Thesis book

ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A PIPE FLOW USING A
SWIRLING PERFORATED TWISTED TAPE INSERT
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ―MECHANICAL ENGINEERING‖
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
Sadia Noon Oishe Student No. 201318006
Md.MostafizurRahman Student No. 201318027
Shahrokh Ahmad Student No. 201218055
Md. Sakib Bin Ehtesham Student No. 201218065
Supervised By
Brig. Gen. Md. LutforRahman, PhD
Professor, Dean and Head of the Department
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, MIST
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)
Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka
January 2017

MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (MIST)
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A PIPE FLOW USING A SWIRLING
PERFORATED TWISTED TAPE INSERT
A thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and
technology, Dhaka, in December, 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.
Submitted By
Sadia Noon Oishe Student No. 201318006
MdMostafizurRahman Student No. 201318027
Shahrokh Ahmad Student No. 201218055
Md. Sakib Bin Ehtesham Student No. 201218065
SUPERVISED BY
Brig Gen Md. LutforRahman, PhD
Professor, Dean and Head of the department
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Military Institute of Science and Technology
Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka, Bangladesh

STUDENT DECLARATION
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A PIPE
FLOW USING A SWIRLING PERFORATED TWISTED TAPE INSERT” is an outcome of the
investigation carried out by the author under the supervision of Brig Gen Md. LutforRahman,
Professor, Dean and Head of The Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIST. This
thesis or any part of it has not been submitted to elsewhere for the award of any other degree or
diploma or other similar title or prize.
SUBMITTED BY
_______________________ ________________________
Sadia Noon Oishe Md. MostafizurRahman
Student No. 201318006 Student No. 201318027
________________________ _______________________
Shahrokh Ahmad Md. SakibBin Ehtesham
Student No. 201218055 Student No.201218065

SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Sadia Noon Oishe, Student no : 201318006; Md. MostafizurRahman, Student
no: 201318027, Shahrokh Ahmad, Student no: 201218055; Md. Sakib BIN Ehtesham, Student no:
201218065 have completed their undergraduate thesis report on “ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT
TRANSFER IN A PIPE FLOW USING A SWIRLING PERFORATED TWISTED TAPE
INSERT” under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the report is their original work and
was not submitted elsewhere for other purpose.
I wish their ever success in life.
APPROVED BY
________________________________
Brig Gen Md. LutforRahman, PhD
Professor, Dean and Head of the Department
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Military Institute of Science & Technology (MIST)
Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we are grateful to Allah, the Almighty for giving us the courage and enthusiasm to
complete the thesis work.
The authors express their profound gratitude to Professor Brig Gen LutforRahman, PhD, EME for
their constant & meticulous supervision, valuable suggestion and encouragement to carry out this
work. For all this, the authors express their sincere acknowledgement and gratitude.
We are also grateful to all the staffs and lab assistants of applied fluid mechanics lab and heat transfer
lab of MIST for their help in construction of the project work and for waiting long after the due hours
for us.
We feel that the contribution and support of our parents has enabled us to reach this stage and pursue
this thesis work and are thankful to them.
Finally we would like to thank everybody who supported us in any respect for the completion of the
thesis.
The Authors
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST)
Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka-1216
January, 2017

ABSTRACT
With the advancement of science and technology heat transfer enhancement has become an
important term in the field of engineering research since the effectiveness of heat exchangers are
increasing through suitable heat transfer enhancement techniques. The purpose of research paper is to
increase the heat transfer coefficient by operating the heat exchangers at smaller revolution per
minute. This signifies an achievement of reduction of pressure drop corresponding to less operating
cost. However different researches were done by using various enhancement techniques. This study
has used two types of rotating perforated twisted tape insert to observe the various heat transfer
coefficient, heat transfer rate and heat transfer enhancement efficiency. One tape was fully twisted
and another tape was partially twisted. The shape of the twisted tape creates turbulence flow. The
turbulence flow (swirl flow) generated by twisted tape promotes greater mixing and high heat transfer
coefficients. An arrangement scheme has been developed for the experimental investigation. For
remarking the rate of change of heat transfer, temperature has been measured numerically through the
temperature sensors with various flow rates and RPM. The volume flow rate was varied from
10.3448276 LPM to 21.045574 LPM and the rotation of the perforated twisted tape was varied from
50 RPM to 400 RPM. Experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the results of the proposed
approaches. It is shown that the suggested method of heat transfer enhancements is much more
effective than existing methods, since it results in an increase in heat transfer area and also an increase
in the heat transfer coefficient and reduction of cost in the industrial sectors.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topics Page
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 02
1.2 Multiple Process OF Heat Transfer
1.2.1 Active method
1.2.2 Passive method
1.2.3 Compound method
02
1.3 Inspiration Behind This Research Study 03
1.4 Causes Behind The Selection Of This Research Topic 04
1.5 Advantages of Perforated Rotating Twisted Tape Insert for
Heat Enhancement
04
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
` 2.1 Early Views 08
2.2 Twisted Tape Enhancement 11
2.3 Recent Researches and Development 11

Chapter 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
3.1 General Aspect
3.2 Experimental Facility
3.3 Arrangement Of Components Of this Experimental Study
3.4 Visual Perception Of The Experimental Setup
3.5 Principal Components For This Experimental Research
3.5.1Circular Tube
3.5.2 Insets
3.5.3 Inlet Housing
3.5.4 Outlet Portion
3.5.5 Supporting Stand
3.5.6 Water Pump
3.5.7 DC Motor & AC Motor
3.5.8 V-belt
3.5.9 Temperature Sensor (LM35)
3.5.9.1 Program (coding) For Temperature .
Measurement
3.6 Auxiliary Components For The Experimental Research
3.6.1 Heating Apparatus
3.6.2 Insulating Materials
3.6.3 Tachometer
3.6.4 Hose clamp
3.6.5 Nipple
3.6.6 Gasket
3.6.7 Hose Pipe
3.6.8 Water Flow Regulator Valve
3.7 Other Accessories For The Experimental Research
3.7.1 Soldering Iron
19
19
19
21
21
21
23
24
27
28
29
30
31
32
34
35
35
38
42
43
44
44
45
46
47
47

3.7.2 Filler Metal
3.7.3 Arduino Mega 2560
3.7.4 Arduino 1.0.5 Compiler
3.7.5 Glue Gun
3.7.6 Electric Connection Board
3.7.7 Electric Wire (Breadboard Wire)
3.7.8 Multimeter
3.7.9 Thread seal Tap
3.7.10 Nut and Bolt
3.7.11 water Container
3.7.12 Power Strip
3.7.13Wooden Frame
3.7.14 Emery Paper
3.8 Fabrication Of Twisted Tape
3.9 Experimental Setup
48
49
50
51
52
54
54
55
56
57
58
58
59
60
61
Chapter 4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
4.1 General Aspect
4.2 Experimental Procedure
4.2.1 Initial Stage
4.2.2 Data collection Methodology
4.3 Experimental conditions
4.4 Precautions
63
63
63
64
65
66
Chapter 5 Calculation Methodology

Chapter 7 Conclusions & Recommendation
Conclusion 81
Recommendation 82
REFERENCES 83-87
APPENDIX 88-110
5.1 Data Reduction 68
Chapter 6Result & Discussion
Graphical Analysis 71-79

LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram No. Diagram Name Page
3.1 Visual perception of the experimental setup 21
3.2 Copper tube used in the experimental study 22
3.3 AUTO CAD view of the copper tube specifying different parts 22
3.4 Solid Works view of the twisted tape 23
3.5 clear perforated view of the fully twisted tape (solid works) 23
3.6 Solid works design of partial twisted tape 24
3.7 solid works view of the inlet housing with ridges 24
3.8 cross section of the inlet housing (solid works) 25
3.9 Threaded portion of the inlet housing inside (solid works) 25
3.10 Real view of the inlet housing 26
3.11 comparative view of the inlet housing parts (solid works VS real view) 26
3.12 Final view of the inlet housing attached with the perforated twisted
tape
27
3.13 solid works design of outlet portion 27
3.14 Supporting stand 28
3.15 Supporting stand with clamping on the top 29
3.16 Water Pump 30
3.17 DC motor (Yokogawa Sertec Co. Ltd.) 30
3.18 V belt 31
3.19 Temperature sensor LM35 32
3.20 Specification of LM35 33
3.21 Necessary connections of LM35 33
3.22 Nichrome wire 35
3.23 Nichrome wire wrapping on the copper pipe 36
3.24 variable voltage regulator 37

3.25 Main power supply unit 38
3.26 Mica tape 39
3.27 wrapped Mica tape on the copper pipe 39
3.28 wrapped asbestos tape on the upper surface of copper 40
3.29 Heat insulating adhesive tape 41
3.30 wrapping process of heat insulating adhesive foam tape 41
3.31 Fully wrapped heat insulating foam tape 42
3.32 Tachometer 43
3.33 Hose clamp 43
3.34 Nipple 44
3.35 Type E insulating gasket 45
3.36 Hose pipe 46
3.37 Connection of hose pipe 46
3.38 Water valve regulator 47
3.39 Soldering Iron 48
3.40 Filler metal 49
3.41 Arduino Mega 2560 with connection 50
3.42 Arduino compiler 51
3.43 Glue gun with glue sticks 52
3.44 Electric connection board with connection 53
3.45 Breadboard wire 54
3.46 Multi meter 55
3.47 Thread tape 56
3.48 Nut and bolt 57
3.49 Water container 57
3.50 power strip 58

