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The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874)

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papefons Fons
papefons Fons

The Democratic Sexenio from 1868 to 1874 in Spain was a turbulent period after Queen Isabella II was deposed. It began with hopes for a democratic system with universal male suffrage, but the new government struggled with problems like ongoing wars in Cuba and clashes between workers and politicians. Several interim governments and leaders tried to establish a stable monarchy, but the short-lived First Spanish Republic was declared in 1873 due to ongoing instability. By 1874, a military dictatorship led by General Serrano took over and paved the way for the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy.

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THE DEMOCRATIC SEXENIO (1868- 1874)
From Alcolea to Sagunto, cartoon appeared in La Madeja on the 14th March 1875. It summarizes all the events of the Sexenio very well. Six year period after Isabella II’s toppling in which the elections took place by universal male suffrage. But this didn’t create a really democratic system and many of the problems of the previous stage persisted (intervention of the military in politics, use of the population by the politicians to reach power and oblivion of their demands once they were in government, among others). There were some advances, like the creation of the first workers’ associations, but it was a tumultuous period due to the reappearance of the Carlist threat, the war in Cuba and the workers’ uprisings, deceived by the government policies. Finally, after the short experience of the 1st Republic, monarchy was restored with Alphonse of Bourbon, Isabella II’s son.
DEMOCRATIC SEXENIO -GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (18th-30th September 1868) -PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (October 1868- December 1870) -AMADEUS I’S REIGN (January 1871- February 1873) -1st REPUBLIC (February 1873- January 1874) Isabella II’s exile -GENERAL SERRANO’s GOVERNMENT (January- December 1874) -Constituent Cortes: 1869 Constitution -Economic decisions -Search for a monarch -Problems: workers and peasants’ protests, war in Cuba -Little support -Many problems: war in Cuba, 3rd Carlist War, disputes between the main parties. -Project of federal Constitution -Confluence of troubles. war in Cuba, 3rd Carlist War, cantonal revolution - Real dictatorship - Preparation of the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (September 1868) CAUSES - Triple economic crisis: financial crisis (railway crash), subsistence crisis (due to bad harvests and drought) and industrial crisis (growth of unemployment due to the lack of USA cotton) - Political crisis: increasing discredit of the Crown and loss of almost all Isabella II’s support (only the moderates continued to back the Queen). - Pact of Ostend (1866): the progressives and the democrats agreed on overthrowing the monarchy and calling elections to Constituent Cortes by universal male suffrage. After O’ Donnell’s death, the Liberal Union also joined the conspiracy. Allegory of the Glorious Revolution
The conspiracy was led by generals Serrano, Prim and Topete. On the 18th September 1868 General Topete rose up with the fleet anchored in Cádiz and on the 19th he issued the “Spain with Honour” Manifesto, calling the people to support the uprising. The city of Cádiz immediately joined the revolution Immediately, boards were formed in most of the cities, claiming for universal suffrage, national sovereignty and more liberties. The uprising at the Puerta del Sol in Madrid
Movements of the rebels and the government troops General Prim sailed across the Mediterranean to get the support of the coastal cities and General Serrano confronted the royal troops, commanded by Novaliches, at Alcolea Bridge on the 28th September. After the withdrawal of the royal troops on the 30th September , Isabella II and her government left San Sebastián and took up exile in France. Once again, the popular support was decisive for the triumph of the revolution. Battle at Alcolea Bridge, 28th September 1868 Isabella II taking up exile from San Sebastián
Cartoons about Isabella II and González Bravo’s exile appeared on Gil Blas on the 1st October 1868
The Provisional Government was only formed by progressives and unionists PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (1868-1870) Not all the revolutionaries wanted the same. The ambiguous “Down with what exists” (Abajo lo existente) included different conceptions of the new regime: - the progressives and the unionists aspired to control reforms and the preservation of the monarchy - the democrats wanted deeper reforms and many of them wanted a republic (this fact provoked the split of the party between monarchists and republicans). At the beginning of October, a Provisional Government was formed, presided by General Serrano and made up by 5 progressives and 4 unionists only. They ordered the dissolution of the revolutionary boards and the disarmament of the Freedom Volunteers (Voluntarios de la Libertad, urban militia appeared in September). The boards that resisted were dissolved by force.
