Themes Of History
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in geography, including location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions. It discusses absolute and relative location, physical and human characteristics that define a place, how people adapt their environment and lifestyle based on their surroundings, the movement of people, goods, and ideas, and how any location can be part of different regions based on characteristics.
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Themes Of History
- 1. What is Geography? Geography: the study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other Five Themes: Location Place Interaction (between people and their environment) Movement Region
- 2. Location Absolute Location: exact or precise spot on Earth that a place occupies Use latitude (north and south) and longitude (east and west), hemispheres, etc Example: Santa Fe, NM is located at 35°41’ north and 105°57’ west
- 3. Relative Location: the position of a particular place in relation to other places Example: Santa Fe is 58 miles northeast of Albuquerque
- 4. Place A location’s physical and human characteristics Place identity CHANGES through time Physical characteristics: landforms, climate, soil, vegetation, and animal life Example: Santa Fe is in the foothills of the southern Rocky Mountains
- 5. Human characteristics: people’s way of life – activities, population distribution, means of transportation, architecture, religion, and languages Example: Santa Fe has traditional Pueblo and Spanish architecture
- 6. Human-Environment Interaction People adapt their way of life to accommodate their environment Example: Chinese stir fry – not many trees in China so food is cut into tiny pieces to allow it to cook quicker with little fuel People adapt their environment to accommodate their lives Example: clearing forests, blasting tunnels through mountains, plowing fields
- 7. Movement Interactions of people with one another as they travel, communicate, and exchange goods and services Migration: movement of people from one place to another Example: people leave homelands to escape war or natural disasters Trade: movement of goods between areas Spread of ideas Example: ideas of Buddhism spread from India to China Interdependence: dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world Example: Americans get coffee from South America, tea from India, oil from the Middle East
- 8. Regions Region: an area having a specific characteristic or characteristics that set it apart from other regions Characteristics could be physical, political, climate, cultural, etc Any given area could be part of several different regions Example: Santa Fe is the state capital of New Mexico (political region), at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Range of the Rocky Mountains (physical region), and has a large Spanish-American population (cultural region)
- 9. Political Theme of History Why do we need government? Provide for the common needs of the people Keep order within a society Protecting a society from outside threats How do governments keep order? Making laws How do societies create laws? Customs turn into laws
- 10. Why Should People Obey the Law? Every form of government has different laws and punishments for breaking them Philosophes: Enlightenment thinkers who argued about how much control the government should have over people’s lives Will people create chaos without government? Do laws take away peoples’ rights? Social contract: people “sign” a contract with their government in which they give up certain rights in exchange for protection of other rights
- 11. Types of Government Democracy: government by the people Free electoral system Dictatorship: absolute power exercised by a dictator
- 12. Constitutional Monarchy: monarch is a figurehead of the government, while a Parliamentary body exercises actual power Absolute Monarchy: monarch retains all power
- 13. Socialism: government owns the means of production Utopian: ideal, everyone is equal Democratic socialism: people retain partial control and may own some private property Authoritarian socialism a.k.a. communism: government overthrown violently, new leaders own all the means of production, and must act violently in order to ensure that socialism can be achieved
- 14. Fascism: government led by a dictator, emphasizing aggressive nationalism and racism, and is extremely conservative Theocracy: rule by the church
- 15. Economic Theme of History Economics: how people use limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs Three basic economic questions: What goods and services should we produce? How should we produce them? For whom should we produce them? Three basic types of economies: Free market Command Mixed
- 17. Social Theme of History Social theme: Includes all of the items that make up a culture and involves the way in which people live their lives Social institutions: social systems that are built into a society Examples: Educational system Health system Arts, music, literature Prison system Daily routines and rituals Folkways and customs
- 18. Religion Religion helps people to answer basic questions and the meaning and purpose of life Supports the values that a group of people consider to be important Monotheism: worship one god Polytheism: worship of more than one god
- 19. Major world religions Judaism Hinduism Buddhism Christianity Islam
- 21. Abraham Father of 3 prominent religions Judaism, Christianity, Islam Rejected idolatry and embraced monotheism
- 22. Judaism Monotheistic Religious text: Torah Religious buildings: Synogogues Sacred Symbol: Star of David Sacred Site: Jerusalem
- 23. Prophets Moses, through whom Torah was revealed to the Hebrew people Torah (first five books of the Bible), containing religious, moral and social law which guides the life of a Jew Does not include the New Testament
- 24. As a way of life, Judaism is based on… Written Law 613 commandments found in Torah Oral Law – commentary of ancient rabbis that elaborates on how to apply God’s Law in everyday life Dietary rules (Kashrut/Kosher) Dress and other symbols Prayer and devotion to the one God The Temple and Temple rites Observance of Holy days Proper social relations between male and female, in business, judicial rulings, etc.