3.51 wooden frame 59
3.52 Emery paper 60
3.53 overall setup of the experiment 61
6.1 Variation of Nusselt no with Reynolds no for different RPM of full
twisted tape
71
6.2 Variation of Nusselt no with Reynolds no for different RPM of partial
twisted tape
72
6.3 Variation of Bulk temp and Reynolds no for different RPM of full
twisted tape
73
6.4 Variation of Bulk temp with Reynolds no for different RPM of partial
twisted tape
73
6.5 Variation of Heat flux with Reynolds no for different RPM of full
twisted tape
74
6.6 Variation of Heat flux with Reynolds no for different RPM of partial
twisted tape
75
6.7 Variation of Inner surface temp with Reynolds no for different RPM of
partial twisted tape
76
6.8 Variation of Inner surface temp with Reynolds no for different RPM of
partial twisted tape
76
6.9 Variation of Efficiency with Reynolds No for 50 RPM 77

A.1 Experimental Setup used in the experiment 88

LIST OF TABLES
Name of the table page
3.1 Pump specification 29
3.2 Variable voltage regulator specification 37
4.1 Experimental condition 65
A.1 Physical properties of water 89
A.1.1 Surface temperature distribution at Zero RPM without insert 96
For Perforated
fully
Twisted tape
A.1.2 Surface temperature distribution at 50 RPM with insert 96
For Perforated
Partially
Twisted tape
A.1.10Surface temperature distribution at 150RPM with insert 99
A.1.11 Surface temperature distribution at 200RPM with insert 99
A.2.1 Water properties during heat transfer without insert 100
For Perforated
fully Twisted tape
A.2.2 Water Properties during heat transfer with insert rotating at 50
RPM
101
RPM
101
RPM
102
RPM
102
RPM
102
RPM
103

For Perforated
Partially
Twisted tape
RPM
103
RPM
104
RPM
104
RPM
104
RPM
105
RPM
105
3.1 A. 3.1 H Heat Transfer Results without insert at Zero RPM 106
Efficiency
calculation for
both Perforated
Twisted tape
Heat Transfer Result With Insert at 50 RPM
106-110

NOMENCLATURE
A Area of the heated region of tube (m2
)
Af Flow area (m2
)
cp Specific heat of water at constant pressure (J/kg.K)
di Tube inner diameter (m)
do Tube outer diameter (m)
f Friction factor (-)
h Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2
.K)
k Thermal conductivity of water (W/m.K)
kw Thermal conductivity of tube material (W/m.K)
L Effective tube length for heat transfer (m)
Lt Length between tapings (m)
m Mass flow rate of water (kg/s)
Q Heat transfer rate (W)
V Volume flow rate (m3
/s)
q" Heat flux (W/m2
)
T Temperature (o
C)
Nu Nusselt number (-)
PrPrandtl number (-)
Re Reynolds number (-)
y Tape pitch (m)
w Tape width (m)
GREEK SYMBOLS
δ Tape thickness (m)
ρ Density of water (kg/m3
)
μ Dynamic viscosity of water (kg/m.s)
η Heat transfer enhancement efficiency (-)
SUBSCRIPT
b Bulk
e With insert
i Local value
in Inlet
out Outlet
wi Inner surface
s For smooth tube
wo Outer surface

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

2 | P a g e
1.1 Introduction
The technique of improving the performance of heat transfer system is referred to as heat transfer
enhancement. This leads to reduced size and cost of heat exchanger. Twisted tapes have been used
extensively as a swirl generator to enhance convection heat transfer rate in finding the way to reduce
the weight, size and cost of heat exchanger systems in several industrial applications such as chemical
engineering process, heat recovery process, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, chemical
reactors, power plant, and nuclear reactor etc. Tubes with twisted tape insert are also an important
group of the continuous swirling flow device that generates twin swirling flow motion over the whole
tube length of flow at constant heat transfer coefficient and friction factor. There are many devices
used for producing swirl flow in the tube such as helical vanes, helical grooved tube, helical screw-
tape, axial-radial guide vanes and snail entry while the twisted tape is one of the most popular group
because of low cost, low maintenance, low pressure loss and ease of construction. All of swirling flow
devices have been used to generate the tangential velocity, thin the boundary layer, enhance the
tangential and radial turbulent fluctuation, and therefore cause the increase in heat transfer rate and
friction loss inside tubes.
1.2 Multiple Process OF Heat Transfer
In general, the techniques for heat transfer enhancement can be divided into two categories.
 Active method
 Passive method
 Compound method
1.2.1 Active Method:
Active method, which requires extra external power sources, for example, mechanical aids,
surface-fluid vibration, injection and suction of the fluid, jet impingement, and use of electrostatic
fields.

3 | P a g e
1.2.2 Passive Method:
The other is the passive method, which requires no direct employment of the external power. The
passive method includes a surface coating, wavy surfaces, rough and extended surfaces, convoluted
(twisted) tube, additives for liquid and gases, turbulators (coil wire, conical ring and conical nozzle)
and swirl/vortex generators (twisted tape, helical screw tape, axial/radial guide vane, tangential inlet
nozzle and snail entrance). Swirl/vortex flow devices form an important group of passive
enhancement techniques. Twisted tape is one of the most important members of this group which is
employed extensively in many heat exchanging systems such as solar water heater, heat exchanger
system, refrigeration system, and chemical process industry.
1.2.3 Compound Method:
This method includes both the above mentioned techniques used simultaneously which would yield
greater enhancement in heat transfer than any one of the method used individually. It includes the
advantage of both active and passive methods.
1.3 Inspiration Behind This Research Study
In the past decades, many researches had been investigated the effect of geometry of twisted-tapes on
heat transfer and friction in a circular or rectangular tube in both experimental and numerical studies.
For the experimental work, Agarwalt and Raodetermined the influence of Prandtl
number (using Servotherm oil, Pr=195 to 375) on friction factor and heat transfer rate in a tube with
twisted tape inserts (y=2.41 to 4.84) under uniform wall temperature (heating and cooling) conditions.
Chang et al.investigated the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in tube fitted
with serrated twisted tape. In their work, the serrations on two edges of the twisted tape with twist
ratios of 1.56, 1.88, 2.81 and ∞ were the square-sectioned ribs with the identical rib pitch and height.
Saha et al.conducted the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of laminar flow in a tube fitted
with regularly spaced twisted-tape elements. Effects of the Reynolds number, Prandtl number, twist
ratio, space ratio, and rod-to tube diameter ratio on heat transfer rate were also reported.
Eiamsaard et al.studied the heat transfer and friction factor in a tube fitted with regularly spaced
twisted tape elements. Effects of the
1) Full length typical twisted tape at different twisted ratios

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2) Twisted tape with various free space ratios (S=1.0, 2.0, and 3.0) were reported.
Klaczakinvestigated the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics in tubes with a short single-turn
turbulator at different length ratios (S/d=2.9 to 4.4) and also compared with those obtained from tube
with turbulator mounted all over the tube.
From all the successful researches above, we had got inspired to research on heat transfer
enhancement using a different method which could help in advancement on heat transfer technology.
1.4 Causes Behind The Selection Of This Research Topic
Enhancement of heat transfer in a heat exchanger is widely applied in industries due to the need of
more compact heat exchanger, a lower operating cost, energy saving as well as ecological benefit.
Among many heat transfer enhancement techniques, utilization of perforated twisted tape and delta-
wing/delta-winglet vortex generators is a promising method. The approach possesses not only an
effective heat transfer enhancement but also the advantage of a low cost and an ease of installation.
Perforated twisted tapes have been extensively used as heat transfer enhancing devices in heat
exchangers. The important effects induced by the tapes are:
i. Swirl flow which improves fluid mixing,
ii. Helically twisting fluid motion which offers an effectively longer flow path
iii. Partitioning and blockage of the tube flow cross section which leads to a higher flow
velocity.
iv. An increase heat transfer area
v. An increase in the heat transfer co efficient
vi. Reduction of cost in industrial sectors
All the effects mentioned above are directly responsible for the improvement of heat transfer within
heat exchanger. And for these reasons this experimental research work has been chosen.
1.5 Advantages of Perforated Rotating Twisted Tape Insert for Heat
Enhancement
Heat transfer enhancement techniques are applied in many engineering applications for example heat
exchanger, air condition, heat recovery process, chemical reactor and refrigeration system, to improve
the heat transfer coefficient or thermal performance. The enhancement directly relates to the
reductions of the size and cost of involving equipment.

5 | P a g e
 Simple Design Of Perforated Twisted Tape:
The very main advantage is the simple design of the perforated twisted tape. Two types of
tape were used. One is fully twisted and the another is partially twisted with a lot of holes
which is known as perforation. The design of these perforated twisted tapes was very simple.
 Easy Maintenance:
There were a few components connected together to make the whole set up. These
components can be easily engaged and disengaged with other components. That‘s why the
components of the system can be easily checked and maintained.
 Increase Surface Area:
The important advantage of this experimental research work is the increasing surface area. By
perforating we had increased the surface area of the twisted tape as well as heat transfer area
of the twisted tape.
 Reduction Of Cost:
The maintenance cost can be lowered with efficient design of part removal .components. As it
can increase the heat transfer surface , so no additional heat transfer equipment is required for
achieving the same efficiency.
 Higher Heat Transfer Coefficient:
According to study, it is found that these systems would yield greater heat transfer …
coefficient than other conventional system.
 Design Compare:
In this experimental study we have done our research work basing on two different design of
twisted tape. So from the experimental work we can decide which design is more perfect than
other and which design is more suitable for industrial use
 Quick Response:

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A number of temperature sensors were used in this experimental research work. And we got
quick data as well as accurate data by the help of ―C‖ programming language. And it was a
huge advantage of this experimental study.
The main goal of these researches is to reduce the thermal resistance and improve performance of
thermal devices. Among various studies, passive heat transfer enhancement using twisted tapes have
significantly shown good results. In our study, we developed an experimental facility to observe the
heat transfer properties for forced convection heat transfer through circular tube with rotating
perforated twisted tape insert where the fluid was passed at various flow rates.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The history of heat has a prominent place in the history of science. It traces its origins to the
first hominids to make fire and to speculate on its operation and meaning to modern
day physicists who study the microscopic nature of heat. The phenomenon of heat and its definition

8 | P a g e
through mythological theories of fire, to heat, to Terra pinguis, phlogiston, to fire air, to caloric, to
the theory of heat, to the mechanical equivalent of heat, to Thermos-dynamics (sometimes
calledenergetics) to thermodynamics. The history of heat is a precursor for developments and theories
in the history of thermodynamics.
2.1 Early Views:
The ancients viewed heat as that related to fire. The ancient Egyptians in 3000 BC viewed heat as
related to origin mythologies. One example, is the theory of the Ogdoad, or the ―primordial forces‖,
from which all was formed. These were the elements of chaos, numbered in eight, that existed before
the creation of the sun.[1]
The first to have put forward a semblance of a theory on heat was the Greek
philosopher Heraclitus who lived around 500 BC in the city of Ephesus in Ionia, Asia Minor. He
became famous as the "flux and fire" philosopher for his proverbial utterance: "All things are
flowing." Heraclitus argued that the three principal elements in nature were fire, earth, and water. Of
these three, however, fire is assigned as the central element controlling and modifying the other two.
The universe was postulated to be in a continuous state of flux or permanent condition of change as a
result of transformations of fire. Heraclitus summarized his philosophy as: "All things are an
exchange for fire."
As early as 460 BC Hippocrates, the father of medicine, postulated that:
Heat, a quantity which functions to animate, derives from an internal fire located in the left ventricle.
In the 11th century AD, AbūRayhānBīrūnī cites movement and friction as causes of heat, which in
turn produces the element of fire, and a lack of movement as the cause of cold near the geographical
poles:
The earth and the water form one globe, surrounded on all sides by air. Then, since much of the air is
in contact with the sphere of the moon, it becomes heated in consequence of the movement and
friction of the parts in contact. Thus there is produced fire, which surrounds the air, less in amount in
the proximity of the poles owing to the slackening of the movement there.[2]
In the 13th century, the Islamic philosopher and theologian ʻAbd Allah Baydawi considered two
possibilities for the cause of heat:

9 | P a g e
a) That [natural heat] would be the heat of a fiery atom that is broken, and b) that heat may occur
through motion-change, the proof of this being through experiment.[3]
In 1253, a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated:
Avicenna says in his book of heaven and earth, that heat is generated from motion in external
things.[4]
Around 1600, the English philosopher and scientist Francis Bacon surmised that:
Heat itself, its essence and quiddity is motion and nothing else.
This echoed the mid-17th-century view of English scientist Robert Hooke, who stated:
Heat being nothing else but a brisk and vehement agitation of the parts of a body.
18th century
In 1761, Scottish chemist Joseph Black discovered that ice absorbs heat without changing temperature
when melting. From this he concluded that the heat must have combined with the ice particles and
become latent. Between 1759 and 1763 he formulated a theory of latent heat on which his scientific
fame chiefly rests, and also showed that different substances have different specific heats. James
Watt, who later invented the Watt engine, was Black's pupil and assistant.
The ability to use heat transfer to perform work allowed the invention and development of the steam
engine by inventors such as Thomas Newcomen and James Watt. In addition, in 1797 a cannon
manufacturer Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford demonstrated through the use of friction that
it was possible to convert work to heat. He designed a specially shaped cannon barrel, thoroughly
insulated against heat loss, then replaced the sharp boring tool with a dull drill bit, and immersed the
front part of the gun in a tank of water. To the amazement of observers, he brought cold water to a
boil within two and one half hours, without the use of fire.[5]
Several theories on the nature of heat were developed. In the 17th century, Johann Becher proposed
that heat was associated with an undetectable material called phlogiston which was driven out of a

10 | P a g e
substance when it was burnt. This was finally refuted by Lavoisier demonstrating the importance of
oxygen in burning in 1783.[6] He proposed instead the caloric theory which saw heat as a type of
weightless, invisible fluid that moved when out of equilibrium.[7] This theory was used in 1824 by
the French engineer Sadi Carnot when he published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire. He set
forth the importance of heat transfer: "production of motive power is due not to an actual consumption
of caloric, but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body, i.e. to its re-establishment of
equilibrium." According to Carnot, this principle applies to any machine set in motion by heat.[8]
Another theory was the kinetic theory of gases, the basis of which was laid out in 1738 by the Swiss
physician and mathematician Daniel Bernoulli in his Hydrodynamica. In this work, Bernoulli first
proposed that gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions, that their impact
on a surface causes the gas pressure.[9] The internal energy of a substance is the sum of the kinetic
energy associated with each molecule, and heat transfer occurs from regions with energetic molecules,
and so high internal energy, to those with less energetic molecules, and so lower internal energy.
19th century
The work of Joule and Mayer demonstrated that heat and work were equivalent forms of energy, and
led to the statement of the principle of the conservation of energy by Hermann von Helmholtz in
1847. Clausius demonstrated in 1850 that caloric theory could be reconciled with kinetic theory
provided that the conservation of energy was employed rather than the movement of a substance, and
stated the First Law of Thermodynamics.
In 1851, William Thomson outlined the essentially modern view, as based on recent experiments by
those such as James Joule on the dynamical theory of heat, that:[10]
Heat is not a substance, but a dynamical form of mechanical effect.
On this view, he argued that we must "perceive that there must be an equivalence between mechanical
work and heat, as between cause and effect.‖[10]
20th century
Heat in modern terms, is generally defined as a type of energy transferred due to a temperature
difference or that generated by friction.
2.2 Twisted Tape Enhancement

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Twisted tapes are an additional type of turbulator that CALGAVIN manufactures. Similar to hiTRAN
Wire Matrix Elements, twisted tapes can also be installed as retrofits or for new designs of heat
exchangers.
Twisted tape is a historically well-known heat transfer enhancement product, and as such a variety of
heat transfer and pressure drop correlations are available in the public domain. For that reason
CALGAVIN does not offer a thermal performance guarantee for this enhancement device.
Common awareness of twisted tapes is that the enhancement is achieved by inducing swirl flow of the
tube side fluid, resulting in higher near wall velocities and mixing of fluids thereby enhancing the heat
transfer coefficient.
A reasonable flow velocity is required in order to induce effective swirl flow, for that reason twisted
tapes are most effective in turbulent flows with limited pressure drop. Under laminar flow conditions
the improvements achieved are limited. hiTRAN thermal systems are more efficient under these flow
conditions.
The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics can be varied by changing the twist pitch of the
device. Typical twist pitch ratios possible to manufacture (360o twist pitch / tape width) are between 6
and 18. The width of the tape is specified to allow a small gap between the tape and the tube wall. Big
clearances between tube wall and twisted tapes can cause bypass flow and thermal underperformance.
To secure the tapes a key wire connecting the twisted tapes can be passed through the holes provided
at both ends of the tape (see picture). If required CALGAVIN can provide supervision service for
installation.
CALGAVIN can produce twisted tapes to bespoke design specifications. For enquiries please specify
the required twisted tape twist ratio, tape thickness and tape width and also the material requirements.
2.3 Recent Researches and Development
With a view to obtain higher heat transfer, many researchers have been trying to develop an efficient
design for many years. The research on heat transfer enhancement using twisted tape can be broadly
divided into three group i.e. plain twisted tape, modified twisted tape and modified twisted tape
geometry. With reference to a review paper on twisted tape heat transfer enhancement prepared by
Kumar et al. [39] the following summery on all the researches on twisted tape heat transfer
enhancement is presented.

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Behabadietal.[1]experimentallyinvestigatedthe heattransfercoefficientsandpressure drop during
condensation of HFC-134a in a horizontal tube fitted with twisted tape. The refrigerant flows in the
inner copper and the cooling water flows in annulus. Also empirical correlations were developed to
predict smooth tube and swirl flow pressure drop.
SyamSundar and Sharma [2] investigated the thermo physical properties like thermal conductivity and
viscosity of Al2O3nanofluid is determined through experiments at different volume concentrations and
temperatures. From the result it is observed that, heat transfer coefficients and friction factor is higher
when compared to water i n a plain tube. Also, a generalized regression equation is developed with
the experimental data for the estimation of friction factor and Nusselt number.
Promvonge et al. [3] experimentally investigated the heat transfer rate, friction factor and thermo
hydraulic efficiency of the combined devices of twisted tape and wire coil. The experiment is carried
out by arranging in two different forms: (1) Decreasing coil and (2) Decreasing and increasing coil
while the twisted tape was prepared with two different twist ratios.
Klaczak [4] investigated experimentally the heat transfer for laminar flow of water in an air cooled
vertical copper pipe with twisted tape inserts of various pitch value. The tests were executed for
laminar flow within a range of Reynolds number (110 ≤Re ≤ 1500), Graetz number (8.1 ≤ Gz ≤ 82.0)
and twist ratio (1.62≤ y ≤ 5.29). Result shows that the heat transfer increases with increase in twisted
tape pitch value.
Ferroni et al. [5] experimentally analyzed, the isothermal pressure drop tests, were performed on
horizontal round tube with equally spaced and short-length twisted tape. Various test are made with a
range of twist ratio (1.5 ≤ y ≤ 6) and various spacing between two twisted tapes (30 ≤ S≤ 50). The
Darcy friction factor associated with the tested twist ratios and spacing between two twisted tapes
combinations was calculated, and a relation correlating this factor to Reynolds number, twist ratio and
spacing between two twisted tapes was developed.
Changhong Chen et al. [6] analyzed the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling for the
optimization of regularly spaced short-length twisted tape in a circular tube. The configuration
parameters are given by the spacing between two twisted tapes, twist ratio and twist angle. The result
is made such that the mean heat transfer and flow resistance increase with an increase in twist angle.
Yadav [7] experimentally investigated on the half-length twisted tape insertion on heat transfer &
pressure drop characteristics in a U-bend double pipe heat exchanger. The experimental results
revealed that the increase in heat transfer rate of the twisted tape inserts is found to be strongly
influenced by tape-induced swirl.

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Eiamsa-ard et al. [8] made a comparative investigation of enhanced heat transfer and pressure loss by
insertion of single twisted tape, full-length dual twisted tape and regularly- spaced dual twisted tape as
swirl generators. The result shows that all dual twisted tape with free spacing yield lower heat transfer
enhancement in comparison with the full-length dual twisted tape.
Hata and Masuzakib [9] investigated the twisted tape induced swirl flow heat transfer due to
exponentially increasing heat inputs with various exponential periods and the twisted tape-induced
pressure drop were systematically measured. The influence of twist ratio and Reynolds number based
on swirl velocity, ‗Resw‘ on the twisted tape-induced swirl flow heat transfer was investigated and
predictable correlation was derived.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [10] studied the influences of multiple twisted tape vortex generators (MT-VG) on
the heat transfer and fluid friction characteristics in a rectangular channel From the experiment it is
revealed that, the channel with the twist ratio and spacing between two twisted tapes provides higher
heat transfer rate and pressure loss than those with the larger twist ratio and free-spacing ratio under
similar operation condition.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [11] an experimental study on the mean Nusselt number; friction factor and thermal
performance factor in a round tube with short-length twisted tape insert. The full-length twisted tape
is inserted into the tested tube at a single twist ratio of 4.0 while the short-length tapes mounted at the
entry test section. The experimental result indicates that the presence of the tube with short-length
twisted tape insert yields higher heat transfer rate.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [12] mathematically investigated the swirl flow in a tube induced by loose-fit
twisted tape insertion. Effects of the clearance ratio on Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal
performance factor are numerically investigated for twisted tape at two different twist ratios.
Thianpong et al. [13] investigated experimentally the friction and compound heat transfer behaviors in
a dimpled tube fitted with a twisted tape swirl generator, using air as working fluid. The experiments
are conducted by using two dimpled tubes with different pitch ratios and three twisted tapes with three
different twist ratios. It is reveal that both heat transfer coefficient and friction factor in the dimpled
tube fitted with the twisted tape, are higher than those in the dimple tube acting alone and plain tube.
Promvonge and Eiamsa-ard [14] investigated thermal characteristics in a circular tube fitted with
conical-ring and a twisted tape swirl generator. The experimental results reveal that the tube fitted
with the conical-ring and twisted tape provides Nusselt number values of around 4 to 10% and
enhancement efficiency of 4 to 8% higher than that with the conical-ring alone.

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Mengna et al. [15] investigated experimentally the Pressure drop and compound heat transfer
characteristics of a converging-diverging tube with evenly spaced twisted tape (CD- T tube). Swirl
was generated by evenly spaced twisted-tape elements which vary in twist ratio and rotation angle.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [16] experimentally investigated on the Heat transfer enhancement and friction
factor characteristics in a double pipe heat exchanger fitted with regularly twisted tape insert. By
comparing the result with plain tube, it is evident that the heat transfer coefficient increased with twist
ratio and spacing between two twisted tapes.
Saha et al. [17] experimentally investigated the heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop
characteristics in the tube with regularly spaced twisted tape element. From the result, it is observed
that ‗Pinching‘ of tape rather than in connecting the tape element with rods is better proposition from
thermo hydraulic point of view.
Wei Liu et al. [18] investigated numerically the heat transfer enhancement and friction factor
characteristics of laminar flow in a tube with short-width and center cleared twisted tape. It is given
that center cleared twisted tape is good technique in lamina flow and the heat transfer can be enhanced
with a change in central clearance ratio.
Eiamsa-ardandwongcharee [19] experimentally investigated heat transfer enhancement, friction factor
and thermal performance factor characteristics of CuO/water nanofluid and modified twisted tape
with alternate axis. The use of nanofluid with the twisted tape with alternate axis provides
considerably higher Nusselt number and thermal performance factor than that of nanofluid with the
peripherally cut twisted tape.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [20] studied the effect of Nusseltnumber, friction factor and thermal performance
factor behaviors of tubes fitted with clockwise and counter clockwise twisted tape with alternate axis.
The results reveal that, Nusseltnumber, friction factor and thermal performance factor associated by
twisted tape with alternate axis are higher than thoseassociatedbyperipherally cut wistedtape.
Murugesan et al. [21] investigated experimentally the Heat transfer enhancement, friction factor and
thermal performance factor characteristics of tube fitted with V-cut twisted tape. The obtained results
show that the mean Nusselt number and the mean friction factor in the tube with V-cut twisted tape
increases with in decrease twist ratio.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [22] experimentally investigated the influences on Nusselt number, friction factor
and thermal performance factor of twin-counter/co-twisted tapes fitted in tube. The twin counter tapes
are used as counter-swirl flow generators while co-twisted tapes are used as co-swirl flow generators.

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The results also show that the twin counter tapes are more efficient than the co-twisted tapes for heat
transfer enhancement.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [23] presented an experimental study of turbulent heat transfer and flow friction
characteristics in a circular tube equipped with coaxial counter clockwise twisted tape. The results
shows that the heat transfer enhancement of the coaxial counter clockwise twisted tape increases with
the decrease of twist ratio and the increase of twist angle values.
Zhang and Mao [24] carried out the 3D numerical and experimental study of the heat transfer
characteristics and the pressure drop of air flow in a circular tube with Edge fold- Twisted Tape and
Serrated twisted tape inserts. From the experimental study it is found that the thermo hydraulic
efficiency slowly decreases as the ‗y‘ and spacing between two twisted tapes increases.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [25] presented an investigation of the effect of twisted tape with serrated edge insert.
The use of the serrated twisted tape leads to higher heat transfer rate and friction factor than that of the
twisted tape for all cases. The thermal performance factor of the serrated twisted tape tube under
constant pumping power is above unity.
Saha [26] experimentally studied the heat transfer and the pressure drop characteristics of rectangular
and square ducts with twisted tape insert with oblique teeth. From experiment it is found that, the
axial corrugation in combination with twisted tape with oblique teeth performs better than those
without oblique teeth.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [27] experimentally studied the effects of the twisted tapes consisting of centre wing
and alternate axis twisted tape in a tube. It is found that, Nusselt number, friction factor, thermal
performance factor provided by the center wing and alternate axis twisted tape is higher than other
type of tapes.
Eiamsa-ard and Seemawute [28]experimentally investigated the effect of peripheral cut- alternate axis
twisted tape on the fluid flow and heat transfer enhancement characteristic. From the result, it is
revealed that the peripheral cut- alternate axis twisted tape offer the maximum thermal performances
at constant pumping power.
Eiamsa-ardetal.[29]investigatedHeattransferenhancement,frictionfactorand thermal performance
factor characteristics in a tube fitted with delta winglet twisted tape. Influences of the oblique
straight–delta winglet twisted tape and straight–delta winglet twisted tape arrangements are also
described. The obtained results show that the thermal performance factor in the tube with oblique–
delta winglet twisted tape is greater than that with straight–delta winglet twisted tape.

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Eiamsa-ard et al. [30] investigated the Effects of peripherally cut twisted tape insert on heat transfer,
friction factor and thermal performance factor characteristics in a round tube. Nine different
peripherally cut twisted tape with twist ratio, different depth ratio and different width ratio were
tested. From the result, it is revealed that Nusseltnumber, friction factor and thermal performance
factor are found to be increased with depth ratio and width ratio.
Radhakrishnan et al. [31] made experimental investigation on heat enhancement, friction factor and
thermal performance factor of thermo syphon solar water heater system fitted with full- length twist,
twist fitted with rod and spacer fitted at the trailing edge. Conclusions made from the results show that
heat transfer enhancement in twisted tape collector are higher than the plain tube.
Bharatdwaj et al. [32] experimentally determined pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of
flow of water in a 75 start spirally grooved tube with twisted tape insert are presented. It is found heat
transfer enhancement in spiral tube is higher when compared to plain tube.
Chang et al. [33] experimental study that comparatively examined the spiky twisted-tape insert (swirl
tube) placed in a tube. The dispersed rising air bubbles in the plain tube and the centrifugal-force
induced coherent spiral stream of coalesced bubbles in the swirl-tube core considerably modify the
pressure-drop and heat-transfer performances from the single-phase conditions.
Eiamsa-ard et al. [34] experimentally investigated the heat transfer enhancement and friction factor
effect in coaxial-counter clockwise twisted tape in heat exchanger. The experimental result revealed
that heat transfer rate and friction factor is high compared to peripherally cut.
Chang et al. [35] experimentally examined the turbulent heat transfer in a swinging tube with a
serrated twisted tube insert undersea going conditions. This swirl tube swings about two orthogonal
axes under single and compound rolling and pitching oscillations. Synergistic effects of compound
rolling and pitching oscillations with either harmonic or non-harmonic rhythms improve heat transfer
performances.
Murugesan.et al. [36] experimentally investigated the heat transfer and friction factor characteristics
of trapezoidal–cut twisted tape with twist ratio between 4.0 and 6.0. From the experiment it is
revealed, that there was a significant increase in heat transfer coefficient and friction factor for tape
with trapezoidal-cut.
Chang et al. [37] Studied experimentally on compound heat transfer enhancement in a tube fitted with
serrated twisted tape. The serrations on two sides of the twisted tape with twist ratio twist ratio of
1.56, 1.88, and 2.81 are the square-sectioned ribs with the identical rib-pitch and rib-height. From the
experiment it is revealed that the friction factor and heat transfer rate is comparatively high than
peripherally cut twisted tube.

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Chang et al. [38] made an experimental study in measuring the axial heat transfer distributions and the
pressure drop coefficients of the tube fitted with broken twisted tube. From the experimental result it
is revealed that local Nusselt number and mean friction factor in the tube fitted with the broken
twisted tube increase as the twist ratio decreases.
The objective of this study is to observe the variation of heat transfer rate and its heat transfer
enhancement efficiency under various RPM of plain twisted tube and flow rate of flowing fluid
(Water). The experiments are done to verify the effects of various relevant parameters on the setup.