Minister Laureano Figuerola •Economic decisions to solve the crisis, made by minister Laureano Figuerola: -the peseta became the official currency - new tax reform: suppression of the consumption tax and the tax on salt and attempt to replace them by a poll tax (capitación) related to personal wealth, but it failed, because the administration was unable to impose it and collect it - public loan to reduce the public deficit - reduction of tariffs (Figuerola tariff), to allow the entrance of foreign products at cheaper prices. This provoked the protests of Castile’s cereal producers and Catalonia’s industrialists. - Mining Law (Ley de Bases de la Minería), which allowed the privatization and sale of the Spanish mines to foreign companies. It was considered like the “confiscation of the subsoil”. The first peseta, which replaced the reales
•Call on elections to Constituent Cortes by universal male suffrage in January 1869. The Cortes elected had a majority of progressive, unionist and monarchist democrats (236 deputies), but there were also 85 federal republicans and 20 Carlists. The Constituent Cortes wrote the 1869 Constitution, passed on the 6th June 1869: - universal male suffrage - national sovereignty - wide declaration of rights: association, reunion, press, academic freedom and freedom of cult (although the State had to finance the Catholic clergy) - trial by jury - Monarchy as the form of State, with limited power (the monarch holds the executive power, but doesn’t have legislative power. He only sanctions and issues the laws) - Cortes formed by two elective chambers (Congress and Senate).
Giuseppe Fanelli, anarchist Paul Lafargue, Marx’s son-in-law The recognition of the rights of reunion and association allowed the entrance of propagandists of the 1st International in Spain and the beginning of the workers’ organization. The establishment of the monarchy put the republicans against the government and the economic decisions made by capitalism (Figuerola tariff, Mining Law…) disappointed the workers and peasants’ hopes, which favoured the approach of the latter to the workers’ organizations. Founding members of the International Workingmen’s Association Section in Madrid, 1868
Voluntary soldiers embarking to Cuba at Barcelona’s harbour (1870) The Provisional Government also had to face the outbreak of an independence war in Cuba (Ten Years’ War or Great Cuban War, between 1868 and 1878), started in October 1868 with the Cry of Yara (Grito de Yara), an independence manifesto issued by the Creole Carlos Manuel Céspedes, who promised the abolition of slavery. But the sugar oligarchy of the West of the island opposed and confronted both the rebels and the Spanish government. WAR IN CUBA (1868-1878) Carlos Manuel Céspedes, leader of the Cuban independence fighters Cry of Yara, 10th October 1868
As the Cortes decided that Spain would continue to be a monarchy, General Serrano was appointed Regent and General Prim became prime minister and was in charge of looking for a monarch for the country. There were several candidates, discarded by different reasons (Duke of Montpensier, Ferdinand of Coburg, Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Espartero…). General Serrano, regent General Prim, prime minister Duke of Montpensier, Isabella II’s brother-in- law, candidate of the Liberal Union. Discarded because he killed a man in a duel Ferdinand of Coburg, candidate preferred by the progressives, rejected for the fear for an Iberian union. Leopold of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen. His candidacy provoked indirectly the French- Prussian War General Espartero refused to be the king SEARCH FOR A KING
Salustiano de Olózaga, ambassador in Paris, looking for a monarch for Spain. Several candidates appear: the Duke of Montpensier, the Carlist Charles VII, Isabella II and her son Alphonse. Prim, Serrano and Topete selling the crown of Spain at auction. From left to right, Amadeus of Savoy, The Duke of Montpensier, infant Luisa Fernanda, Alphonse of Bourbon and Isabella II
Finally, the Italian Amadeus of Savoy, Victor Emmanuel II’s son, accepted and was voted by the Cortes. CANDIDATES VOTES Amadeus of Savoy 191 Federal Republic 60 Montpensier 27 Espartero 8 Unitarian Republic 2 Alphonse of Bourbon 2 Republic 1 Duke of Montpensier 1 Blank votes 19
José Paúl y Angulo threatened Prim in the Cortes before the killing Some days before Amadeus of Savoy’s arrival, on the 27th December 1870, Prim suffered an attack and died on the 30th December. Those responsible for the crime were not discovered, although there were many people who wanted him dead : the republican Paúl y Angulo, Serrano, Montpensier, the Cuban elite. Amadeus of Savoy lost his main support. Prim’s assassination in El Turco Street Prim’s mummy was studied to determine who killed him. Someone strangled him, but the person responsible hasn’t been discovered yet. Amadeus of Savoy before Prim’s corpse
“Enthusiasm was huge, the crowd, indescribable”, Gil Blas, 4th August 1872, cartoon that reflects Amadeus I’s solitude Amadeus I had very little support from the beginning. The aristocrats didn’t accept him (boycott of the grandees of Spain), the hierarchy of the Church rejected him and the people too. Besides, there were continuous disputes in the government coalition and the progressive party split up into two groups (constitutionals, led by Sagasta, and radicals, led by Ruiz Zorrilla). The workers and peasants also lost patience, because the expected reforms that didn’t arrive. AMADEUS I’s REIGN (1871-1873) Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, leader of the constitutionals Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, leader of the radicals Amadeus I and his wife Mª Victoria del Pozzo. She suffered several affronts from the high nobility ladies, who walked the Paseo del Prado with mantillas and exhibiting lily flowers (emblem of the Bourbons)
Carlists with the pretender Charles VII In addition, a new Carlist war, the third one, broke up in 1872, with a new pretender to the throne (Charles VII), and war continued in Cuba too. THIRD CARLIST WAR (1872-1876) Cartoon representing the pretender Charles VII and Cándido Nocedal in La Flaca, 1869 Cartoon representing the Carlists and their supports, La Flaca, 1870
“!Ahí queda eso!”,cartoon representing Amadeus I’s abdication, 10th February 1873 Finally, Amadeus I had a confrontment with the government due to some military appointments in the artillery corps: -the artillery corps protested for the appointment of General Hidalgo, who had participated in the 1866 San Gil uprising, as captain general of Catalonia. -although the king asked Ruiz Zorrilla not to reorganize the artillery corps, the Cortes voted for it and Amadeus I was obliged to sign the decree, but after doing it he decided to abdicate. On the 10th February he communicated his decision to the Cortes As there wasn’t any other option, on the 11th February 1873 the two chambers of the Cortes, constituted as National Assembly, voted for the Republic.
Flag and emblem of the 1st Republic 1st REPUBLIC (February 1873- January 1874) Allegory of the 1st Republic Presidents of the Executive Power during the 1st Republic The 1st Republic was weak since the beginning, because most of those who had voted it didn’t want it. It lasted only for 11 months and was characterized by its permanent instability and the accumulation of difficulties made it impossible to put any program into practice. In 11 months there were four presidents of the Executive Power: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón and Emilio Castelar.
The Spanish Republic received by her sisters and rejected by the monarchies, La Flaca, 28th March 1873
The Cortes were dissolved and there were elections to Constituent Cortes, won by the federal republicans (the other parties didn’t participate and abstention reached 60%). The new Cortes started writing a new Constitution (1873 Constitution), which converted Spain into a federal State, but it couldn’t come into force, due to multiple problems: States included in the 1873 Constitution There were several disputes about the type of Republic -3rd Carlist War (1872-1876): the Carlists controlled the Basque Provinces and Navarre for some time. -Continuation of the war in Cuba: although the republican government ordered the abolition of slavery in Cuba, the Spanish civil servants in Cuba didn’t obey their orders. - Conspiracies to overthrow the government with the collaboration of part of the army -Workers and peasants’ uprisings, like the internationalist uprising in Alcoy
Internationalist uprising in Alcoy - Cantonal revolution: many cities and regions proclaimed themselves independent (cantons) and tried to create a Federal Republic from below. The government repressed all these uprisings, which contributed to make them lose popular support. Cartagena canton resisted until 1874. Expansion of the cantonal revolution and the Carlist War Shield of the Valencian canton Newspaper edited in Cartagena during 1873
The republican politicians Castelar and Pi y Margall trying to teach the people how to be good citizens , La Flaca, 9th July 1873
The Republic fighting against the Carlist threat in the Basque provinces
Public order problems and the war situation drifted the Republic to the right, first with Salmerón and later with Castelar. In September Castelar got full powers from the Cortes and ruled in an authoritarian way for three months. His motto was “Order, authority and government” Castelar “saving” the Republic Castelar putting out the cantonal revolts
Pavía’s stormimg of the Cortes, 3rd January 1874 At the beginning of 1874, the Cortes retired their confidence to Castelar’s government, but the session was interrupted by a company of the Guardia Civil, commanded by General Pavía, Madrid’s captain general, who evacuated the Cortes.
After this, a new government was formed, presided by General Serrano (Liberal Union), with no republicans. No one defended the Republic. Although it officially continued to exist until December 1874, in fact it was a dictatorship, similar to Mac Mahon’s republic in France Serrano, president of the Executive Power during the last stage of the Republic
Serrano’s government focused on restoring public order: -end of Cartagena’s canton - suppression of the Spanish Section of the International Workingmen’s Association and repression of workers’ protests - re-establishment of the consumption tax and military conscription. - His main success was the lift of the siege of Bilbao against the Carlists. The government troops entering in Cartagena after the suppression of the canton, January 1874 Serrano against the Carlists
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Alphonse of Bourbon The plans to restore monarchy with the Bourbons accelerated. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo worked to get wide support to restore the monarchy with Alphonse, Isabella II’s son. On the 1st December Alphonse of Bourbon issued the Sandhurst Manifesto, written by Cánovas, where he defined the system he wanted to establish as a constitutional monarchy, liberal, conservative, Catholic and in defense of social order. Sandhurst Military Academy, where Alphonse of Bourbon was studying
General Martínez Campos Martínez Campos “restoring” the monarchy Cánovas wanted the restoration of the monarchy to be done legally and with wide support, but on the 29th December General Martínez Campos rose up in Sagunto and proclaimed Alphonse of Bourbon king. Serrano gave orders of not resisting and a ministry- Regency was formed, presided by Cánovas, waiting for Alphonse XII’s arrival. Alphonse XII’s arrival in the Royal Palace
ISABELLA II’s REIGN GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (September 1868) PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (1868-1870) 1ST REPUBLIC (1873-1874) ALPHONSE XII’S RESTORATION (31st December 1874) AMADEUS I’S REIGN (1871- 1873) )

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The Democratic Sexenio (1868-1874)

  • 1. THE DEMOCRATIC SEXENIO (1868- 1874)
  • 2. From Alcolea to Sagunto, cartoon appeared in La Madeja on the 14th March 1875. It summarizes all the events of the Sexenio very well. Six year period after Isabella II’s toppling in which the elections took place by universal male suffrage. But this didn’t create a really democratic system and many of the problems of the previous stage persisted (intervention of the military in politics, use of the population by the politicians to reach power and oblivion of their demands once they were in government, among others). There were some advances, like the creation of the first workers’ associations, but it was a tumultuous period due to the reappearance of the Carlist threat, the war in Cuba and the workers’ uprisings, deceived by the government policies. Finally, after the short experience of the 1st Republic, monarchy was restored with Alphonse of Bourbon, Isabella II’s son.
