell thickness shall be:
> 6 mm for tanks of less than 33 m in diameter
> 8 mm for tanks of 33 m up to and including 60 m in diameter,
> 10 mm for tanks over 60 m in diameter.
35. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.6 Internal Loading
No course shall have a thickness less than that of the course
above, regardless of the material of construction.
The shell plates for which a minimum thickness has been
calculated and ordered shall not under run (furnished by mill) the
computed thickness by more than 0.25 mm at any place.
Delta thickness must not
be more than 0.25 mm
Calculated/ Ordered Delivered plate
plate thickness thickness
36. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.7 External Loading
3.7.1 Primary wind girders
3.7.1.1 Open top and floating roof tanks
Open top and floating roof tanks shall be provided with a primary
wind girder to maintain roundness when the tank is subjected to
wind loads.
The wind girder shall be in the form of a ring located on the
outside of the tank shell, approximately 1 m below the top
of the uppermost shell course. The top of the uppermost shell
course shall be provided with a top curb angle.
37. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.7 External Loading
3.7.1 Primary wind girders
3.7.1.2 Construction of primary wind girders
Wind girders may be constructed from formed plate sections, by
welding. The outer periphery of the wind girder may be circular
or polygonal.
Drain holes to be provided for trapped rain water.
Support shall be provided for all wind girders when the width of
the horizontal leg or web exceeds 16 times the thickness of the
leg or web.
Continuous welds shall be used for all joints in wind girders.
38. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.7 External Loading
3.7.2 Secondary wind girders
3.7.2.1 General
Tank may require secondary rings to maintain roundness over
the full height of the tank shell under wind and/or vacuum
conditions (BS 2654).
3.7.2.2 Design of secondary wind girders
There are basically, additional stiffening rings. Continuous
welding (full penetration butt welds) shall be used for all
connections of the secondary wind girders.
39. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.7 External Loading
3.7.3 Isolated radial loads
Isolated radial loads (heavy platforms or elevated walkways)
shall be distributed along the shell by rolled structural section,
plate ribs or build-up members, preferably in a horizontal
position.
40. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.8 Shell openings
3.8.1 Reinforcement of shell openings
All openings larger than 80 mm in diameter shall be reinforce.
3.8.2 Pipe connections
Pipes connected to the nozzles of tanks shells designed in such
a way that no significant bending moments or loads act on the
nozzle. For bigger lines, use of bellows and balanced supports
should be considered.
3.8.3 Clean-out doors
If required for tanks made of carbon steel, clean out doors shall
be designed and fabricated. This is more for sludge removal and
to allow entry of a conveyor belt, if required.
41. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.9 Fixed roof design
3.9.1 Type of roof
As mentioned earlier: - Cone roof
- Dome roof
3.9.2 Design of supporting structure
A supported cone roof is roof formed to approximately the
surface of a right cone that is supported principally either by
rafters on girders and columns or by rafters on trusses with or
without column.
3.9.3 General
> Minimum thickness of roof plate – 5mm (3/16 in)
> Thicker roof plates may be required for self-supporting roofs.
> The roof thickness also determined by the type of product stored.
more corrosive product require thicker plate.
42. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.9 Fixed roof design
3.9.3 General (cont)
> roof plates of supported cone roofs shall not be attached to the
support members.
> Roof plate shall be attached to the top angle of the tank with a
continuous fillet weld on the top side only. The roof-to-shell joint may
be considered frangible and in the event of excessive internal
pressure may fail before failure occurs in the tank shell joints or the
shell-to-bottom joint.
3.10 Internal floating roof tank
An internal floating roof and its accessories shall be designed and
constructed to allow the roof to operate throughout its normal travel with
manual attention .