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CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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3.1 General Aspect:
A combination of a copper tube with a swirling perforated twisted tape insert generally increases its
heat transfer rate. Inserts refer to the additional arrangement made as an obstacle to fluid flow so as to
augment heat transfer. In this chapter the details of the different components for the experimental
setup, experimental facility, experimental procedure, measuring the procedure of temperature, effect
of inserted perforated twisted tapes, the length of twisted portion have been enlisted.
3.2 Experimental Facility:
The experimental facility consists of test section, inlet housing, outlet portion, perforated twisted tape
rotating process, water supply system, heating arrangement and temperature measurement system. An
experimental facility has been designed, fabricated and installed to collected data for this research.
3.3 Arrangement of components of this experimental study:
i. Principal components for the experimental research;
 Circular tube
 Inserts
 Fully twisted
 Partially twisted
 Inlet housing
 Outlet portion
 Supporting stands
 Water pump
 DC and AC motor
 V-belt
 Temperature sensor(LM35)
ii. Auxiliary components for the experimental research:
 Heating apparatus
 Nichrome wire
 Variable voltage regulator
 Power supply unit
 Insulating materials

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 Mica tape
 Asbestos tape
 Heat insulating foam tape
 Tachometer
 Hose clamp
 Nipple
 Gasket
 Hose pipe
 Water flow regulator valve
iii. Other accessories for the experimental research:
 Soldering iron
 Filler metal
 Arduino mega 2560
 Arduino 1.0.5 compiler
 Glue gun
 Electric connection board
 Electric wire
 Multimeter
 Laptop
 Thread seal tape
 Nut and bolt
 Water container
 China pudding
 Power strip
 Wooden frame
 Emery paper

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3.4 Visual perception of the experimental setup:
Figure 3.1: Visual perception of the experimental setup
3.5 Principal components for this experimental research:
3.5.1Circular tube:
In this experimental research, a copper tube with a cross sectional area has been used. Cu has
been used because of its softness, ductility with a very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
The length of the copper tube was 1280 millimeter. The outside and the inside diameter of the
copper tube were 43 millimeter and 39 millimeter respectively. And the test section was
considered 1000 millimeter within the some pipe. The thread portion was about 25 millimeter on
the copper tube.

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Figure3.2: copper tube used in the experimental study
Figure 3.3: AUTO CAD view of the copper tube specifying different parts
3.5.2 Inserts:

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Twisted tape is the main part of this experiment. There are many researches using various types of
twisted tape. In this experimental research two types of twisted perforated tape were used. One was
fully twisted and in the another one there was a small straight portion in the middle in the twisted
tape. But in both case the tape was fully perforated. The perforated twisted tape was made of stainless
steel.
 Fully twisted tape:
Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics can be varied by changing the twist pitch of the
device. A thin rectangular flat bar of thickness 2.5 mm was twisted around its longitudinal axis with a
pitch of 152.4 mm and twist ratio 60.96. The material of the twisted tape was stainless steel. The
twisted tape had specially designed ends so that it can be used to clamp for rotating purpose.
Figure 3.4: Solid Works view of the twisted tape
Figure 3.5: clear perforated view of the fully twisted tape (solid works

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 Partially twisted tape:
The material of this twisted tape was also stainless steel. The thickness of the bar, pitch and twisted
ratio was same. But the only difference was in design. Here one third portion of the tape was twisted,
one third portion of the tape was straight and the rest of the portion was twisted.
Figure 3.6: Solid works design of partial twisted tape
3.5.3 Inlet housing:
Inlet housing is one of the important parts in this experimental setup. It has been properly designed for
entering the water smoothly, perfectly coupling the motor with the pulley using v-belt without
creating any hindrance of the rotational system of the twisted tape and for measuring the inlet water
temperature. There was a threaded portion inside the inlet housing by which it was attached with the
test section. Two internal ridges were attached with the help of nut and bolt in the inlet housing which
had to be water sealed by gasket.
Figure 3.7: solid works view of the inlet housing with ridg

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Figure 3.8: cross section of the inlet housing (solid works)
Figure 3.9: Threaded portion of the inlet housing inside (solid works)

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Figure 3.10: Real view of the inlet housing
Figure 3.11: comparative view of the inlet housing parts (solid works VS real view)

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Figure 3.12: Final view of the inlet housing attached with the perforated twisted tape
3.5.4 Outlet portion:
The outlet portion design was simple. It was designed only for discharging the water from the test
section and measuring the outlet water temperature. There was a threaded part inside the outlet
portion by which the end portion of the test section was attached with it.
Figure3.13: solid works design of outlet portion

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3.5.5 Supporting stand:
Two supporting stands were designed to hold the copper tube with perforated twisted tape insert and
to carry out the motor for proper coupling with the pulley. The material of the Supporting stand was
stainless steel with was coated with black color for resisting corrosion due to chemical reaction with
the environment. A clamp was set on the upper portion of the stand to hold the circular copper pipe in
its own position and to prevent vibration.
Figure3.14: Supporting stand

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Figure 3.15: Supporting stand with clamping on the top
3.5.6 Water pump:
A high performance water pump was used in this experimental setup for maintaining the water flow
through the test section while heating. In this case a centrifugal pump was used. Generally a
centrifugal pump needs priming to start the water flow. So the centrifugal pump was primed properly
before priming. The specifications of the pump used are given below,
Table 3.1: ANCHOR SHALLOW TUBEWELL PUMP
Variables Values
Model STP-60
Voltage 220V
Suction Lift 6.75M
Power 0.5 HP
Frequency 50 Hz
Maximum Head 5.75 m
Made In China

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Figure 3.16: Water Pump
3.5.7 DC motor & AC motor:
Both the DC and Ac motor were used in this experimental research for the variation of RPM. A
capacitor was connected with the DC motor for storing electrical energy to protect the motor from
overloading. And the AC motor was controlled by AC motor controller which mainly controls the
RPM of the motor by controlling the voltage.
Figure 3.17: DC motor (Yokogawa Sertec Co. Ltd.)
3.5.8 V-belt:

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In this experimental setup V-belt was used for the proper coupling between the motor pulley and the
other pulley connected with the rotating tape. V belts solved the slippage and alignment problem. It is
now the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best combination of traction, speed of
movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are generally endless. And their general
cross-section shape is trapezoidal. Hence they are called V-belt.
Figure 3.18: V belt
3.5.9 Temperature sensor (LM35):

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The LM35 sensors are the precision integrated circuit temperature devices which can give an output
voltage linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device doesn‘t require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C
cover a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. In this experimental setup temperature sensor LM35
was used for measuring the temperature of the test section with inlet and outlet temperature. LM35
sensor is a microcontroller based sensor which was operated by ‗C‘ programming language. For
measuring the temperature of the test section, it was divided into six portions for gaining the six
different temperatures at a time. And for measuring the inlet and outlet temperature of the water,
LM35 sensor had been made water proof for acquiring the highest security from creating short circuit.
The sensors were calibrated with the room temperature before starting the experimental procedure.
And this was done by proper and effective coding.
Generally LM35 gives an output voltage in return of an input signal. And with the help of coding the
output voltage was converted into degree Celsius. LM35 sensor has a property to indicate 1°C change
in temperature corresponding to 10 mV change in voltage.
Figure 3.19: Temperature sensor LM35

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Figure 3.20: Specification of LM35
Figure 3.21: Necessary connections of LM35

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3.5.9.1 Program (coding) for temperature measurement
float Temp_Sensor_Value[8]={0};
float offset[8]={2,0,0,1,2,-1,0,0}; // define offset value
float val=0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void Temp_Sensor_Reading()
{
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<99;j++)
{
val=analogRead(i); // reading ADC value
val=(val/1024.0)*5.00; // ADC value converting into Voltage
val=val*1000; // Voltage converting into MiliVolts
val=val/10; // Step size 10mv per 1 degree
Temp_Sensor_Value[i]=Temp_Sensor_Value[i]+val;
}
Temp_Sensor_Value[i]=Temp_Sensor_Value[i]/100.0;
Temp_Sensor_Value[i]=Temp_Sensor_Value[i]-offset[i];
}
}
void loop()
{
Temp_Sensor_Reading();
for(int i=0;i<8;i++)
{
Serial.print("Temp");
Serial.print(i+1);
Serial.print("=");

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Serial.print(Temp_Sensor_Value[i]);
Serial.print(" ");
}
Serial.println();
delay(1000);
}
3.6 Auxiliary components for the experimental research:
3.6.1 Heating Apparatus:
 Nichrome wire:
Basically Nichrome wire is an alloy of nickel, chromium, and often iron which generally
consists of 80% nickel and 20% chrome. Because of Nichrome wire‘s high internal
resistance, it heats up rapidly when applying electricity and also cools rapidly when shut off
or removed from a heat source. It maintains its strength as the temperature rises and has a
higher melting point than other wire. It does not oxidize or corrode, and is non-magnetic and
highly flexible.
.
Figure3.22: Nichrome wire

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Figure 3.23: Nichrome wire wrapping on the copper pipe
 Variable voltage regulator:
Variable voltage regulator provides variable voltage to run different types of operations or the
operation that requires different voltage in times. We used voltages ranges from 170-220 volts by
this power source. It is connected to the power supply unit to provide variable power (heat input)
by varying voltage output.