- 25. As a people, Jews are… A nation in Diaspora (dispersed) 15 – 16 million in worldwide population United by a common heritage (an “ethnic” religion), divided in contemporary practice: Orthodox: Modern Chasidic (Ultra Orthodox) Reformed (18 th century Germany) Conservative – moderates, response to reform
- 26. How does Judaism sanctify life? Life cycle celebrations: Bris – ritual circumcision, sign of the covenant Bar/Bat Mitzvah – full adult status and responsibility within the religion Marriage - "Be fruitful and multiply" (Gen. 1:22) Death – funerals, mourning (sitting “Shiva”), and memorials (“Yartzeits”)
- 27. Jewish Holidays Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) Chanukah, the “Festival of Lights” Pesach (“Passover”) – commemorates the exodus from Egypt (events told in Exodus) Shavuot (“weeks,” Pentecost) – commemorates receipt of Torah at Sinai Shabbat (Sabbath, 7 th day, on Saturday) – the “Day of Rest”
- 28. How is Judaism related to Christianity? Judaism predates Christianity It is the foundation of Christianity but is not a part of it Jesus was Jewish, as were his followers and the Apostles Jews do not believe that Jesus was anything more than a good and wise man who lived and died 2000 years ago Jews still await their messiah The Jewish messiah would not be divine. He would be a political figure who restores the Hebrew monarchy and causes peace to reign on Earth
- 29. Christianity Monotheistic Religious Text: Bible Sacred Sites: Bethlehem, Jerusalem Sacred Symbol: Cross Special Days: Easter, Christmas
- 30. World’s largest religion 1.8 billion people 1/3 of world population Followers believe that Jesus was the son of God Lived as a carpenter and preacher who taught using parables Believe he was resurrected after his death Fragmented into many separate denominations Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant
- 31. Islam Islam – submission to the will of God Muslim – follower of Islam Qur’an – holy book of Islam Jihad – struggle to defend the faith Mosques – place where Muslims worship
- 32. 5 Pillars of Islam The profession of faith The five daily prayers Paying zakat Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once, if possible
- 33. Muhammad Born into merchant family in Mecca, orphaned early Muhammad was troubled with gap between the greedy rich & honest poor Muhammad went into mountains to meditate on the issue While meditating, Muhammad received revelation from God through the angel Gabriel Muhammad came to believe that Allah had revealed himself partially to Moses & Jesus and his final revelations were to him
- 34. Hijrah Many of the people in Mecca were against Muhammad’s preaching Many people made pilgrimage there to worship at the Kaaba Building that contained many idols that people worshipped A.D. 622 Muhammad went on journey to more accepting place Went to Medina (Yathrib) Hijrah: means “flight” or “migration”
- 35. Mosque Of The Prophet In Medina
- 36. Muhammad assembled a military force to defend community Military victories attracted many followers In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 soldiers City surrendered & many residents converted to Islam Muhammad declared the Kaaba to be a sacred shrine Muhammad died 2 years later, Islam spread through the Arabian peninsula
- 37. Dome of the Rock: Where Muhammad Ascended Into Heaven
- 38. The Islamic Community Divides Sunni Shi’ah Sufi –
- 39. Hinduism God is one-but goes by many names No single founder-combination of beliefs Sacred texts- Rig Veda: Hinduism’s oldest text- nearly 4000 years Bhagavad Gita: most popular sacred text Upanishads
- 40. Reincarnation Death is not final for Hindus as they expect to be reborn many times. Samsara is the wheel of rebirth The soul is reborn from one life form to another People may be reincarnated at a higher or lower level of existence Depends on their karma from their present life. People may be reborn as plants or animals May be elevated to a higher caste as a human
- 41. Karma and Dharma Karma-actions in this life that affect the next. Every action produces a Justified effect based on its moral worthiness. Dharma-the religious and moral duties of an individual.
- 42. Caste System Group you are in according to class, occupation, or gender. 4 major castes Brahmin : priests Kshatriya: warriors and administrators Vaistrya: farmers, merchants, teachers, artisans Sudras: servants,laborers
- 43. Festival of Divali Divali: row of lights Series of five festivals in October and November Candles are floated on small rafts If they remain lit, good luck will follow
- 44. The Ganges River Falling from Its source of Vishnu’s feet onto Shiva’s head and out from his hair, the water of the Ganges is sacred enough to purify all sins.
- 45. Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Guatama Indian Prince who lived in luxury and comfort inside the palace One day he left the palace gardens and saw an old man, a sick man, and a dead man Realized life was full of suffering Became the Enlightened one
- 46. The truth about suffering is that it exists. Life is suffering. Birth, aging and dying is suffering. Our reaching into the world of dreams, our desire to fulfill what cannot be fulfilled is what brings us our suffering. Only when we have broken the mirrors of illusion can we end our suffering, and The Eight-Fold Path can help us to break our habits of suffering. 4 noble truths
- 47. The Eightfold Path 1.Right Understanding 2.Right Thoughts 3.Right Speech 4.Right Action 5.Right Livelihood 6.Right Effort 7.Right Mindfulness 8.Right Concentration
- 48. The only cure for suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path, a middle road between a life devoted to pleasure and a life of harsh self-denial. It is important to live a moral life. Enlightenment is achieved through meditation. The ultimate goal is nirvana , union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth.