Structural System

What’s structure
•Structure is the performance of pattern! .
•The structure could be for everything life, system
of being.
•Social, economical, musical, biological, and
chemical.
•Relationship between the matter and the space.

Architectural Structure
•orbodya structure is aArchitectural structure:
assemblage of bodies in space to form a
.loadssystem capable of supporting
•It’s a system or sub-system, means holding the
components of a certain system and transfer
the load through the members of a structure to
provide stability and durability.

•, including:Common CharacteristicsMost systems share
.1.structureSystems have
.2, which involves inputs, processing andbehaviorSystems have
outputs of material, energy, information, or data;
.3: the various parts of a system haveinterconnectivitySystems have
functional as well as structural relationships to each other.
.4or groups of functionshave some functionsSystems may

Loads on structure
•Static forces:
-Dead load.
-Live load.
-Settlement load.
-Ground pressure.
-Water pressure.
-Thermal stresses.
•Dynamic forces:
-Wind load.
-Earthquake load.

The action of External Forces on a structure
.1force will cause a member of structure to beA compression / compressive
.squashed
.stretchedforce cause a member of structure to beA tension / tensile.2
twisted.force cause a member to betorsionalA torsion /.3
.a sideforce cause a member to slide/tilt toA shear.4
of a memberbowingforce is a complex force state associated with theA Bending.5
one face of the member to elongate andonsuch as beam. it causes fiber
hence be in tension and fibers on the opposite face to compress

SYNTHESIS OF ARCHITECTURAL
AND STRUCTURAL FORM
•In these cases structure defines architectural
form and often functions, at least partially, as
the building envelope

Shell Structure
> Definition.
> History vs. Nowadays.
> Materials.
> Application.

> Definition.
-shell elements.They are light weight constructions using
-Shell structures achieve the most pure synthesis of architectural
and structural forms. Also known as ‘surface structures’, shells
resist and transfer loads within their minimal thicknesses. They
rely upon their three-dimensional curved geometry and correct
orientation and place-ment of supports for their adequate
structural performance.
-Advantage:
-Allowing wide areas to be spanned without the use of internal
supports, giving an open, unobstructed interior.

-Span thickness ratio of 400-500
• Ex: 8cm Thickness.....30-38m Span
No bending moment in shell structures.
Shell structures are suited to carrying distributed loads not
concentrated loads.
Loads applied to shell surfaces are carried to the ground by the
tensile, shear, compressive forces

> Materials.
•Shell structures can be made of such materials as;
Reinforced thin-shell concrete,
Glass
Steel
Glass & Steel
Plastic

Tent and membrane Structure
> Definition.
> Materials.
> Types.
> Application.

that carries loadsflexible surface,thinembrane is aMA-
tension forces.primarily through the development of
- Holding a stress tension force.
-Provide strong lighting features.
-Desert architecture identity, inspired from ten design and
geometry.
et structures are conceptually similar; expect that theirN((
.))made from cable net meshessurfaces are
>Defi

•a membrane or net surface:stabilizingThere are several ways of
.1framework.rigid supportinginnerAn
.2the surface by:Prestressing
a. external force (Tents)
b. internal pressurization (Pneumatic
structure).

•The traditional tents structure .
> History vs. Nowa

•erminal, Jeddah, SaudiTajjH
Arabia, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill

Jeddah Sports Hall, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Frei Otto
-Net structure.

.I:structurecables
•Cables can be of mild
steel, high strength
steel (drawn carbon
steel), stainless steel,
polyester .
•Structural cables are
made of a series of
small strands twisted
or bound together to
form a much larger
cable
>T

2. Tents
-A membrane structure pre-
stressed by externally
applied forces so that it is
held completely taut under
all anticipated load
conditions.
-The purpose of a tent structure
is to provide a means of
shelter that is
lightweight, portable, and
quick to install.
>T

3. Pneumatic structure
-A class of membranes that obtain its
internalstability through
.pressurization
•- There are two primary classes of
pneumatic structure :
.1Air supported structures
topressurizationdegree ofLess-
achieve stability
spanGreater-
2. Air inflated structures
degree of pressurization toHigher-
achieve stability
spanLess-
>T

Truss Structure
> Definition.
> Materials.
> Types.
> Application.