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Figure 3.24: variable voltage regulator
Table3.2: Variable voltage regulator specification
ITEM specification
Phase 3ɸ
Rated
capacity
300
volt
Rated
frequency
60
Hz
Input voltage 220
volt

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 Power supply unit:
In this experimental study AC power supply was used for heating the nichrome wire with a
voltage of 220 volts. And the frequency of this power supply was 50 Hz.
Figure 3.25: Main power supply unit
3.6.2 Insulating materials:
 Mica tape:
Mica tape is made of mica paper and reinforcements bonded with small amount of epoxy
adhesive. It has good resin impregnation properties, and most suited to building an insulation
system. Mica tape was used in this experimental research to offer the high temperature
performance, reliability and durability needed to insulate copper pipe from extreme
temperatures and other demanding environments. Von Roll's commitment to mica starts with
mining, followed by the very specialized field of producing paper from a mineral and
finishing with the production of special mica tapes as well as mica ancillary parts. Von Roll
uses two types of mica, phlogopite and muscovite, for a variety of applications and depending
on the needed thermal and electrical characteristic, mainly in:
I. Electrical and thermal insulation of electrical machines
II. Thermal insulation of equipment that is subject to extremely high temperatures, such
as induction ovens
III. Insulation of cable for fire resistance

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Figure3.26: Mica tape
Figure 3.27: wrapped Mica tape on the copper pipe

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 Asbestos tape:
Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals, which all have in common their
eponymousasbestiformhabit: long (roughly 1:20 aspect ratio), thin fibrouscrystals, with each
visible fiber composed of millions of microscopic "fibrils" that can be released by abrasion
and other processes.
They are commonly known by their colors, as blue asbestos, brown asbestos, white asbestos,
and green asbestos.
In this experimental study white asbestos was used for heat insulation. Asbestos was wrapped
on the upper portion of the copper tube so that heat generated by the nichrome wire was
properly insulated inside the asbestos tape.
Figure 3.28: wrapped asbestos tape on the upper surface of coppe

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 Heat insulating foam tape:
Heat insulating foam tape was used for heat insulation and the adhesive side of the tape
helped it to wrap on the asbestos perfectly. Hence the experimental setup was more
insulated.
Figure 3.29: Heat insulating adhesive tape
Figure 3.30: wrapping process of heat insulating adhesive foam tape

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Figure 3.31: Fully wrapped heat insulating foam tape
3.6.3 Tachometer:
It is also known as RPM controller. A tachometer can measure the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as
in a motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute (RPM) on a
calibrated analogue dial, but digital displays are increasingly common. In this experimental research
tachometer was used for measuring the speed of the motor shaft. Here motor shaft speed was kept
minimum for better feedback.
The first mechanical tachometers were based on measuring the centrifugal force, similar to the
operation of a centrifugal governor. The inventor is assumed to be the German engineer Dietrich
Uhlhorn; he used it for measuring the speed of machines in 1817. Since 1840, it has been used to
measure the speed of locomotives.

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Figure 3.32: Tachometer
3.6.4 Hose clamp:
This is a mechanical device which was used for preventing the water leakage. It was round in shape
and was fixed with the hose pipe to prevent the flow of water coming outside. Thus it helped to
maintain a constant flow rate.
Figure 3.33: Hose clamp

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3.6.5 Nipple:
It is also a mechanical device which was used in pump fittings. To attach the hose pipe with the pump
nipple is a compulsory device. Here we needed two nipples for engaging the hose pipe. One was for
inlet connection and another was for outlet connection.
Figure3.34: Nipple
3.6.6 Gasket:
Gasket is a shaped piece or ring of rubber or other material sealing the junction between two surfaces
in an engine or other device. It is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating
surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression.
Gaskets for specific applications, such as
I. high pressure steam systems,
II. May contain asbestos.
III. Due to health hazards associated with asbestos exposure, non-asbestos gasket materials are
used when practical.

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In this experimental study three layers of gasket was used for preventing water leakage from the
flanges. That‘s why it was possible to take several error free reading without any water leakage.
Figure 3.35: Type E insulating gasket
3.6.7 Hose pipe:
Generally hose pipe is robust, flexible, ultra light. It‘ soft & flex technology provides superb
resistance to kinking. Hose pipe is weather proof with UV and it has frost protection. In our
experimental research hose pipe was used for water circulating. The total length of the hose pipe was
25 feet. 13 feet was used for inlet housing and 12 feet was used for outlet housing. Hose pipe was
used in outlet housing for discharging the water outside of the experimental area. Hose pipe was
attached tightly with the inlet housing by using nozzle.

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Figure3.36: Hose pipe
Figure 3.37: Connection of hose pipe
3.6.8 Water flow regulator valve:
This is an important mechanical device by which water flow can be controlled according to ones
demand by rotating its handle clockwise and anti clockwise. It was made of stainless steel. We varied
the water flow rate several times during experimental research for achieving the precision result. At
inlet the speed of water flow was very fast that‘s why it might damage the setup or create leakage, but
by varying water flow rate by using water flow regulator these unnecessary problems were
minimized.

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Figure 3.38: Water valve regulator
3.7 Other accessories for the experimental research:
3.7.1 Soldering Iron:
A soldering iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt solder so that it can flow into
the joint between two work pieces. A soldering iron is composed of a heated metal tip and an
insulated handle. Heating is often achieved electrically, by passing an electric current through a
resistive heating element. Cordless irons can be heated by combustion of gas stored in a small tank,
often using a catalytic heater rather than a flame. Simple irons less commonly used than in the past
were simply a large copper bit on a handle, heated in a flame.
In our experimental research soldering iron was used to solder the temperature sensor LM35 with the
electric wire so that it had a strong bond and there was less probability to disconnect this connection.

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Figure 3.39: Soldering Iron
3.7.2 Filler metal:
Filler metals are alloys or unalloyed metals which, when heated, liquefy and melt to flow into the
space between two close fitting parts, creating a brazed or soldered joint. A filler metal has suitable
melting and flow properties to permit distribution by capillary attraction in properly prepared joints.
Filler metals produce joints that meet service requirements, such as strength and corrosion resistance.
They also meet the specifications of the American Welding Society (AWS), The American Society
for Testing Materials (ASTM), and in nearly all cases, ISO standards as well. Standard filler metals
include tin, lead, silver, lead-free, cadmium-free, sil-phos, copper, aluminum, nickel, and jeweler‘s
gold. Filler metals are found in solid form (such as rings and wire, slugs, washers, powder), as well as
paste. Fusion filler metals are atomized into powder form and mixed with flux into a paste
composition.
In this experimental research filler metal was used to connect the temperature sensor with the electric
wire tightly by melting it with the help of soldering iron.

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Figure 3.40: Filler metal
3.7.3 Arduino mega 2560:
Arduino mega 2560 is a data acquisition unit. It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560.
It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4
UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible with most shields designed for the Uno and the former
boards Duemilanove or Diecimila.
In this experimental study Arduino mega 2560 was used for loading the necessary codes and creating
an interface unit with computer.

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Figure 3.41: Arduino Mega 2560 with connection
3.7.4 Arduino 1.0.5 compiler:
This is a software device. Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message
area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to
the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are written in the
text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and
for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also
displays errors. The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete
error messages and other information. The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create,
open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.
Generally Arduino Compiler is used for compile the ‗C‘ programming language and load it on the
Arduino board which is known as data acquisition unit.
In our experimental research Arduino 1.0.5 compiler was used for checking the ‗C‘ programming
language and burn that on the mega 2560.

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Figure 3.42: Arduino compiler
3.7.5 Glue gun:
A glue gun is a very useful tool for joining modeling materials and even more substantial materials
can be fixed together with it. 'Sticks' of solid glue are pushed into the back of the gun, the trigger is
pressed pushing the glue stick forward and molten glue comes out of the nozzle.Glue guns come in
low-temperature and high-temperature (hot-melt) versions. Low-temperature glue guns operate at
approximately 120 °C (248 °F) and are well suited when high temperatures are undesirable, such as
gluing lace and cloth.It dries clear and is waterproof. Bottom Line: Cyanoacrylates are good for

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projects involving: wood, metal, ceramic, leather, glass, and some plastic where bond line is very
tight. Hot glue: The melting and cooling of polymers provides the methods of delivery and adhesion
for hot melt adhesives.
In this experimental research glue gun was used for making the temperature sensor water proof. For
that reason it was possible to take the inlet and outlet temperature with the help of LM35.
Figure 3.43: Glue gun with glue sticks
3.7.6 Electric connection board:
An electric connection board is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was
literally a bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless
breadboard became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to

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these."Breadboard" is also a synonym for "prototype". Because the solderless breadboard does not
require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and
experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless breadboards are also extremely popular
with students and in technological education. Older breadboard types did not have this property. A
variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital
circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).
In this experimental research the beard board was used for connecting the temperature module with
the power supply.
Figure 3.44: Electric connection board with connection

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3.7.7 Electric wire (Breadboard wire):
Electric wire is used to pass the current from one place to another place. And hence it is used for
conducting the flow of electric current. Electric wire of negligible diameter was used. Thermocouple
LM35 required electric wire to receive and supply data through electricity.
Figure 3.45: breadboard wire
3.7.8 Multimeter:
A multimeter is used to make various electrical measurements, such as AC and DC voltage, AC and
DC current, and resistance. It is called a multimeter because it combines the functions of a voltmeter,
ammeter, and ohmmeter. Multimeters may also have other functions, such as diode and continuity
tests. It can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench
instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot
electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment,
motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
In this experimental study multimeter was used for measuring the current, voltage and finding if there
was any short circuit in the experimental research.

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Figure 3.46: Multimeter
3.7.9 Thread seal tape:
Thread seal tape (also known as PTFE tape or plumber's tape) is a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
film for use in sealing pipe threads. The tape is sold cut to specific widths and wound on a spool,
making it easy to wind around pipe threads. It is also known by the its trade-name Teflon tape; while
Teflon is in fact identical to PTFE, Chemours (the trade-mark holders) consider this usage incorrect,
especially as they no longer manufacture Teflon in tape form. Thread seal tape lubricates allowing for
a deeper seating of the threads, and it helps prevent the threads from seizing when being unscrewed.
The tape also works as a deformable filler and thread lubricant, helping to seal the joint without
hardening or making it more difficult to tighten, and instead making it easier to tighten. Typically the
tape is wrapped around a pipe's thread three times before it is screwed into place. It is commonly used
commercially in applications including pressurized water systems, central heating systems, and air
compression equipment.