  • 3. DEMOCRATIC SEXENIO -GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (18th-30th September 1868) -PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (October 1868- December 1870) -AMADEUS I’S REIGN (January 1871- February 1873) -1st REPUBLIC (February 1873- January 1874) Isabella II’s exile -GENERAL SERRANO’s GOVERNMENT (January- December 1874) -Constituent Cortes: 1869 Constitution -Economic decisions -Search for a monarch -Problems: workers and peasants’ protests, war in Cuba -Little support -Many problems: war in Cuba, 3rd Carlist War, disputes between the main parties. -Project of federal Constitution -Confluence of troubles. war in Cuba, 3rd Carlist War, cantonal revolution - Real dictatorship - Preparation of the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy
  • 4. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (September 1868) CAUSES - Triple economic crisis: financial crisis (railway crash), subsistence crisis (due to bad harvests and drought) and industrial crisis (growth of unemployment due to the lack of USA cotton) - Political crisis: increasing discredit of the Crown and loss of almost all Isabella II’s support (only the moderates continued to back the Queen). - Pact of Ostend (1866): the progressives and the democrats agreed on overthrowing the monarchy and calling elections to Constituent Cortes by universal male suffrage. After O’ Donnell’s death, the Liberal Union also joined the conspiracy. Allegory of the Glorious Revolution
  • 5. The conspiracy was led by generals Serrano, Prim and Topete. On the 18th September 1868 General Topete rose up with the fleet anchored in Cádiz and on the 19th he issued the “Spain with Honour” Manifesto, calling the people to support the uprising. The city of Cádiz immediately joined the revolution Immediately, boards were formed in most of the cities, claiming for universal suffrage, national sovereignty and more liberties. The uprising at the Puerta del Sol in Madrid
  • 6. Movements of the rebels and the government troops General Prim sailed across the Mediterranean to get the support of the coastal cities and General Serrano confronted the royal troops, commanded by Novaliches, at Alcolea Bridge on the 28th September. After the withdrawal of the royal troops on the 30th September , Isabella II and her government left San Sebastián and took up exile in France. Once again, the popular support was decisive for the triumph of the revolution. Battle at Alcolea Bridge, 28th September 1868 Isabella II taking up exile from San Sebastián
  • 7. Cartoons about Isabella II and González Bravo’s exile appeared on Gil Blas on the 1st October 1868
  • 8. The Provisional Government was only formed by progressives and unionists PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (1868-1870) Not all the revolutionaries wanted the same. The ambiguous “Down with what exists” (Abajo lo existente) included different conceptions of the new regime: - the progressives and the unionists aspired to control reforms and the preservation of the monarchy - the democrats wanted deeper reforms and many of them wanted a republic (this fact provoked the split of the party between monarchists and republicans). At the beginning of October, a Provisional Government was formed, presided by General Serrano and made up by 5 progressives and 4 unionists only. They ordered the dissolution of the revolutionary boards and the disarmament of the Freedom Volunteers (Voluntarios de la Libertad, urban militia appeared in September). The boards that resisted were dissolved by force.
  • 9. Minister Laureano Figuerola •Economic decisions to solve the crisis, made by minister Laureano Figuerola: -the peseta became the official currency - new tax reform: suppression of the consumption tax and the tax on salt and attempt to replace them by a poll tax (capitación) related to personal wealth, but it failed, because the administration was unable to impose it and collect it - public loan to reduce the public deficit - reduction of tariffs (Figuerola tariff), to allow the entrance of foreign products at cheaper prices. This provoked the protests of Castile’s cereal producers and Catalonia’s industrialists. - Mining Law (Ley de Bases de la Minería), which allowed the privatization and sale of the Spanish mines to foreign companies. It was considered like the “confiscation of the subsoil”. The first peseta, which replaced the reales
  • 10. •Call on elections to Constituent Cortes by universal male suffrage in January 1869. The Cortes elected had a majority of progressive, unionist and monarchist democrats (236 deputies), but there were also 85 federal republicans and 20 Carlists. The Constituent Cortes wrote the 1869 Constitution, passed on the 6th June 1869: - universal male suffrage - national sovereignty - wide declaration of rights: association, reunion, press, academic freedom and freedom of cult (although the State had to finance the Catholic clergy) - trial by jury - Monarchy as the form of State, with limited power (the monarch holds the executive power, but doesn’t have legislative power. He only sanctions and issues the laws) - Cortes formed by two elective chambers (Congress and Senate).