3.10.1 The IFR shall be designed and built to float and rest in a uniform
horizontal plane (no drainage slope required)
43. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.9 Fixed roof design
3.10 Internal floating roof tank
Internal Floating Roof (IFR)
An internal floating roof tank has both a permanent fixed roof and a floating desk inside. The term "deck" or "floating
and
roof" is used in reference to the structure floating on the liquid stored within the tank. The deck of an internal floating roof
liquid
tank rises and falls with the liquid level whilst in full contact on the underside thus achieving no vapor zone.
contact
44. Historical Application of FRP
In 1971 Dynaglass introduced FRP to the industry to help solve the many corrosion problems suffered from the use of
metals. For over 31 years, FRP equipment intalled by dynaglass in various applications have proven to have met every
expectations. Internal Floating roof was first constructed out of steel. As steel begins to rust costs in maintenance
continue to rise. Aluminum thought to be better was introduced, but for some applications these also suffered
corrosion. Eventually Steel or Aluminum IFR will need to be replaced at a cost. In search of better materials to solve
the corrosion and rust problems, FRP was used to produce fuel storage tanks since 1958 and continues to be
commonly seen in use for underground storage tanks amongst many other successful applications. Many tanks have
existed underground beyond their 30-year manufacturer's warranty term. Some have even been dug out and re-buried
with a re-certified 2nd term 30-year warranty.
46. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.9 Fixed roof design
3.9.3 General (cont)
> roof plates of supported cone roofs shall not be attached to the
support members.
> Roof plate shall be attached to the top angle of the tank with a
continuous fillet weld on the top side only. The roof-to-shell joint may
be considered frangible and in the event of excessive internal
pressure may fail before failure occurs in the tank shell joints or the
shell-to-bottom joint.
3.10 Internal floating roof tank
An internal floating roof and its accessories shall be designed and
constructed to allow the roof to operate throughout its normal travel with
manual attention .
3.10.1 The IFR shall be designed and built to float and rest in a uniform
horizontal plane (no drainage slope required)
48. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.10 Internal floating roof tank (internal floating roof picture)
3.10.2 Buoyancy
> Metallic pontoon internal floating roofs have peripheral closed top
bulk-headed compartments for buoyancy.
> Double deck internal floating roofs are also available.
> Sandwich-panel internal floating roofs have metallic panel modules
for buoyancy compartments.
3.10.3 Floating screen material
> Steel
> Stainless steel
> Aluminum (commonly used)
3.10.4 Roof seal/ types
> A vapor tight rim seal (or skirt) is provided
- Liquid filled, gas-filled or foam-filled fabric seal
- Flexible wiper seal
- Mech. shoe - combination of light gauge metallic band and
fabric seal.
49. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.1 Types of EFRT
> Single deck pontoon roof
> Double deck roof
1 . C o f le x ip d r a in h o s e
2 . C h e c k V a lv e
3 . R o o f d r a in s u m p
4 . S e c o n d a ry s e a l
5 . P rim a ry s e a
6 . P a n t o g r a p h c o u n t e r w e ig h t
7 . A u to b le e d e r v e n t
8 . R o o f le g s l
9 . R im v e n t ( B r e a t h e r V a lv e )
1 0 . R o o f g u id e p o o l
4
7 10
3
9
6 2
8
5
1
1
50. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.2 Manholes/ vents are provided for:
> Pontoon with liquid tight covers
> Deck manholes with are used only during tank shutdown
> Each compartment shall be provided with elevated vents
> Suitable vents shall be provided to prevent overstressing of the roof
deck or seal membrane
3.11.3 Support legs
> Floating roof shall be provided with support legs
> Legs pipes shall be perforated at the bottom to provide drainage
> The length of the legs are adjustable from the top
> Operating position (low leg) and cleaning or maintenance position
(high leg)
51. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.3 Support legs
52. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
> The space between the outer periphery of the roof and the tank shell
shall be sealed by a flexible device that provides a reasonable close
fit to shell surface
- Steel shoes with fabric or nonmetallic material used as seal
or seal components
- Material shall be durable and shall not discolor or
contaminate the product stored.
53. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
Pictures/ drawings of seals follows:
54. Primary and Secondary Seals for Floating Roof Tanks
Pantograph Shoe Seal. Foam Seals can be liquid or vapor mounted.
Internal Floating Roof Shoe Seal for aluminum Secondary Wiper Seal
internal floating roofs or steel pans. (with roller for out of round tanks)
55. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
56. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
57. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
58. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
59. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
60. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
61. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
62. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
63. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.4 Seals/ Types
64. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.5 Drains > Roof drain
We could select the most suitable floating roof drains type and size
(capacity), also on the application of the roof sump with the non return valve and with the types of
discharge drain valves at the tank shell. Emergency type drains for double deck and single deck
roof structures are part of the engineering package.
65. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
3.11 External floating roof tank
3.11.6 Foam Dams
> Foam dams collect debris and therefore retain water causing
excessive corrosion of dam/ deck joint, roof annulars and seal
connections. The dam drain holes should always unplugged.`
66. STORAGE TANKS- Basic Training
TANKS-
4.0 Tank Fittings
4.1 Operational Fittings for vertical Tanks
Standard range of fittings and accessories
Tanks shall be provided with the standard range of fittings and
accessories. Optional fittings shall be supplied only when specified by
the owner.
4.1.1 Breather valves (pic) and free vents
The number and sizes of breather valves and free vents required
should be specified separately due to large variations is
pumping rates, etc.
When deciding on the number of free vents required, their capacity
shall be taken into account.
Note: If the storage capacity of an existing tank is increased by
fitting additional courses of shell plates, the venting capacity
of the enlarged tank shall be checked, and increase if
necessary.
68. Flame Arrestor
Introduction
Flame arrestor is designed to stop the propagation of flame from ignited flammable liquid vapors with low flash points. They
prevent flame propagation by absorbing and dispatching heat thereby reducing the temperature of the flame front preventing
thereby
ignition behind the cell element. Flame Arrestor can be installed either vertically or horizontally and is available in aluminum,
installed aluminum,
carbon steel or stainless steel. The cell element is available in stainless steel and special materials are available on request.
in request.
Design Features
Because of the safety critical nature of the progress, designing and specifying flame arrestors requires great care and
consideration. There is a wide range of volatile gaseous compounds and mixtures, each having its own unique combustion
compounds
characteristics.
Careful consideration also needs to be given to the corrosive nature of these compounds, as the element and housing of any
nature
arrestors will needs to be constructed of materials resistant to this corrosion.
The World Bridge manufacture elements from stainless steel 304, 316 or 316L as standard.
The World Bridge Flame Arrestor is passive device with no moving parts.
They prevent the propagation of flame from the exposed side of the unit to the protected side by the use of wound crimped
the
metal ribbon type flame cell element. This construction produces a matrix of uniform openings that are carefully construct to
quench the flame by absorbing the heat of the flame. This provides an extinguishing barrier to the ignited vapor mixture.
provides
69. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.1 Operational Fittings for vertical Tanks (cont)
4.1.2 Roof nozzles
The flow characteristics of breather valves and free vents are
influenced by the profile and length of the roof nozzle.
Wire netting in the opening of free vents and breather valves (e.g. as
used to prevent nesting of birds) shall have openings of at least 6
mm square.
70. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.1 Operational Fittings for vertical Tanks (cont)
4.1.3 Required venting capacity
The venting requirements shall include the following conditions:
• Inbreathing resulting from a maximum outflow from the tank
• Inbreathing resulting from contraction of vapors caused by a
maximum decrease in atmospheric temperature
• Outbreathing resulting from a maximum inflow of product into the
tank and maximum evaporation caused by such inflow
• Outbreathing resulting from expansion and evaporation due to a
maximum in atmospheric temperature (thermal breathing)
• Outbreathing resulting from the fire exposure
Note: Both cone and dome shaped fixed roof tanks shall be
designed to fail at the roof-to-shell connection when
subjected to an internal explosion or sudden increase in
pressure.
71. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.1 Operational Fittings for vertical Tanks (cont)
4.1.4 Thermal venting
Special attention is required to the influence of a sudden drop in
temperature (e.g. due to rainfall) on the venting requirements of
tanks containing warm product and for tanks in tropical areas.
A drop of 20 oC or more in 15 minutes may be experienced. Where
these conditions apply the venting shall be increased by at least 20%
of the thermal venting capacity requirements.
72. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.2 Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.2.1 Stairways, handrails, etc.
Vertical tanks should be provided with spiral stairways. An
exception may be made for groups of tanks of less than 12.5 m
diameter sited close together and connected by walkways at roof
level. In such groups, two tanks at opposite ends of each group
shall be provided with stairways, so that each tank in that group
will then have at least two escape routes from the roof.
