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tensor-decomposition

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This document introduces tensors through examples. It defines a vector as a rank 1 tensor and a matrix as a rank 2 tensor. It then provides an example of a rank 3 tensor. The document discusses how to define an inner product between tensors and provides examples using vectors and matrices. It also gives an example of how derivatives of a function can produce tensors of different ranks. Finally, it introduces the concept of decomposing matrices into their symmetric and antisymmetric parts.

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. Introduction to Tensors PFI Seminar Kenta OONO 2012/07/11 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Self Introduction • Kenta OONO (Twitter:@delta2323 ) • PSS(Professional and Support Service) Division • Jubatus Project • msgpack-idl, generation of clients • Survey and Prototyping Team • 2010 PFI Summer Intern → 2011 Engineer Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Vector as a Special Case of Tensor Consider a n dimensional vector (Below is the case n = 3)   7   v = 4 (1) 9 When we write this vector as v = (vi ), we have v1 = 7, v2 = 4, and v3 = 9. As v has One index, this vector is regarded as Rank 1 Tensor. Note • We use 1-index notation, not 0-index. • We somtimes use rank in a different meaning, (also in the context of tensors). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Matrix as a Special Case of Tensor Consider a n × n Matrix (Below is the case n = 3).   7 10 3   A = 4 −1 −2 (2) 9 4 5 We write this matrix as A = (aij )1≤i,j≤3 . • e.g. a11 = 7, a23 = −2, a32 = 4. A has Two indices (namely i and j) and these indeices run through 1 to 3. A can be regarded as Rank 2 Tensor. → What happens if the number of indices are not just 1 or 2 ? Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
An Example of Rank 3 Tensor Consider the set of real numbers X = (xijk )1≤i,j,k≤3 . As i, j, k run throuth 1 to 3 independently, this set contains 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 elements. If we fix the value of i, we can write this set in a matrix form.       7 10 3 10 2 1 5 −10 18       x1∗∗ = 4 −1 −2 , x2∗∗ =  3 −1 0 , x3∗∗ = −4 1 −2  9 4 5 8 1 4 9 −4 −10 (3) Note • In some field, we concatenate these matrix and name it X(1) • This is called Flattening or Matricing of X . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Is This a Multidimensional Array? We can realize a tensor as a multiple dimensional array in most programming languages. PseudoCode(C like): int[3][3][3] x; x[1][1][2] = -1; Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Inner Product of Tensors Let X = (xijk ), Y = (yijk ) be two rank 3 tensors and G = (g ij ) be a symmetric (i.e. g ij = g ji ) and positive definite matrix. We can introduce an inner product of X and Y by: ∑ n < X , Y >= g ai g bj g ck xabc yijk (4) a,b,c,i,j,k=1 Note: • We can similarly define an inner product of two arbitrary rank tensor • X and Y must have same rank. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
An Example of Inner Product (Vector) Let’s consider the case of rank 1 tensor ( = vector). We can write X = (xi ), Y = (yi ). And we set G = (g ij ) an identity matrix:   1 ··· 0 . . G = . 1 . . . (5) 0 ··· 1 In this case, this definition of inner product reduce to ordinal inner product of two vectors, namely, ∑ ∑ < X , Y >= g ai xa yi = xi yi (6) a,i i Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
An Example of Tensor Suppose we have a (smooth) function f : R3 → R. We can derive tensors of arbitrary rank from this function. Taking Gradient, we obtain rank 1 tensor. (Please replace (1, 2, 3) with (x , y , z) and vice versa.  ∂f   ∂x  ∇f = (∇i f ) =  ∂y  ∂f (7) ∂f ∂z Similarly, Hessian is an example of rank 2 tensor.   ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f  ∂x2∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z  H(f ) = (Hij (f )) =  ∂ f ∂2f ∂2f  (8)  ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z  ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f ∂z∂x ∂z∂y ∂z∂z Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Supersymmetry Property By taking derivative, we can create an arbitrary rank of tensors. These tensors are (Super)Symmetric in the sense that interchange of any two indices remains the tensor identical. For example, fx y z = fx zy = fy x z = fy zx = fzx y = fzy x . (9) Note: • Afterward, we write this symmetry as . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Decompose! It is fundamental in mathematics to decompose some object into simpler, easier-to-handle objects. ∑ √ • Fourier Expansion : f = an exp( −1nx ) n∈Z ∑ • Legendre Polynomial : P = ak Pk k 1 dk 2 • where Pk (x ) = (x − 1)k k!2k dx k • Jordan-H¨lder : e = G0 ◁ G1 ◁ G2 ◁ · · · ◁ Gn−1 ◁ Gn = G o Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Decomposition of Matrix There are many theories regarding the decomposition (or, factorization) of matrices. • SVD • LU • QR • Cholesky • Jordan • Diagonalization ... Although we have theories of factorization of Tensors (e.g. Tucker Decomposition, higher-order SVD etc.) We do NOT go this direction. Instead, we consider decomposition of matrix into Summation of matrix. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Example: Projection to Axis Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Example of Decomposition of Matrix We can decompose matrix into Symmetric part and Antisymmetric part. Example:       7 10 3 7 7 6 0 3 −3       4 −1 −2 = 7 −1 1 + −3 0 −3 9 4 5 6 1 5 3 3 0 Symmetric Part Antisymmetric Part A Asym Aanti (10) Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
How to Calculate Sym. and Antisym. Part We can calculate the symmetic and antisymmetric part by simple calculation (Exercise!).     7 10 3 7 4 9 1     Asym = 4 −1 −2 + 10 −1 4 2 9 4 5 3 −2 5 (11) sym 1 aij = (aij + aji ) 2     7 10 3 7 4 9 1     Aanti = 4 −1 −2 − 10 −1 4 2 9 4 5 3 −2 5 (12) 1 anti aij = (aij − aji ) 2 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Picture of Projection to Sym. and Antisym. Part Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Notation Using Young Diagram We can symbolize symmetry and antisymmetry with Young Diagram       7 10 3 7 7 6 0 3 −3       4 −1 −2 = 7 −1 1 + −3 0 −3 9 4 5 6 1 5 3 3 0 (13) A Asym Aanti The number of boxes indicates rank of the tensor (one box for vector and two boxes for matrix). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Note: • From now on, we concentrate on Rank 3 Tensors (i.e. k = 3). • And we assume that n = 3, that is, indices run from 1 to 3. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Symmetrizing Operator We consider the transformation of tensor: T : X = (xijk ) → X ′ = (xijk ), ′ (14) ′ where xijk = 1 (xijk + xikj + xjik + xjki + xkij + xkji ) 6 (15) = x(ijk) . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Young Diagram and Symmetry of Tensor (Sym. Case) Let X = (x123 ) be a tensor of rank 3, we call X Has a Symmetry of , if interchange of any of two indices doesn’t change each entry of X . Example: • If X has a symmetry of , then x112 = x121 = x211 (16) x123 = x132 = x213 = x231 = x312 = x321 etc... • Symmetric matrices have a symmetry of Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Property of T • For all X , T (X ) has symmetry of . • If X has symmetry of , then T (X ) = X . • For all X , T (T (X )) = T (X ). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Antisymmetrizing Operator Next, we consider Antisymmetrization of tensors: T : X = (xijk ) → X ′ = (xijk ), ′ (17) ′ where xijk = 1 (xijk − xikj − xjik + xjki + xkij − xkji ) 6 (18) = x[ijk] . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Young Diagram and Symmetry of Tensor (Antisym. Case) Let X = (x123 ) be a tensor of rank k, we call X has a symmetry of if interchange of any of two indices change only the sign of each entry of X . Example. • If X has a symmetry of , then • x123 = −x132 = −x213 = x231 = x312 = −x321 • x112 = 0, because x112 must be equal to −x112 . • Antisymmetric matrix has a symmetry of Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Orthogonality of Projection T and T are orthogonal in the sense T ◦ T (X ) = T ◦ T (X ) = 0. (19) Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Counting Dimension How many dimension do the vector space consisting of tensors ... • with symmetry have ? • with symmetry have ? Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Dimensions of each subvector spaces. If n = 3 (that is, i, j and k runs through 1 to 3), then each dimension is as follows. But dimension of total space is 3 × 3 × 3 = 27. This is larger than 1 + 10 = 11. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Young Diagram Young Diagram is an arrangent of boxes of the same size so that: • two adjacent boxes share one of their side. • the number of boxes in each row is non-increasing. • the number of boxes in each column is non-increasing. Here is an example of Young Diagram with 10 boxes. (20) English Notation French Notation Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Decomposition of Tensor (of Rank 3) We have three types of Young Diagram which have three boxes, namely, (21) , , and Symmetric Antisymmetric ??? → What symmetry does represent? Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Coefficients of Symmetrizers We list coneffients of each operator in a tabular form. Coefficient of xijk ijk ikj jik jki kij kji 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 -1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 Sum 1 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Coefficients of Symmetrizers Coefficient of xijk ijk ikj jik jki kij kji 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 -1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 4/6 -2/6 -2/6 Sum 1 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Symmetrizer T We consider the transformation of tensor: T : X = (xijk ) → X ′ = (xijk ), ′ (22) ′ where xijk = 1 (2xijk − xjki − xkij ). 3 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Property of T • For all X , T (X ) has symmetry of . • If X has symmetry of , then T (X ) = X . ( ) • For all X , T T (X ) = T (X ). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Tensors with Symmetry of Let X = (xijk ) be a tensor of rank 3. We say X Has a Symmetry of , if 1 xijk = (2xijk − xjki − xkij ) (23) 3 for all 1 ≤ i, j, k ≤ n. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Where This Equation ”Symmetric” ? Remember that X has a symmetry of , if 1 xijk = (2xijk − xjki − xkij ) (24) 3 for all 1 ≤ i, j, k ≤ n. This equation can be transormed as follows : 1 (2xijk − xjki − xkij ) xijk = 3 (25) ⇔ 3xijk = 2xijk − xjki − xkij ⇔ xijk + xjki + xkij = 0 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Projection to Each Symmetrized Tensors Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Decomposition of Higher Rank Tensors Higher rank tensors are also decompose into symmetric tensors parametrized by Young Diagram. ⊕ ⊕ Rn×n×n×n×n = ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ (26) Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
Summary • Tensors as a Generalization of Vectors and Matrices. • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry of Tensors Parametrized by Young Diagrams. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
References • T G. Kolda and B W. Bader, Tensor Decompositions and Applications • 2009, SIAM Review Vol. 51, No 3, pp 455-500 • D S. Watkins, Fundamentals of Matrix Computations 3rd. ed. • 2010, A Wiley Series of Texts, Monographs and Tracts • W. Fulton and J Harris, Representation Theory • 1991, Graduate Texts in Mathematics Readins in Mathematics. • And Google ”Representation Theory”, ”Symmetric Group”, ”Young Diagram” and so on. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors

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tensor-decomposition

  • 1. . Introduction to Tensors PFI Seminar Kenta OONO 2012/07/11 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 2. Self Introduction • Kenta OONO (Twitter:@delta2323 ) • PSS(Professional and Support Service) Division • Jubatus Project • msgpack-idl, generation of clients • Survey and Prototyping Team • 2010 PFI Summer Intern → 2011 Engineer Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 3. Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 4. Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 5. Vector as a Special Case of Tensor Consider a n dimensional vector (Below is the case n = 3)   7   v = 4 (1) 9 When we write this vector as v = (vi ), we have v1 = 7, v2 = 4, and v3 = 9. As v has One index, this vector is regarded as Rank 1 Tensor. Note • We use 1-index notation, not 0-index. • We somtimes use rank in a different meaning, (also in the context of tensors). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 6. Matrix as a Special Case of Tensor Consider a n × n Matrix (Below is the case n = 3).   7 10 3   A = 4 −1 −2 (2) 9 4 5 We write this matrix as A = (aij )1≤i,j≤3 . • e.g. a11 = 7, a23 = −2, a32 = 4. A has Two indices (namely i and j) and these indeices run through 1 to 3. A can be regarded as Rank 2 Tensor. → What happens if the number of indices are not just 1 or 2 ? Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 7. An Example of Rank 3 Tensor Consider the set of real numbers X = (xijk )1≤i,j,k≤3 . As i, j, k run throuth 1 to 3 independently, this set contains 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 elements. If we fix the value of i, we can write this set in a matrix form.       7 10 3 10 2 1 5 −10 18       x1∗∗ = 4 −1 −2 , x2∗∗ =  3 −1 0 , x3∗∗ = −4 1 −2  9 4 5 8 1 4 9 −4 −10 (3) Note • In some field, we concatenate these matrix and name it X(1) • This is called Flattening or Matricing of X . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 8. Is This a Multidimensional Array? We can realize a tensor as a multiple dimensional array in most programming languages. PseudoCode(C like): int[3][3][3] x; x[1][1][2] = -1; Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 9. Inner Product of Tensors Let X = (xijk ), Y = (yijk ) be two rank 3 tensors and G = (g ij ) be a symmetric (i.e. g ij = g ji ) and positive definite matrix. We can introduce an inner product of X and Y by: ∑ n < X , Y >= g ai g bj g ck xabc yijk (4) a,b,c,i,j,k=1 Note: • We can similarly define an inner product of two arbitrary rank tensor • X and Y must have same rank. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 10. An Example of Inner Product (Vector) Let’s consider the case of rank 1 tensor ( = vector). We can write X = (xi ), Y = (yi ). And we set G = (g ij ) an identity matrix:   1 ··· 0 . . G = . 1 . . . (5) 0 ··· 1 In this case, this definition of inner product reduce to ordinal inner product of two vectors, namely, ∑ ∑ < X , Y >= g ai xa yi = xi yi (6) a,i i Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 11. An Example of Tensor Suppose we have a (smooth) function f : R3 → R. We can derive tensors of arbitrary rank from this function. Taking Gradient, we obtain rank 1 tensor. (Please replace (1, 2, 3) with (x , y , z) and vice versa.  ∂f   ∂x  ∇f = (∇i f ) =  ∂y  ∂f (7) ∂f ∂z Similarly, Hessian is an example of rank 2 tensor.   ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f  ∂x2∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂z  H(f ) = (Hij (f )) =  ∂ f ∂2f ∂2f  (8)  ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z  ∂2f ∂2f ∂2f ∂z∂x ∂z∂y ∂z∂z Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 12. Supersymmetry Property By taking derivative, we can create an arbitrary rank of tensors. These tensors are (Super)Symmetric in the sense that interchange of any two indices remains the tensor identical. For example, fx y z = fx zy = fy x z = fy zx = fzx y = fzy x . (9) Note: • Afterward, we write this symmetry as . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 13. Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 14. Decompose! It is fundamental in mathematics to decompose some object into simpler, easier-to-handle objects. ∑ √ • Fourier Expansion : f = an exp( −1nx ) n∈Z ∑ • Legendre Polynomial : P = ak Pk k 1 dk 2 • where Pk (x ) = (x − 1)k k!2k dx k • Jordan-H¨lder : e = G0 ◁ G1 ◁ G2 ◁ · · · ◁ Gn−1 ◁ Gn = G o Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 15. Decomposition of Matrix There are many theories regarding the decomposition (or, factorization) of matrices. • SVD • LU • QR • Cholesky • Jordan • Diagonalization ... Although we have theories of factorization of Tensors (e.g. Tucker Decomposition, higher-order SVD etc.) We do NOT go this direction. Instead, we consider decomposition of matrix into Summation of matrix. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 16. Example: Projection to Axis Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 17. Example of Decomposition of Matrix We can decompose matrix into Symmetric part and Antisymmetric part. Example:       7 10 3 7 7 6 0 3 −3       4 −1 −2 = 7 −1 1 + −3 0 −3 9 4 5 6 1 5 3 3 0 Symmetric Part Antisymmetric Part A Asym Aanti (10) Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 18. How to Calculate Sym. and Antisym. Part We can calculate the symmetic and antisymmetric part by simple calculation (Exercise!).     7 10 3 7 4 9 1     Asym = 4 −1 −2 + 10 −1 4 2 9 4 5 3 −2 5 (11) sym 1 aij = (aij + aji ) 2     7 10 3 7 4 9 1     Aanti = 4 −1 −2 − 10 −1 4 2 9 4 5 3 −2 5 (12) 1 anti aij = (aij − aji ) 2 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 19. Picture of Projection to Sym. and Antisym. Part Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 20. Notation Using Young Diagram We can symbolize symmetry and antisymmetry with Young Diagram       7 10 3 7 7 6 0 3 −3       4 −1 −2 = 7 −1 1 + −3 0 −3 9 4 5 6 1 5 3 3 0 (13) A Asym Aanti The number of boxes indicates rank of the tensor (one box for vector and two boxes for matrix). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 21. Agenda • What is Tensor? • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry Parametrized by Young Diagram Note: • From now on, we concentrate on Rank 3 Tensors (i.e. k = 3). • And we assume that n = 3, that is, indices run from 1 to 3. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 22. Symmetrizing Operator We consider the transformation of tensor: T : X = (xijk ) → X ′ = (xijk ), ′ (14) ′ where xijk = 1 (xijk + xikj + xjik + xjki + xkij + xkji ) 6 (15) = x(ijk) . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 23. Young Diagram and Symmetry of Tensor (Sym. Case) Let X = (x123 ) be a tensor of rank 3, we call X Has a Symmetry of , if interchange of any of two indices doesn’t change each entry of X . Example: • If X has a symmetry of , then x112 = x121 = x211 (16) x123 = x132 = x213 = x231 = x312 = x321 etc... • Symmetric matrices have a symmetry of Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 24. Property of T • For all X , T (X ) has symmetry of . • If X has symmetry of , then T (X ) = X . • For all X , T (T (X )) = T (X ). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 25. Antisymmetrizing Operator Next, we consider Antisymmetrization of tensors: T : X = (xijk ) → X ′ = (xijk ), ′ (17) ′ where xijk = 1 (xijk − xikj − xjik + xjki + xkij − xkji ) 6 (18) = x[ijk] . Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 26. Young Diagram and Symmetry of Tensor (Antisym. Case) Let X = (x123 ) be a tensor of rank k, we call X has a symmetry of if interchange of any of two indices change only the sign of each entry of X . Example. • If X has a symmetry of , then • x123 = −x132 = −x213 = x231 = x312 = −x321 • x112 = 0, because x112 must be equal to −x112 . • Antisymmetric matrix has a symmetry of Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 27. Orthogonality of Projection T and T are orthogonal in the sense T ◦ T (X ) = T ◦ T (X ) = 0. (19) Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 28. Counting Dimension How many dimension do the vector space consisting of tensors ... • with symmetry have ? • with symmetry have ? Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 29. Dimensions of each subvector spaces. If n = 3 (that is, i, j and k runs through 1 to 3), then each dimension is as follows. But dimension of total space is 3 × 3 × 3 = 27. This is larger than 1 + 10 = 11. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 30. Young Diagram Young Diagram is an arrangent of boxes of the same size so that: • two adjacent boxes share one of their side. • the number of boxes in each row is non-increasing. • the number of boxes in each column is non-increasing. Here is an example of Young Diagram with 10 boxes. (20) English Notation French Notation Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 31. Decomposition of Tensor (of Rank 3) We have three types of Young Diagram which have three boxes, namely, (21) , , and Symmetric Antisymmetric ??? → What symmetry does represent? Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 32. Coefficients of Symmetrizers We list coneffients of each operator in a tabular form. Coefficient of xijk ijk ikj jik jki kij kji 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 -1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 Sum 1 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 33. Coefficients of Symmetrizers Coefficient of xijk ijk ikj jik jki kij kji 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 -1/6 1/6 1/6 -1/6 4/6 -2/6 -2/6 Sum 1 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 34. Symmetrizer T We consider the transformation of tensor: T : X = (xijk ) → X ′ = (xijk ), ′ (22) ′ where xijk = 1 (2xijk − xjki − xkij ). 3 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 35. Property of T • For all X , T (X ) has symmetry of . • If X has symmetry of , then T (X ) = X . ( ) • For all X , T T (X ) = T (X ). Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 36. Tensors with Symmetry of Let X = (xijk ) be a tensor of rank 3. We say X Has a Symmetry of , if 1 xijk = (2xijk − xjki − xkij ) (23) 3 for all 1 ≤ i, j, k ≤ n. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 37. Where This Equation ”Symmetric” ? Remember that X has a symmetry of , if 1 xijk = (2xijk − xjki − xkij ) (24) 3 for all 1 ≤ i, j, k ≤ n. This equation can be transormed as follows : 1 (2xijk − xjki − xkij ) xijk = 3 (25) ⇔ 3xijk = 2xijk − xjki − xkij ⇔ xijk + xjki + xkij = 0 Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 38. Projection to Each Symmetrized Tensors Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 39. Decomposition of Higher Rank Tensors Higher rank tensors are also decompose into symmetric tensors parametrized by Young Diagram. ⊕ ⊕ Rn×n×n×n×n = ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ (26) Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 40. Summary • Tensors as a Generalization of Vectors and Matrices. • Decomposition of Matrices and Tensors • Symmetry of Tensors Parametrized by Young Diagrams. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors
  • 41. References • T G. Kolda and B W. Bader, Tensor Decompositions and Applications • 2009, SIAM Review Vol. 51, No 3, pp 455-500 • D S. Watkins, Fundamentals of Matrix Computations 3rd. ed. • 2010, A Wiley Series of Texts, Monographs and Tracts • W. Fulton and J Harris, Representation Theory • 1991, Graduate Texts in Mathematics Readins in Mathematics. • And Google ”Representation Theory”, ”Symmetric Group”, ”Young Diagram” and so on. Kenta OONO Introduction to Tensors