  • 11. Giuseppe Fanelli, anarchist Paul Lafargue, Marx’s son-in-law The recognition of the rights of reunion and association allowed the entrance of propagandists of the 1st International in Spain and the beginning of the workers’ organization. The establishment of the monarchy put the republicans against the government and the economic decisions made by capitalism (Figuerola tariff, Mining Law…) disappointed the workers and peasants’ hopes, which favoured the approach of the latter to the workers’ organizations. Founding members of the International Workingmen’s Association Section in Madrid, 1868
  • 12. Voluntary soldiers embarking to Cuba at Barcelona’s harbour (1870) The Provisional Government also had to face the outbreak of an independence war in Cuba (Ten Years’ War or Great Cuban War, between 1868 and 1878), started in October 1868 with the Cry of Yara (Grito de Yara), an independence manifesto issued by the Creole Carlos Manuel Céspedes, who promised the abolition of slavery. But the sugar oligarchy of the West of the island opposed and confronted both the rebels and the Spanish government. WAR IN CUBA (1868-1878) Carlos Manuel Céspedes, leader of the Cuban independence fighters Cry of Yara, 10th October 1868
  • 13. As the Cortes decided that Spain would continue to be a monarchy, General Serrano was appointed Regent and General Prim became prime minister and was in charge of looking for a monarch for the country. There were several candidates, discarded by different reasons (Duke of Montpensier, Ferdinand of Coburg, Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Espartero…). General Serrano, regent General Prim, prime minister Duke of Montpensier, Isabella II’s brother-in- law, candidate of the Liberal Union. Discarded because he killed a man in a duel Ferdinand of Coburg, candidate preferred by the progressives, rejected for the fear for an Iberian union. Leopold of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen. His candidacy provoked indirectly the French- Prussian War General Espartero refused to be the king SEARCH FOR A KING
  • 14. Salustiano de Olózaga, ambassador in Paris, looking for a monarch for Spain. Several candidates appear: the Duke of Montpensier, the Carlist Charles VII, Isabella II and her son Alphonse. Prim, Serrano and Topete selling the crown of Spain at auction. From left to right, Amadeus of Savoy, The Duke of Montpensier, infant Luisa Fernanda, Alphonse of Bourbon and Isabella II
  • 15. Finally, the Italian Amadeus of Savoy, Victor Emmanuel II’s son, accepted and was voted by the Cortes. CANDIDATES VOTES Amadeus of Savoy 191 Federal Republic 60 Montpensier 27 Espartero 8 Unitarian Republic 2 Alphonse of Bourbon 2 Republic 1 Duke of Montpensier 1 Blank votes 19
  • 16. José Paúl y Angulo threatened Prim in the Cortes before the killing Some days before Amadeus of Savoy’s arrival, on the 27th December 1870, Prim suffered an attack and died on the 30th December. Those responsible for the crime were not discovered, although there were many people who wanted him dead : the republican Paúl y Angulo, Serrano, Montpensier, the Cuban elite. Amadeus of Savoy lost his main support. Prim’s assassination in El Turco Street Prim’s mummy was studied to determine who killed him. Someone strangled him, but the person responsible hasn’t been discovered yet. Amadeus of Savoy before Prim’s corpse
  • 17. “Enthusiasm was huge, the crowd, indescribable”, Gil Blas, 4th August 1872, cartoon that reflects Amadeus I’s solitude Amadeus I had very little support from the beginning. The aristocrats didn’t accept him (boycott of the grandees of Spain), the hierarchy of the Church rejected him and the people too. Besides, there were continuous disputes in the government coalition and the progressive party split up into two groups (constitutionals, led by Sagasta, and radicals, led by Ruiz Zorrilla). The workers and peasants also lost patience, because the expected reforms that didn’t arrive. AMADEUS I’s REIGN (1871-1873) Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, leader of the constitutionals Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla, leader of the radicals Amadeus I and his wife Mª Victoria del Pozzo. She suffered several affronts from the high nobility ladies, who walked the Paseo del Prado with mantillas and exhibiting lily flowers (emblem of the Bourbons)
  • 18. Carlists with the pretender Charles VII In addition, a new Carlist war, the third one, broke up in 1872, with a new pretender to the throne (Charles VII), and war continued in Cuba too. THIRD CARLIST WAR (1872-1876) Cartoon representing the pretender Charles VII and Cándido Nocedal in La Flaca, 1869 Cartoon representing the Carlists and their supports, La Flaca, 1870
  • 19. “!Ahí queda eso!”,cartoon representing Amadeus I’s abdication, 10th February 1873 Finally, Amadeus I had a confrontment with the government due to some military appointments in the artillery corps: -the artillery corps protested for the appointment of General Hidalgo, who had participated in the 1866 San Gil uprising, as captain general of Catalonia. -although the king asked Ruiz Zorrilla not to reorganize the artillery corps, the Cortes voted for it and Amadeus I was obliged to sign the decree, but after doing it he decided to abdicate. On the 10th February he communicated his decision to the Cortes As there wasn’t any other option, on the 11th February 1873 the two chambers of the Cortes, constituted as National Assembly, voted for the Republic.