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In this experimental study thread tape was used in nipple, pump, the thread portion of inlet and outlet
housings.
Figure 3.47: Thread tape
3.7.10 Nut and Bolt:
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a
mating bolt to fasten two or more parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination
of their threads' friction, a slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held
together.
In this experimental study fourteen nut and bolts were used. They were in different diameter. Four
nuts and bolts were used for clamping the copper pipe, two nuts were used for motor and the rest of
the nuts and bolts were used for basing the experimental setup.

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Figure 3.48: Nut and bolt
3.7.11 water container:
Generally water container is used for water reservation. In our experimental study a steady flow of
water was needed. That‘s why it was necessary to reserve water. So a water container was used in this
experiment which could contain 160 liter of water.
Figure 3.49: Water container

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3.7.12 power strip:
A power strip is a block of electrical sockets that attaches to the end of a flexible cable (typically with
a mains plug on the other end), allowing multiple electrical devices to be powered from a single
electrical socket. Power strips are often used when many electrical devices are in proximity, such as
for audio, video, computer systems, appliances, power tools, and lighting. Power strips often include a
circuit breaker to interrupt the electric current in case of an overload or a short circuit. Some power
strips provide protection against electrical power surges. Typical housing styles may include strip,
rack-mount, under-monitor and direct plug-in.
In this experimental research Multi plug was used for getting the power to the motor and pump from
the main power source.
Figure 3.50: power strip
3.7.13Wooden frame:
Two wooden frames were used for balancing the vibration of our experimental setup. When the
perforated twisted tape was started rotating, there was a little bit vibration and to minimized that
vibration wooden frames were used.

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Figure3.51: wooden fram
3.7.14 Emery paper:
This is also known as sandpaper. Emery paper is a type of abrasive that can be used to abrade surfaces
or mechanically finish a surface. Operations include polishing, paint removal, corrosion removal,
sizing, etc. This is accomplished by moving the abrasive-coated paper, with some pressure, against
the object being processed. Abrasion may be performed by hand, electrically powered, or air powered
equipment. Emery is a naturally occurring rock of impure crystalline Aluminium oxide or corundum.
The emery is milled and sieved into different mesh sizes. Emery of a certain size range is then bonded
to a paper backing to produce emery paper. The larger the mesh size, the smaller the abrasive
particles. Smaller particles abrade smaller amounts of material and are used to produce a finer finish.
By the successive use of progressively finer mesh emery paper, near-mirror finishes can be obtained.
Water or oil is often used as a lubricant and to float the abrasive debris and worn abrasive away from
the work, preventing the build-up of debris in the emery paper. The paper will lose effectiveness if too
much debris builds up. This condition is known as "clogging".
In this experimental study emery paper was used for polishing copper pipe and twisted tape for
increasing its heat transfer co-efficient.

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Figure 3.52: Emery paper
3.8 Fabrication of twisted tape:
A stainless strip of length 1210 mm, width 25 mm and thickness 7.5 mm were taken for the
fabrication of twisted tape. The twisted tape was fabricated by heat treatment method. Then it was
twisted by a mechanical technology named vice. In every 120 mm there was a twisted portion and in
total there were six loops. Holes were drilled at both ends of every tape so that the two ends could be
fixed to the metallic clamp. One end was kept fixed on the vice while the other end was given a slow
rotary motion by rotating a wrench attached with the strip by the help of hand. During the whole
operation the tapes was kept under tension by applying a mild pressure to avoid its distortion. One
tape with a twist ratio of 6.096 was created.
With the help of drill machine we drilled a lot of holes on the strip surface to make it perforated which
was the main focus of this experimental research. After creating holes there were some rough surfaces
around the hole which was removed by using files. File is a mechanical tool which helps a material to
turn into smooth from the abrasive one by scraping it continuously.

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3.9 Experimental setup:
Experimental setup consists of an inlet section, test section, inlet tank, outlet portion, reservoir for
supplying water at a constant temperature, pump and a temperature measurement system. The test
section is a part of the copper tube having internal diameter of 39 mm and outer diameter of 43 mm.
The overall length of the copper tube is 1.28 m and the length of test section is 1000 mm.
mathematical formula was used to find the flow rate. The flow rate was controlled with the help of a
gate valve. The outer surface was insulated with a mica sheet for separating the copper and the
Nichrome winding. Besides, an adhesive foam tape, asbestos tape was wound on the overall outer
surface of the tube. Six LM35 sensors were placed on the outer surface of the tube over the test
section to measure the temperature at different local points of test section. Two separate water sealed
sensors were used to measure the input and the output temperature. Both 24 V DC motor and a Ac
motor were used to rotate the twisted tape inside the tube for getting results at different RPM. A RPM
controller was used to control the RPM of the twisted tape.
Figure 3.53: overall setup of the experiment

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CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
4.1 General Aspect:
The heat transfer process using rotating perforated twisted tape insert has already been shown in the
figure before. There are mainly three variable parameters i.e. the variation in twisted tapes, the flow
rate of the water and the speed of rotation of the twisted tape. The objectives of this experimental

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research was to show how fast the heat is transferred through the copper tube by varying the twisted
portion of the twisted tape, the rotation of twisted tape, flow rate of water passing through the copper
tube and hence measuring the efficiency of the twisted tape by comparing Nusselt number .
4.2 Experimental Procedure:
After constructing the whole setup the experiment was carried out. The construction included;
 Proper fabrication of the twisted tape
 Clamping stand for holding the whole setup
 Inlet and outlet housing for water entry and water exit
 Proper thread cutting in the inner portion the housing and the upper surface of the copper pipe
 Setting the temperature sensor connections in equal distance
 Taking initiative for proper insulation
 Electrical connection to the motor and pump
 For inlet and outlet water temperature, making the temperature sensors water proof
 Proper electrical connection to data acquisition unit for taking the desired readings
 Making the whole setup vibration free
The experiment was carried out for two different twisted tapes, four different flow rates and five
different RPM of the twisted tapes.
4.2.1 Initial Stage:
a) First of all the twisted tape was inserted inside the pipe and fixed it with the twisted
tape holder by proper screwing system.
b) Then the inlet housing was attached with the copper pipe.
c) Two pieces of wooden support were fixed under the clamping stand for reducing
vibration.
d) Then the copper pipe with inlet and outlet housing were properly set on the clamping
stand by the help of two clams.
e) The pulley attached with the inlet housing was connected with the motor pulley by ―V‖
belt mechanism. The power of the motor was supplied from the variable power supply.
f) A centrifugal pump was connected with the inlet and outlet water nozzle by the hose
pipe. The power of the pump was supplied from the variable power supply.
g) Nichrome wire was properly wrapped on the upper surface of the copper pipe.
h) Mica tape was wrapped on the Nichrome wire for electrical insulation.

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i) Six temperature sensors were set on the electrically insulated copper pipe at equivalent
distance. And two water proof sensors were set inside the inlet and outlet housing.
j) An insulating adhesive foam tape and asbestos were used on the temperature sensor
fitted copper pipe for proper insulation.
k) A variable voltage regulator was connected with the two portions of Nichrome wire for
heating properly.
l) A data acquisition unit (Arduino Mega 2560) was set with proper electrical
connections.
m) For reducing water leakage gasket was used between the flange and glue gun was used
on the temperature sensor portions in inlet and outlet housing.
4.2.2 Data collection Methodology:
First of all priming is a must for starting the centrifugal pump. Otherwise vacuum creates. The copper
pipe was heated up to 80 to 90 degree Celsius with the help of Nichrome wire wound at the outer
surface of the tube to be heated. The heat input was kept constant with the help of a variable voltage
regulator. The variable voltage regulator was kept constant at 220 volts and the current supplied by
the variable voltage regulator was 4 A. The temperature was closely monitored by a microcontroller
based temperature display. Six LM35 temperature sensors were placed at equal distance on the outer
surface of the tube containing 1000 mm test section. The cold water was entered through the inlet
housing and hot water was exited from the outlet housing. There was a reservoir which could contain
160 liter water. . When the temperature was at 80 to 90 degree Celsius range then the motor and the
pump were started at the same time. Flow rate was measured by counting the time using stopwatch at
which the whole container got empty. There was a gate valve to control the flow rate. In this
experimental research four flow rates were used. The flow rates used in this experiment were 8, 10,
14, 16 liter per minute. However, there were minor water leakages from the housing. So, a volumetric
jar was used to collect the water and the respective time was recorded.
First reading was taken without insert. When, the temperature reached at a steady state condition after
starting the pump, the temperature outputs were recorded in a data acquisition unit output display
which concluded the experiment for one individual set of parameter. After initial experiment without
twisted tape, the insert was placed inside the tube. Similarly, all the steps were repeated keeping the
twisted tape at stationary position and the data were recorded. After this, the experiment was done
similarly like previous stages except the rotation of the twisted tape was varied with a dc and Ac

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motor rotating at different RPM. The RPM was controlled with the help of a dc and Ac motor RPM
controller. For conforming correct RPM, a tachometer was used. Finally, by maintaining the rotation
of twisted tape at 350, 400 RPM the temperature readings were taken.
After taking data using the perforated fully twisted tape, the insert was changed and a perforated
partially twisted tape was placed in the place of fully perforated twisted tape. And all the steps were
repeated like previous stages. Hence total eight sets of data were taken for this experimental research.
4.3 Experimental conditions:
The experimental conditions are given in the following table;
Table 4.1: Experimental condition
Serial Variable Range
1 Water inlet temperature 29.8- 32.0 0
C
2 Flow rate of water 10.3448276 LPM to 21.045574
LPM
3 RPM of twisted tape 0 RPM to 400 RPM
4 Mass flow rate of water 0.1718222653 - 0.3497833993
4.4 Precautions:
The following precautions were considered while performing the experiment:

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a) The sensors used in this experimental research were perfectly calibrated with the ideal
temperature before taking the temperature measurement.
b) For getting the accurate temperature reading, taking average temperature reading can be very
effective. We took the average temperate from hundreds temperature readings for a single
sensor. This was done perfectly with the help of coding.
c) Temperature readings must be taken the inlet and outlet temperature will reach at a steady
state condition or when the change of the inlet and outlet temperature is negligible.
d) During the entire experiment, all other source that can affect heat transfer process, were kept
off.
e) While fabricating the twisted tape, the exact number of rotations should be measured for a
given twist so that other tapes could be made of exact twist ratio.
f) The twisted tape should be properly perforated. There should be a lot of holes on the twisted
tape for better heat transfer coefficient.