•Trusses are composed of
straight members connected
at their ends by hinged
connections to form a stable
configuration.
•Because of their light weight
and high strength, are among
the most commonly used to
span long lengths in the
place of solid
•Trusses provide
complete flexibility in
exterior cladding.
>Difi

•Timber trusses started by
Romans 500 B.C
> History vs. Nowa
Andrea Palladio
illustration for
triangulated truss

•Main uses: Roof Structures &
Bridges.
•Modern use new formation
and materials for members
result in a new structure
shapes.
Steel structural members.
> History vs. Nowa

Trusses
comprising one or more
(tetrahedonal, cubical, octahedronal,.. ) units, constructed with straight members whose
ends are connected at joints.
Span: 123 feet (37.5 meters).

> Mat
Steel is most commonly used.
Span: 123 feet (37.5 meters).
Precast Trusses -Span:12m-20m-
Wood Trusses -Span:10m-17m-

1. Planar Truss
Two Main Types
2.Space Frame Truss
The simplest form of a truss is one single triangle.
A planar truss lies in a single plane.
An optimum depth of the truss will maximize the
efficiency.
It is a three-dimensional framework
A tetrahedron shape is the simplest space truss,
Large planar structures may be composed from
tetrahedrons with common edges

•Warren truss used in pombidue building.

> T
1.Pratt Truss
The design uses vertical members for compression and horizontal members to respond to te
2.Bowstring Truss
Used for arched truss bridges,

.Town's Lattice Truss4
Members arranged diagonally with short spaces in between them.
5.Vierendeel Truss
The members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings,
3.King Post Truss
Consists of two angled supports leaning into a common vertical support.

> Applic
The Hong Kong Bank of China Tower has an externally
visible truss structure.
A space truss carrying a floor in The
Woodlands Mall.

Arches
> Definition.
> Materials.
> Types.
> Application.

>Difi
• A structure, forming the curved, pointed, or flat
upper edge of an open space and supporting the
weight above it, as in a bridge or doorway.

The main advantage of an arch is that it can be supported without any tensi
 Suitable for long term use (longer than say 500 years (e.g. cathedrals) arches are probably essential.
In stone arches, the last stone to be placed at the top is called the ke
KEYSTONE
It provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in
spanning a great amount of open space.
All the forces are resolved into compressive stresses.
By using the arch configuration, significant spans can be
achieved. This is because all the compressive forces hold it
together in a state of equilibrium

Cylindrical shells and vaults
•Barrel vault.
•Groin vault.
•Rib vault (intersecting between two barrel
vaults).

> Materials
Common structural materials are
•Iron
Wrought iron
Cast iron
Steel
Stainless steel
•Concrete
Reinforced concrete
Prestressed concrete
•Aluminium
•Composite materials
•Alloy
•Masonry
•Timber

Quadror Structure
> Definition.
> Application.

> Defin
It is a space truss geometry system inspired by versatility and structural integrity
of interlocking members.
:Concept
The simple geometry of four identical L-shaped pieces,
results in a trestle structure allowing for a very flexible and versatile design.

> Applica
These building blocks allow for rapid assembly
1.Road Barriers 2.Structural Frames

3.Interior Partitions
4.Interior Columns

Types of structure
•Post and beam structure.
Span: 7-8 meters.

Types of structure
•Shear wall
Span: 7-8 meters.

Cantilever Beam
A special type of beam that is supported only at one end
The top fibers of the cantilever are in tension; the bottom fibers are in compression

Column
A vertical structural element that carries an axial force in compression.
COLUMN

Structural System

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Editor's Notes