  • 20. Flag and emblem of the 1st Republic 1st REPUBLIC (February 1873- January 1874) Allegory of the 1st Republic Presidents of the Executive Power during the 1st Republic The 1st Republic was weak since the beginning, because most of those who had voted it didn’t want it. It lasted only for 11 months and was characterized by its permanent instability and the accumulation of difficulties made it impossible to put any program into practice. In 11 months there were four presidents of the Executive Power: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón and Emilio Castelar.
  • 21. The Spanish Republic received by her sisters and rejected by the monarchies, La Flaca, 28th March 1873
  • 22. The Cortes were dissolved and there were elections to Constituent Cortes, won by the federal republicans (the other parties didn’t participate and abstention reached 60%). The new Cortes started writing a new Constitution (1873 Constitution), which converted Spain into a federal State, but it couldn’t come into force, due to multiple problems: States included in the 1873 Constitution There were several disputes about the type of Republic -3rd Carlist War (1872-1876): the Carlists controlled the Basque Provinces and Navarre for some time. -Continuation of the war in Cuba: although the republican government ordered the abolition of slavery in Cuba, the Spanish civil servants in Cuba didn’t obey their orders. - Conspiracies to overthrow the government with the collaboration of part of the army -Workers and peasants’ uprisings, like the internationalist uprising in Alcoy
  • 23. Internationalist uprising in Alcoy - Cantonal revolution: many cities and regions proclaimed themselves independent (cantons) and tried to create a Federal Republic from below. The government repressed all these uprisings, which contributed to make them lose popular support. Cartagena canton resisted until 1874. Expansion of the cantonal revolution and the Carlist War Shield of the Valencian canton Newspaper edited in Cartagena during 1873
  • 24. The republican politicians Castelar and Pi y Margall trying to teach the people how to be good citizens , La Flaca, 9th July 1873
  • 25. The Republic fighting against the Carlist threat in the Basque provinces
  • 26. Public order problems and the war situation drifted the Republic to the right, first with Salmerón and later with Castelar. In September Castelar got full powers from the Cortes and ruled in an authoritarian way for three months. His motto was “Order, authority and government” Castelar “saving” the Republic Castelar putting out the cantonal revolts
  • 27. Pavía’s stormimg of the Cortes, 3rd January 1874 At the beginning of 1874, the Cortes retired their confidence to Castelar’s government, but the session was interrupted by a company of the Guardia Civil, commanded by General Pavía, Madrid’s captain general, who evacuated the Cortes.
  • 28. After this, a new government was formed, presided by General Serrano (Liberal Union), with no republicans. No one defended the Republic. Although it officially continued to exist until December 1874, in fact it was a dictatorship, similar to Mac Mahon’s republic in France Serrano, president of the Executive Power during the last stage of the Republic
  • 29. Serrano’s government focused on restoring public order: -end of Cartagena’s canton - suppression of the Spanish Section of the International Workingmen’s Association and repression of workers’ protests - re-establishment of the consumption tax and military conscription. - His main success was the lift of the siege of Bilbao against the Carlists. The government troops entering in Cartagena after the suppression of the canton, January 1874 Serrano against the Carlists
  • 30. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo Alphonse of Bourbon The plans to restore monarchy with the Bourbons accelerated. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo worked to get wide support to restore the monarchy with Alphonse, Isabella II’s son. On the 1st December Alphonse of Bourbon issued the Sandhurst Manifesto, written by Cánovas, where he defined the system he wanted to establish as a constitutional monarchy, liberal, conservative, Catholic and in defense of social order. Sandhurst Military Academy, where Alphonse of Bourbon was studying
  • 31. General Martínez Campos Martínez Campos “restoring” the monarchy Cánovas wanted the restoration of the monarchy to be done legally and with wide support, but on the 29th December General Martínez Campos rose up in Sagunto and proclaimed Alphonse of Bourbon king. Serrano gave orders of not resisting and a ministry- Regency was formed, presided by Cánovas, waiting for Alphonse XII’s arrival. Alphonse XII’s arrival in the Royal Palace
  • 32. ISABELLA II’s REIGN GLORIOUS REVOLUTION (September 1868) PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (1868-1870) 1ST REPUBLIC (1873-1874) ALPHONSE XII’S RESTORATION (31st December 1874) AMADEUS I’S REIGN (1871- 1873) )