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The Past Perfect & The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

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C L GUPTA EYE INSTITUTE MORADABAD UTTER PRADESH
C L GUPTA EYE INSTITUTE MORADABAD UTTER PRADESH

The Past Perfect & The Past Perfect Continuous S+ had +V3 + Comp.Although she had considered post-graduate study, at the end of the year she decided to look for a job. By the time he arrived, the lecture had already started.

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The Past Perfect & The Past Perfect Continuous
I. Form (Affirmative) S+ had +V3 + Comp.  Although she had considered post- graduate study, at the end of the year she decided to look for a job.  By the time he arrived, the lecture had already started.
II. Form (Negation & Question) S+ had (NOT)+V3+Comp.  He hadn’t hiked before. Had+S+V3+Comp.?  Where had you hiked before?
I. Form (Affirmative) S+ had +been V-ing +Comp.  You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.  They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
II. Form (Negation & Question) S+ had (NOT) been+V-ing+Comp.  You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Had+ S+ been+ V-ing+ Comp.?  A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
Ann had an accident because she had been driving for 12 hours straight. X X Driving 12 hours accident
Uses 1. two past events/one action or state occurred before another action or state in the past/The past perfect expresses the first/The simple past often expresses the second Miguel called me this morning, but I wasn’t there. I’d gone to a meeting.
2. sentences containing past time clauses/Before, by the time, when, until, and after introduce the time clause. The thief had escaped before I called the police. We had calmed down by the time the police came. After I had called the police, we realized the thief was gone.
3. same adverbs and prepositions with the present perfect: already, yet, still, ever, never, for, since, and just. These expressions help to clarify the sequence of past events.  By lunchtime, we had already discussed the new budget and written a report. We  hadn’t written the new vacation policy yet.  I had lived in Texas for 12 years before I moved to California.
4. By + a time can be used with the past perfect to express the later time in the sentence.  We had finished by then.  By noon, we had hiked two miles.
The Past Perfect Continuous  action occurred before another action or state in the past/emphasizes that the first event was ongoing, and continued up to or just before the second event. Keiko had been studying all night. She was exhausted at breakfast.
 The past perfect continuous is often used in sentences containing past time clauses. Marie had been working for nine and a half hours by the time she left her office.
 For and since show how long a situation lasted before the second past event. Marie left her office at 6:00 p.m. She’d been working since 8:00 a.m.
Contrasting the Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous  Mr. Ortiz had lived there since 1960. Mr. Ortiz had been living there since 1960.  I’d waited for an hour. I’d been waiting for an hour! I was so angry. using the continuous can show a more intense or emotional situation.
 Hiro had watered the garden before I arrived. (Hiro may have watered it a few minutes or many hours before I arrived.)  Hiro had been watering the garden before I arrived. (Hiro watered the garden a few minutes before I arrived.)
A sentence with the past perfect continuous usually does not tell how many times an action is repeated.  I’d read it three times before.  x I’d been reading it three times before. (incorrect)
 background information about earlier events/ to give reasons with because and express contrasts with although or even though/ used to draw conclusions.  She looked very tired because she had been studying all night/because she had studied all night.  She looked very tired although she had been sleeping for 12 hours/even though she had slept for 12 hours.

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The Past Perfect & The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

  • 1. The Past Perfect & The Past Perfect Continuous
  • 2. I. Form (Affirmative) S+ had +V3 + Comp.  Although she had considered post- graduate study, at the end of the year she decided to look for a job.  By the time he arrived, the lecture had already started.
  • 3. II. Form (Negation & Question) S+ had (NOT)+V3+Comp.  He hadn’t hiked before. Had+S+V3+Comp.?  Where had you hiked before?
  • 4. I. Form (Affirmative) S+ had +been V-ing +Comp.  You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.  They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
  • 5. II. Form (Negation & Question) S+ had (NOT) been+V-ing+Comp.  You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Had+ S+ been+ V-ing+ Comp.?  A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
  • 6. Ann had an accident because she had been driving for 12 hours straight. X X Driving 12 hours accident
  • 7. Uses 1. two past events/one action or state occurred before another action or state in the past/The past perfect expresses the first/The simple past often expresses the second Miguel called me this morning, but I wasn’t there. I’d gone to a meeting.
  • 8. 2. sentences containing past time clauses/Before, by the time, when, until, and after introduce the time clause. The thief had escaped before I called the police. We had calmed down by the time the police came. After I had called the police, we realized the thief was gone.
  • 9. 3. same adverbs and prepositions with the present perfect: already, yet, still, ever, never, for, since, and just. These expressions help to clarify the sequence of past events.  By lunchtime, we had already discussed the new budget and written a report. We  hadn’t written the new vacation policy yet.  I had lived in Texas for 12 years before I moved to California.
  • 10. 4. By + a time can be used with the past perfect to express the later time in the sentence.  We had finished by then.  By noon, we had hiked two miles.
  • 11. The Past Perfect Continuous  action occurred before another action or state in the past/emphasizes that the first event was ongoing, and continued up to or just before the second event. Keiko had been studying all night. She was exhausted at breakfast.
  • 12.  The past perfect continuous is often used in sentences containing past time clauses. Marie had been working for nine and a half hours by the time she left her office.
  • 13.  For and since show how long a situation lasted before the second past event. Marie left her office at 6:00 p.m. She’d been working since 8:00 a.m.
  • 14. Contrasting the Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous  Mr. Ortiz had lived there since 1960. Mr. Ortiz had been living there since 1960.  I’d waited for an hour. I’d been waiting for an hour! I was so angry. using the continuous can show a more intense or emotional situation.
  • 15.  Hiro had watered the garden before I arrived. (Hiro may have watered it a few minutes or many hours before I arrived.)  Hiro had been watering the garden before I arrived. (Hiro watered the garden a few minutes before I arrived.)
  • 16. A sentence with the past perfect continuous usually does not tell how many times an action is repeated.  I’d read it three times before.  x I’d been reading it three times before. (incorrect)
  • 17.  background information about earlier events/ to give reasons with because and express contrasts with although or even though/ used to draw conclusions.  She looked very tired because she had been studying all night/because she had studied all night.  She looked very tired although she had been sleeping for 12 hours/even though she had slept for 12 hours.