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Stress

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The document outlines instructions for a group project with multiple phases. It instructs students to complete interviews to develop a theory and hypotheses. They are given 30 minutes in class to conduct interviews and generate hypotheses from the interview themes. The document also provides definitions and frameworks for understanding stress, sources of stress, the stress response process, coping strategies, and consequences of stress.

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Group Project Phase I: Theory > Hypothesis Step 1 Your theory will be built from in-depth interviews of 4 people who are as different from one another as possible. You need to develop your own interview questions and decide who will be performing the interviews. I am going to give you 30 minutes at the beginning of class today to do so as a group
Group Project Phase I: Theory > Hypothesis Step 2 Once your interviews are completed, you will distill the most interesting themes from your interviews into 3 specific hypotheses that can be tested with data Try to complete your interviews ASAP because… I am going to give you 30 minutes at the beginning of class on Thursday,2/8 to generate your hypotheses as a group
Stress January 27, 2010
Stressful Life Events
Should We Avoid Stress? One can, with 100% certainty, avoid the 3 most stressful events in life simply by not getting married. Does that mean people shouldn’t get married? Are you excited about graduation? Do you plan to attend graduate school? Do you hope to change your job or retire someday? Do you want to have children someday?
Should We Avoid Stress? Stress is the result of having something to lose The more you “succeed” in life, the more you have to lose, so… The key is to cope with stress
Definitions Stressors Demands that cause people to experience stress Stress A psychological response to demands where there is something at stake and where coping with the demands taxes or exceeds a person’s capacity or resources Strain The physical and emotional responses to stress
How Much Stress Do You Cause Yourself?
Will You Be Exposed to Stress at Work? OSHA found that 40% of American workers feel their jobs are “very stressful” or “extremely stressful” Managers are 21% more likely than the average worker to describe their job as stressful
Stress Levels Across Jobs
Stressor-Stress-Strain Framework STRESS STRAIN STRESSORS Work Hindrance Work Challenge Nonwork Hindrance Nonwork Challenge
Types of Stressors Hindrance Stressors Perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment Often trigger anger and anxiety Challenge Stressors Perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement Often trigger pride and enthusiasm Stressors can also be classified by whether they are work or nonwork related
Types of Stressors Hindrance Challenge Work Nonwork Role conflict Role ambiguity Role overload Time pressure Work complexity Work responsibility Work-family conflict Negative life events Family time demands Personal development Positive life events
Work Hindrance Stressors Role conflict Conflicting expectations that other people may have of us Role ambiguity Lack of information regarding what needs to be done in a role Role overload When the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person cannot perform some or all of the roles effectively
Work Challenge Stressors Time pressure Strong sense that there is not enough time Work complexity Degree to which the requirements of the work tax or exceed the capabilities of the employee Work responsibility Level is higher when the number, scope, and importance of obligations in a job are higher
Non-work Hindrance Stressors Work-family conflict When the demands of work role conflict with demands of family role Bringing work problems home Bringing home problems to work
Stressful Life Events
Non-work Challenge Stressors Family time demands Personal development Positive life events Anything you enjoy that demands your time and attention
Stressor-Stress-Strain Framework STRESS STRAIN STRESSORS Work Hindrance Work Challenge Nonwork Hindrance Nonwork Challenge
Stress Primary Appraisal Evaluate significance and meaning of stressors encountered Is this stressful? Secondary Appraisal How can I cope? STRESS
Coping With Stress Individual Differences Coping Strategies Behavioral methods Cognitive methods Physiological methods Social Support Professor Wild’s last ditch solution Organizational Level Policies
Individual Differences Not everyone reacts to stressors in the same way. Some cope better: Positive Affect Others cope worse: Type A Behavior Pattern
Individual Differences Not everyone reacts to stressors in the same way. People with Type A Behavior : Have a strong sense of time urgency Tend to be impatient, hard-driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive, and even hostile Expose themselves to more stressors More likely to appraise demands as stressful
Measuring Type A Behavior Pattern Having work to complete “stirs me into action” more than other people When a person is talking and takes too long to come to the point, I frequently feel like hurrying the person along Nowadays, I consider myself to be relaxed and easygoing (R) Typically, I get irritated extremely easily My best friends would rate my general activity level as very high I definitely tend to do most things in a hurry
Measuring Type A Behavior Pattern I take my work much more seriously than most I seldom get angry (R) I often set deadlines for myself work-wise I feel very impatient when I have to wait in line I put much more effort into my work than other people do Compared with others, I approach life much less seriously (R)
How Can You Cope? Behavioral Methods Problem focused coping Work harder, seek assistance, acquire additional resources Emotion focused coping Engage in alternative activities, seek support, vent anger
How Can You Cope? Cognitive Methods Problem focused coping Strategize, self-motivate, change priorities Emotion focused coping Avoid or ignore, look for the positive in the negative, reappraise
How Can You Cope? Physiological Approaches Exercise Healthy diet Adequate sleep
How Can You Cope? Social Support Help people receive when confronted with stressful demands Instrumental Support Help people receive in addressing the stressful demand directly Emotional Support Help people receive in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands
How Can You Cope?
How Can Organizations Help? Attack the stressor side of the equation Change the job Change the work environment Attack the strain side of the equation Provide wellness programs Provide flexibility programs
How Can Organizations Help? Wellness Programs Employee Assistance Programs On-site exercise facilities Subsidized health care memberships Reduced health insurance payments for participation in such programs
How Can Organizations Help? Flexibility Programs Flextime Telecommuting Compressed work week On-site child care Vacations
Stressor-Stress-Strain Framework STRESS STRAIN STRESSORS Work Hindrance Work Challenge Nonwork Hindrance Nonwork Challenge
Consequences of Stress General Adaptation Syndrome The body has a set of responses that allow it to adapt and function effectively in the face of stressful demands However, if stressful demands do not ramp down or the demand occurs too frequently, the body’s adaptive responses turn toxic Race car analogy
Consequences of Stress-Strain
Consequences of Stress-Strain Physiological Illness, high blood pressure, headaches, back pain, stomachaches Psychological Depression, anxiety, irritability, forgetfulness, inability to think clearly, reduced confidence, burnout Behavioral Teeth-grinding, compulsive behaviors, overeating, alcohol and drug abuse
When Stress Leads to Strain What sorts of signs of strain do we see in this video clip, not only by Ted Striker, but also by the other individuals involved?
How Important is Stress?
Next Time Test Review: Monday 2/1 I will not be posting slides from test review Test #1: Wednesday, 2/3 Start your interviews ASAP!

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Stress

  • 1. Group Project Phase I: Theory > Hypothesis Step 1 Your theory will be built from in-depth interviews of 4 people who are as different from one another as possible. You need to develop your own interview questions and decide who will be performing the interviews. I am going to give you 30 minutes at the beginning of class today to do so as a group
  • 2. Group Project Phase I: Theory > Hypothesis Step 2 Once your interviews are completed, you will distill the most interesting themes from your interviews into 3 specific hypotheses that can be tested with data Try to complete your interviews ASAP because… I am going to give you 30 minutes at the beginning of class on Thursday,2/8 to generate your hypotheses as a group
  • 5. Should We Avoid Stress? One can, with 100% certainty, avoid the 3 most stressful events in life simply by not getting married. Does that mean people shouldn’t get married? Are you excited about graduation? Do you plan to attend graduate school? Do you hope to change your job or retire someday? Do you want to have children someday?
  • 6. Should We Avoid Stress? Stress is the result of having something to lose The more you “succeed” in life, the more you have to lose, so… The key is to cope with stress
  • 7. Definitions Stressors Demands that cause people to experience stress Stress A psychological response to demands where there is something at stake and where coping with the demands taxes or exceeds a person’s capacity or resources Strain The physical and emotional responses to stress
  • 8. How Much Stress Do You Cause Yourself?
  • 9. Will You Be Exposed to Stress at Work? OSHA found that 40% of American workers feel their jobs are “very stressful” or “extremely stressful” Managers are 21% more likely than the average worker to describe their job as stressful
  • 11. Stressor-Stress-Strain Framework STRESS STRAIN STRESSORS Work Hindrance Work Challenge Nonwork Hindrance Nonwork Challenge
  • 12. Types of Stressors Hindrance Stressors Perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment Often trigger anger and anxiety Challenge Stressors Perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement Often trigger pride and enthusiasm Stressors can also be classified by whether they are work or nonwork related
  • 13. Types of Stressors Hindrance Challenge Work Nonwork Role conflict Role ambiguity Role overload Time pressure Work complexity Work responsibility Work-family conflict Negative life events Family time demands Personal development Positive life events
  • 14. Work Hindrance Stressors Role conflict Conflicting expectations that other people may have of us Role ambiguity Lack of information regarding what needs to be done in a role Role overload When the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person cannot perform some or all of the roles effectively
  • 15. Work Challenge Stressors Time pressure Strong sense that there is not enough time Work complexity Degree to which the requirements of the work tax or exceed the capabilities of the employee Work responsibility Level is higher when the number, scope, and importance of obligations in a job are higher
  • 16. Non-work Hindrance Stressors Work-family conflict When the demands of work role conflict with demands of family role Bringing work problems home Bringing home problems to work
  • 18. Non-work Challenge Stressors Family time demands Personal development Positive life events Anything you enjoy that demands your time and attention
  • 19. Stressor-Stress-Strain Framework STRESS STRAIN STRESSORS Work Hindrance Work Challenge Nonwork Hindrance Nonwork Challenge
  • 20. Stress Primary Appraisal Evaluate significance and meaning of stressors encountered Is this stressful? Secondary Appraisal How can I cope? STRESS
  • 21. Coping With Stress Individual Differences Coping Strategies Behavioral methods Cognitive methods Physiological methods Social Support Professor Wild’s last ditch solution Organizational Level Policies
  • 22. Individual Differences Not everyone reacts to stressors in the same way. Some cope better: Positive Affect Others cope worse: Type A Behavior Pattern
  • 23. Individual Differences Not everyone reacts to stressors in the same way. People with Type A Behavior : Have a strong sense of time urgency Tend to be impatient, hard-driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive, and even hostile Expose themselves to more stressors More likely to appraise demands as stressful
  • 24. Measuring Type A Behavior Pattern Having work to complete “stirs me into action” more than other people When a person is talking and takes too long to come to the point, I frequently feel like hurrying the person along Nowadays, I consider myself to be relaxed and easygoing (R) Typically, I get irritated extremely easily My best friends would rate my general activity level as very high I definitely tend to do most things in a hurry
  • 25. Measuring Type A Behavior Pattern I take my work much more seriously than most I seldom get angry (R) I often set deadlines for myself work-wise I feel very impatient when I have to wait in line I put much more effort into my work than other people do Compared with others, I approach life much less seriously (R)
  • 26. How Can You Cope? Behavioral Methods Problem focused coping Work harder, seek assistance, acquire additional resources Emotion focused coping Engage in alternative activities, seek support, vent anger
  • 27. How Can You Cope? Cognitive Methods Problem focused coping Strategize, self-motivate, change priorities Emotion focused coping Avoid or ignore, look for the positive in the negative, reappraise
  • 28. How Can You Cope? Physiological Approaches Exercise Healthy diet Adequate sleep
  • 29. How Can You Cope? Social Support Help people receive when confronted with stressful demands Instrumental Support Help people receive in addressing the stressful demand directly Emotional Support Help people receive in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands
  • 30. How Can You Cope?
  • 31. How Can Organizations Help? Attack the stressor side of the equation Change the job Change the work environment Attack the strain side of the equation Provide wellness programs Provide flexibility programs
  • 32. How Can Organizations Help? Wellness Programs Employee Assistance Programs On-site exercise facilities Subsidized health care memberships Reduced health insurance payments for participation in such programs
  • 33. How Can Organizations Help? Flexibility Programs Flextime Telecommuting Compressed work week On-site child care Vacations
  • 34. Stressor-Stress-Strain Framework STRESS STRAIN STRESSORS Work Hindrance Work Challenge Nonwork Hindrance Nonwork Challenge
  • 35. Consequences of Stress General Adaptation Syndrome The body has a set of responses that allow it to adapt and function effectively in the face of stressful demands However, if stressful demands do not ramp down or the demand occurs too frequently, the body’s adaptive responses turn toxic Race car analogy
  • 37. Consequences of Stress-Strain Physiological Illness, high blood pressure, headaches, back pain, stomachaches Psychological Depression, anxiety, irritability, forgetfulness, inability to think clearly, reduced confidence, burnout Behavioral Teeth-grinding, compulsive behaviors, overeating, alcohol and drug abuse
  • 38. When Stress Leads to Strain What sorts of signs of strain do we see in this video clip, not only by Ted Striker, but also by the other individuals involved?
  • 39. How Important is Stress?
  • 40. Next Time Test Review: Monday 2/1 I will not be posting slides from test review Test #1: Wednesday, 2/3 Start your interviews ASAP!

Editor's Notes

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