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CHAPTER 5
CALCULATION
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Data Reduction
The heat added by the heater was calculated by the heat added to the water. Heat added to the water
was calculated by,

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𝑄 = (𝑇 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛) ………………………………………………………………………(1)
Heat transfer coefficient was calculated from,
ℎ=(𝑇 𝑤𝑖−𝑇 𝑏) ……………………………………………………………………………….(2)
Heat flux was calculated from,
𝑞"=𝑄𝐴………………............................................................................................................(3)
Where, 𝐴=𝜋𝑑𝑖𝐿………………………...…………………….…………………………….. (4)
The bulk temperature was obtained from the average of water inlet and outlet temperature,
𝑇 𝑏 =
(Tin+Tout )
2
……………………………………………………………………………..(5)
Tube outer surface temperature was calculated from the average of six local tube outer surface
temperatures,
Two=
Two ,i
6
6
𝑖=1 …………………………………………………………………………….(6)
Tube inner surface temperatures were calculated from one dimensional radial conduction equation,
𝑇 𝑤𝑖 = 𝑇 𝑤𝑜 − 𝑄.
ln(do/di )
2πKwL
…………………………………………………………………….(7)
Reynolds number was calculated from,
𝑅𝑒 =
4m
πdiμ
……………………………………………………………………………………(8)
Prandlt number was calculated from,
𝑃𝑟 =
μcp
k
……………………………………………………………………………………..(9)
Nusselt number was calculated from,

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𝑁𝑢 =
hdi
k
………………………………………………………………………………….(10)
Flow area was obtained from,
𝐴 𝑓 =
π
4
𝑑𝑖
2
…………………………………………………………………………………(11)
Velocity of water was calculated from,
𝑣 =
m
Afρ
……………………………………………………………………………….…..(12)
Heat transfer enhancement efficiency was calculated from,
𝜂 = |
he
hs
| = |
Nue
Nus
| …………………………………………………………………………...(13)
The volume flow rate was converted into mass flow rate from,
𝑚 =
V×ρ
1000×60
………………………………………………………………………………..(14)
CHAPTER 6

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Result & discussion
The performance characteristics of heat transfer enhancement using rotating twisted tape insert i.e.
Nusselt number, bulk temperature, Heat flux, Inner surface temperature, Efficiency with respect to
Reynolds number are illustrated in figure 6.1 to 6.10.
Variation of Nusselt no with Reynolds no for different RPM for different types of twisted
perforated twisted tapes:

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Figure 6.1: Variation of Nusselt no with Reynolds no. for different RPM of full twisted tape

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Figure 6.2: Variation of Nusselt no with Reynolds no. for different RPM of partial twisted tape
The effect of Reynolds number for different flow rates on Nusselt number is shown in figure 6.1 &
6.2.The result suggests that Nusselt number for tube with partial twisted tape insert is comparatively
higher than Nusselt number with full twisted tape. However, both values keep on increasing as the
flow rate increases. On the other hand, the value of Nusselt number keeps on increasing as the RPM
of tape is increased. With increase of Reynolds number, higher values of Nusselt number can be
obtained. For the experiment the highest value of Nusselt number was obtained at a mass flow rate of
0.34929 kg/sec and the rotation of twisted tape was at 400 RPM. However, the result hints that this
Nusselt number could have been increased at higher flow rate and Reynolds no.

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Variation of Bulk temp and Reynolds no for different RPM for two different types of twisted
tapes:
Figure 6.3: Variation of Bulk temp and Reynolds no. for different RPM of full twisted tape
Figure 6.4: Variation of Bulk temp with Reynolds no. for different RPM of partial twisted tape

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The effect of Reynolds number for different flow rates on bulk temperature is shown in figure 6.3&
6.4.The result suggests that bulk temperature for tube with partial twisted tape insert is comparatively
higher than bulk temperature with full twisted tape insert. However, both values keep on increasing as
the flow rate increases. The bulk temperature is also increasing as the Reynolds no increased. With
increase of both Flow rate and Reynolds number higher values of bulk temperature can be obtained.
For this experiment the highest value of bulk temperature was obtained in partial twisted tape at a
mass flow rate of 0.34929 kg/sec and the rotation of twisted tape was at 400 RPM. However, the
result hints that this bulk temperature could have been increased at higher flow rate and Reynolds no.
Variation of Heat flux with Reynolds no for different RPM for two different types of twisted
tapes:
Figure 6.5: Variation of Heat flux with Reynolds no. for different RPM of full twisted tape

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Figure 6.6: Variation of Heat flux with Reynolds no. for different RPM of partial twisted tape
The effect of Reynolds number for different flow rates on heat flux is shown in figure 6.5 & 6.6.
Theresult suggests that heat flux for tube with partial twisted tape insert is comparatively higher than
heat flux with full twisted tape. The Heat flux is also increasing as the Reynolds no increases. With
increase of both Flow rate and Reynolds number higher values of Heat flux can be obtained. For this
experiment the highest value of Heat flux was obtained in partial twisted tape at a mass flow rate of
Heat flux could have been increased at higher flow rate and Reynolds no.

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Variation of Inner surface temp with Reynolds no for different RPM of partial twisted tape
Figure 6.7: Variation of Inner surface temp with Reynolds no. for different RPM of full twisted
tape
Figure 6.8: Variation of Inner surface temp with Reynolds no. for different RPM of partial
twisted tape

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The effect of Reynolds number for different flow rates on Inner surface temperature is shown in
figure 6.7 & 6.8. The result suggests that Inner surface temperature for tube with partial twisted tape
insert is comparatively lower than Inner surface temperature with full twisted tape. The Inner surface
temperature is also decreasing as the Reynolds no increased. With increase of both Flow rate and
Reynolds number lower values of Inner surface temperature can be obtained. For this experiment the
lowest value of Inner surface temperature was obtained in partial twisted tape at a mass flow rate of
Inner surface temperature could have been decreased at lower flow rate and Reynolds no.
Figure 6.9: Variation of Efficiency with Reynolds No. for 50 RPM

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The effect of Reynolds number for different flow rates& RPM on Efficiency is shown in figure 6.9 to
6.14. The highest efficiency is obtained at 400 RPM and partial twisted tape. The mass flow rate of
0.34929 kg/sec and the rotation of twisted tape were at 400 RPM. However, the result hints that this
Efficiency could have been increased at highest RPM of partial twisted tape.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS
&
RECOMMENDATIONS

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7.1 Conclusions:
This experimental research study represents the new method of heat enhancement system with an
effective result. The design was very simple and installation was not that much challenging which
helps to perform the entire process very smoothly and accurately. As two type of twisted tapes were
used, so it was a goal for us to compare the tapes and suggest the best possible result. This work used
of the concept of heat enhancement to develop a design methodology. The applications of the final
result in a simple quick and easy implementation of methodology.Although, this method had helped
us to understand the significance of RPM and flow rate that govern the heat transfer characteristics,
there is still need of further research to conclude the systems behavior with response to the friction
factor.
This experimental investigation shows following outcomes
 With the increase of flow rate the heat transfer coefficient is greatly increased. For the highest
RPM 400, we get the highest efficiency in our experimental research study.
 The larger the Reynolds number, the higher the Nusselts number, higher heat transfer
enhancement.
 The higher the Reynolds number, the higher the bulk temperature increases heat transfer
coefficient.
 Heat transfer enhancement is enormously influenced by high flow rate and RPM
 Heat transfer in fully depended on surface area of tape, flow pattern of the inner water and the
design of tape.
 Comparing the design between two tapes, the experimental research study shows that for
partially perforated twisted tape, the heat transfer coefficient is higher.
 For partially perforated twisted tape the water would consume heat uniformly that‘s why the
rate of heat transfer is increasing.
 By design, the partially perforated twisted tape is better to increase heat transfer than fully
perforated twisted tape insert.

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7.2 Recommendation:
Though the experimental research work was performed with highest vigilant from the researcher with
the facility present at the disposal, the experimental setup had few constructional defects which should
be taken in consideration by the future researchers. For further development following points are
recommended.
 The force of the flow of water at inlet was gradually increasing, That‘s why it was a bit
difficult to take the inlet temperature reading, So in this case temperature sensor should be
fixed with the help of glue gun at its position.
 The temperature sensors should be calibrated perfectly for accurate readings with the help of
proper programming.
 For getting an almost constant value from the temperature sensors, average values of
temperature should be taken.
 A proper fixture at both ends must be arranged to hold the tube and housing assembly
in a fixed place.
 Since, the housing assembly integrates a complex mechanism of rotating the twisted
Perforated tape as well as flow of water through it, the present setup has few water .….
leakage points. To get rid from these problems gasket, glue gun & tread tapes should be used
usedproperly.
 Further analysis can be done with modified geometry of twisted tape and giving it
different rotations and flow rates to investigate its relation with heat transfer ……..enhancement.
 An alternative to coupling system between output shaft of DC motor and the shaft
connected to twisted tape must be found out for efficient torque transfer to the twisted
tape.
 Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based simulation can be done to ensure the
accuracy of the experimental values in comparison to the predicted values.
 Here we had to use water due to financial problem. If we could manage nanofluid the result
would be far better than we had from this experimental research work.
References

Thesis book

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Thesis book