Handrails shall be provided at the edge of the roof for full
circumference of all fixed roof tanks and to the centre of the roof on
all tanks exceeding 12.5 m diameter. Handrails shall be provided on
the outside of all spiral stairways. For open top tanks, the inside of the
staircases shall also be provided with a handrail in the immediate
vicinity of the top landing.
Caution: Always have one hand free to hold the railing while
using the tank stairways.
73. STORAGE TANKS- Basic Training
TANKS-
4.2 Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.2.1 Stairways, handrails, etc. (cont)
Handrails shall be provided on both sides of all walkways
between tanks.
Note: The Owner shall specify on the requisition if it is required that
all stairways and walkways are to be provided with
galvanized, open grating (25 mm deep with main bearing
strips of 5 mm thickness).
Stairways shall be provided with the specified lighting facilities.
74. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.2.2 Roof nozzles for breather valves, free vents, dip hatch and slot
dipping devices
> Fixed roof tanks shall be fitted with roof nozzles suitable for cone or
dome roofs, to enable these fittings to be mounted vertically and to
provide clearance when roof insulation is fitted.
4.2.3 Manholes
> Fixed roof tanks are usually equipped with the following manholes:
- Screws-down, gas tight hinged-cover roof manholes
- Bolted-cover shell manholes
- Sliding/tight fitting cover for pontoon manholes in floating roof tanks
75. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.2 Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.2.4 Shell nozzles for inlet and outlet
The sizes of shell inlet and outlet nozzles shall be specified by the
Owner. Bottom outlets may be installed only in hard foundation (e.g.
rock) where soil settlement are considered negligible.
4.2.5 Drainage arrangement – water draw (centre drains or side drains)
In operation, tank bottoms should normally slope down towards
the centre and be fitted with centre sumps;
> large tanks (>50 m diameter) may also be provided with additional
side drain sumps, the nozzles of which may be blinded off after the
water test.
However, for products with temperature exceeding 100 oC, the tank
bottom slope up towards the centre in order to prevent corrosion
caused by rain water penetrating under the bottom.
76. STORAGE TANKS - Basic Training
4.2 Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.2.6 Water spray system
If specified by the Owner, a water spray system shall be supplied.
4.2.7 Foam connection
If specified by the Owner, floating roof tanks shall be equipped with a
foam system.
Floating roof tanks shall be provided with a foam dam.
If specified by the Owner, fixed roof tanks shall be equipped with
a semi-fixed subsurface type or semi-fixed top pourer type foam
extinguishing system.
4.2.8 Fire protection for floating roof tanks (sketches below)
If specified by the Owner, a detection system shall be installed.
77. STORAGE TANKS - Basic Training
4.2 Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
78. STORAGE TANKS - Basic Training
4.2 Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
79. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.2. Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.2.9 Earth ing/ Lightning Arrestors
All tanks shall be fitted with earthing bosses and lightening arrestors
80. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.2. Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.2.9 Earth ing/ Lightning Arrestors
All tanks shall be fitted with earthing bosses and lightening arrestors
81. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.2. Fittings Common to All Vertical Tanks
4.2.9 Earth ing/ Lightning Arrestors
All tanks shall be fitted with earthing bosses and lightening arrestors
4.2.10 Liquid level indicators
Liquid indicators or automatic liquid-level gauges shall be fitted to all
tanks.
The construction of the gauge poles depends on the operational
conditions and the required measurement accuracy of the level
gauges.
4.2.11 Dip plate or datum plate
A 6 mm thick dip plate shall be provided for welding to the tank
bottom or lowest shell course directly under the dip fittings (i.e. dip
hatch, slot dipping devices and combined vent and dip
hatches).
82. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.3 Additional fittings for fixed roof tanks
4.3.1 Slot dipping devices
Slot dipping devices are required for all tanks operating under
pressure, so that dips and samples may be taken without excessive
pressure loss.
4.3.2 Manometer or pressure/ vacuum gauges
If specified, manometers shall be supplied for pressurized tanks in
order that the working of the breather valves may be checked. The
manometers are normally mounted at ground level for easy reading.
83. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.3 Additional fittings for fixed roof tanks
4.3.3 Level alarms/ indication system
At least two independent level alarm systems shall be provided:
- Low, high and high/high level alarms (ATG)
- Independent high level alarm
The Hi/Hi level shall be set such that the maximum filling height is
limited to 200 mm below the top of the shell.
84. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.3 Additional fittings for fixed roof tanks
4.3.3 Level alarms/ indication system Low
Low
Low High
High-
High
Independe
nt High
Level Level
Level Level Level
(Examples)
mm mm mm mm mm
Low High- Independ T-7301 1,700 1,800 17,370 18,200 18,338
Low High
Low High ent High T-7302 1,700 1,800 17,370 18,200 18,338
Level Level
Level Level Level
T-7303 1,700 1,800 17,370 18,200 18,338
mm mm mm mm mm T-7304 1,700 1,800 17,370 18,200 18,338
T- T-7305 1,650 1,800 16,600 17,400 17,536
7101 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300
T-7306 1,650 1,800 16,600 17,400 17,536
T-
7102 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300 T-7307 1,650 1,800 14,200 14,900 15,008
T- T-7308 1,650 1,800 14,200 14,900 15,008
7103 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300
T-7309 1,650 1,800 17,300 18,200 18,250
T-
7104 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300 T-7310 1,650 1,800 17,300 18,200 18,250
T- T-7311 640 1,000 16,600 17,400 17,566
7105 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300
T-7312 640 1,000 16,600 17,400 17,566
T-
7106 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300 T-7313 530 1,000 13,300 14,000 14,108
T- T-7314 530 1,000 13,300 14,000 14,108
7107 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300
T-7315 1,650 1,800 12,900 13,600 13,650
T-
7108 1,650 1,800 14,000 14,200 14,300 T-7316 1,650 1,800 12,900 13,600 13,650
85. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.3 Additional fittings for fixed roof tanks
4.3.4 Level alarms/ indication system (cont)
Tanks with an internal floating cover (IFC):
- The Hi/Hi level shall be set such that at least 200 mm clearance
remains between any moving part of the IFC and any obstruction
fixed to the shell, including the roof supporting structure.
- The low level alarm shall be set such that the IFC still remains
floating with its supports at least 100 mm above the tank bottom.
86. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.4 Additional fittings for fixed roof tanks
4.4.1 Dip hatches
Tank shall be supplied with one dip hatch, unless additional hatches
are specified.
87. STORAGE TANKS - Basic Training
4.4 Additional fittings for fixed roof tanks
4.4.3 Heating coils
If specified, heating coils shall be fitted to tanks when products are
required to be maintained at above-ambient temperatures to
facilitate pumping (e.g. on lubricating oil, bitumen and sulfur storage
tanks).
4.4.4 Suction heaters
If specified, suction heaters shall be provided for tanks fitted with
coils when additional localized heat is required at the outlet
connection. These heaters are usually of the nested tube type, and
are suitable for steam or heat transfer fluid systems.
4.4.5 Angle ring for tank roof insulation
When tank roofs are to be insulated an additional circumferential
angle ring and various small fittings shall be provided to retain the
insulation material, which is terminated below the top curb angle.
88. STORAGE TANKS _ Basic Training
4.4 Additional fittings for fixed roof tanks
4.2.6 Side-entry mixers
Side-entry mixers may be required to improve mixing of the product
or to reduce the formation of sludge. If side-entry mixers are to be
installed, the required shell connections shall be specified. Side-entry
mixers shall be placed on manholes-type shell nozzles to allow easy
removal for maintenance without entering the tank.
4.2.7 Sample connections and thermo-indicators
If specified, sample connections and thermo-indicators shall be
provided adjacent to the spiral stairway. Such connections shall be
flanged.
89. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.5 Special fittings and accessories for floating roof
4.5.1 Primary roof seals
The circumferential primary roof seal may comprise metallic shoes
having flexible seals with a weight or spring-operated pusher
mechanism, or be a compression plate type seal, or a fabric foam
filled seal.
- the lower part of the metallic shoe shall be submerged in the
product;
- compression plate types shall be provided with a continuous
weighted skirt which is partly submerged in the product.
- foam filled envelope seal shall be of the liquid mounted type.
Rim mounted secondary roof seals shall be used in all primary roof
seal systems. Both primary and secondary seals shall have a
minimum inward and outward flexibility of 125 mm.
90. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.5 Special fittings and accessories for floating roof
4.5.2 Fittings
All floating roof shall be equipped with a complete set of
accessories required for the proper functioning of the floating roof.
> Support legs
Adjustable supporting legs are provided on which the roof rests in
its lowest position during operation and in its highest position during
maintenance operations.
Pad plates shall be located on the bottom for each supporting leg.
91. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.5 Special fittings and accessories for floating roof
4.5.3 Fittings (cont)
> Roof drains
Floating roofs shall be fitted with roof drains. Roof drains could be
articulated pipe and coflexip hose. A check valve shall be
provided near the roof end of the articulated pipe or hose, to
prevent backflow of stored product onto the roof in case of leakage
in the pipe joints or hose/ hose fittings.
Depending on the size of the tank and amount of rainfall, two or
more roof drains should be installed.
92. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.5 Special fittings and accessories for floating roof
4.5.3 Fittings (cont)
> Access ladder to the roof
The access ladder to the roof shall be equipped with self-leveling stair
treads. The rails shall be placed at such a height above the centre
deck that rain water on the deck cannot affect movement of the
ladder. The ladder shall be provided with an anti-derailing device to
prevent uplift of the ladder during strong winds.
> Earthing
In addition to the earthing bosses on the tank shell, electrical earthing
facilities (spring stainless steel shunts) shall be fitted for the earthing
of the floating roof across the rim space at a maximum interval of 2.5
meter. Their sliding contact with the shell, shall be in the open air
above the secondary seal. An earthing cable be along the access
ladder to the roof.
93. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.5 Special fittings and accessories for floating roof
4.5.3 Fittings (cont)
> Automatic bleeder vents
Automatic bleeder vents shall be provided to vent the air from under
the floating roof when the tank is being filled initially. They shall also
open automatically just before the roof lands on its supports, thereby
preventing the development of a vacuum under the roof. The capacity
of the vents shall be based on the maximum pumping rates.
> Rim vents for metallic shoe type seals
Rim vent shall be provided to prevent any excess pressure in the
rim space, as this might press the shoe ring too tightly against the
tank shell. Settling shall be plus and minus 2.5 mbar.
94. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
4.5 Special fittings and accessories for floating roof
4.5.3 Fittings (cont)
> Guide and level pole
All floating roof tanks shall be equipped with a guide pole or
combined guide and level gauge pole.
> Shell fittings
The shell fittings are identical to those supplied for fix roof tanks.
However, the main inlet shall be provided with an extension pipe to
direct the product towards the centre of the tank. The nominal
length inside the tank shell be D/4 (where D is the tank diameter)
but shall not exceed 10 meters.
95. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
5.0 Tank Inspection
5.1 Inspection Frequencies
5.1.1 General
> It is important for the inspection of tank to be based upon a long
term program particularly where plant operator is dealing with
extensive tank farm installation involving numerous tanks in a
variety of service.
> If deferred for long then there is a risk of tank deteriorating and
developing defects which could lead to major leakage, fires and
pollution incidents.
> In-service inspection can give a good indication of integrity and
operability. However, there is no substitute in most operations for
out-of-service inspection.
96. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
5.0 Tank Inspection
5.1 Inspection Frequencies
5.1.2 External Inspection
> External inspection should take two forms.
Firstly, field operators should check for any abnormal situations
during the daily work or during scheduled checks
> Secondly a detailed on-stream inspection should be undertaken by
the inspection department
> It is important for inspectors to thoroughly evaluate the results of
on-stream inspections to revalidate the scope, extent and
frequency of such inspections and to further justify the interval of
thorough internal examination.
97. STORAGE TANKS – Basic Training
5.0 Tank Inspection
5.1 Inspection Frequencies
5.1.3 Internal Inspection
> The tables in the notes provides guidance on the frequency of out-
of-service interval inspections. The intervals are based on tanks
exhibiting no undue abnormalities or deterioration during
operations and on-stream inspections.
> External or internal corrosion, excessive foundation settlement etc.,
should be thoroughly investigated and the inspection interval
reduced accordingly.
Refer to the notes provided on INSPECTION where Inspection
checklists are attached.