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TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING.pptx

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Health screening involves using tests, exams, or other procedures to detect diseases in asymptomatic individuals. It aims to identify diseases early so treatment can begin sooner, outcomes can be better managed, and mortality and suffering can be reduced. Screening tests differ from diagnostic tests in that screening examines large groups of generally healthy people, uses less accurate but less expensive tests, and results are not conclusive. Common screening tests include growth charts, blood tests, blood pressure checks, and cancer screenings. Health screening can detect conditions like high cholesterol, diabetes, cancer, and other diseases.

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TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING HC1023 INTRODUCTION TO HEALTHCARE CERTIFICATES IN HEALTH SCIENCE MDM SITI BAINUN BINTI MOHD DALI
LEARNING OUTCOME
HEALTH SCREENING • Is a screening used in a population to detect a disease in individuals without signs or symptoms of that disease • It involves the use of tests, physical examinations or other procedures to detect disease early in people who look or feel well. • This is different from diagnostic tests which are done when someone is already showing signs and/or symptoms of a disease
DEFINITION • Screening refers to examination of a group of usually asymptomatic individuals to detect those with a high probability of having a given disease, typically by means of an inexpensive diagnostic test • Monitoring refers to act of observation and in some cases intervention generally referring to monitoring of a condition after diagnosis to assess and improve outcome • Health screening service are the service provided by the healthcare professionals to screen the health status of individuals with or without positive sign and symptoms
PURPOSE OF HEALTH SCREENING 1. Early detection: to identify disease in a community early, thus enabling earlier intervention 2. Early intervention: earlier treatment 3. Better management and outcomes: good control of the condition can result in better outcomes 4. Reduce mortality and suffers: • Lower the level of suffers from a disease • Lower the risk of serious complication
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS SCREENING DIAGNOSTIC Asymptomatic Suggestive clinical picture Large group Single subject Less accurate Accurate Not conclusive Conclusive Less expensive Expensive Not basic for treatment Basic to treatment
EXAMPLES FOR SCREENING TESTS INFANCY PREGNANCY ELDERLY ADULT Growth charts Weight Cancers Lipid profile Metabolic screening Full Blood Count Depression Blood pressure Hearing test Blood sugar Vitamin deficiencies BMI
PRINCIPLE OF SCREENING World Health Organization 1. The condition should be an important health problem 2. There should be a treatment for the condition 3. Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available 4. There should be a latent stage of the disease 5. There should be a test or examination for the condition
6. The test should be acceptable to the population 7. The natural history of the disease should be adequately understood 8. There should be an agreed policy on whom to treat 9. The total cost of finding a case should be economically balanced in relation to medical expenditure as a whole 10.Case-finding should be a continuous process, not just a “once and for all” project
DISADVANTAGES OF SCREENING • Test used in screening are not perfect • Test result may incorrectly show positive for those without disease (FALSE POSITIVE), or negative for people who have the condition (FALSE NEGATIVE). • A false sense of security caused by false negatives, which may delay final diagnostic • Unnecessary investigation and treatment of false positive result • Stress and anxiety caused by prolonging knowledge of an illness without any improvement in outcome • Adverse effect of screening procedures (eg: stress and anxiety, discomfort, radiation exposure, chemical exposure) • Screening involves cost and use of medical resources on a majority of people who do not need treatment
CATEGORIES OF HEALTH SCREENING TEST 1. Non invasive •The body is not entered with any type of instrument: the skin and any other body tissue, organs, and cavities remain intact 2. Invasive •The body’s tissue, organs or cavities are accessed through some type of instrument
TYPES HEALTH SCREENING TEST 1. Laboratory test 2. Radiological studies 3. Endoscopy 4. Electro studies
Laboratory Test • Measurement of the specimen to determine the amount of analytes • A sample used for analysis and diagnosis are sputum, tissue, blood, urine and stool.
Radiological Studies • A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose or treat disease.
Endoscopy • Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a person’s digestive tract. Using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, your doctor can view a pictures of your digestive tract on a colour tv monitor.
Electro Studies • An electrophysiology (EP) study is a test performed to assess your heart electrical system or activity and is used to diagnose abnormal heartbeat or arrythmia. The test is performed by inserting catheters and then wire electrodes, which measure electrical activity, through blood vessels that enter the heart.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH SCREEN •Standard Health Screen •Premium Health Screen •Executive Health Screen
TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING.pptx
TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING.pptx
TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING.pptx
MEDICAL CONDITION CAN BE DETECTED BY HEALTH SCREENING • High cholesterol • Diabetes • High blood pressure • Osteoporosis • Overweight and obesity • Prostate cancer in men • Colorectal cancer • Breast cancer and cervical cancer
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HEALTH SCREENING • Age • Sex • Family history • Life style • High risk factors for certain disease such as cancer
TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING.pptx
TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING.pptx
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TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING.pptx

  • 1. TOPIC 8 HEALTH SCREENING HC1023 INTRODUCTION TO HEALTHCARE CERTIFICATES IN HEALTH SCIENCE MDM SITI BAINUN BINTI MOHD DALI
  • 3. HEALTH SCREENING • Is a screening used in a population to detect a disease in individuals without signs or symptoms of that disease • It involves the use of tests, physical examinations or other procedures to detect disease early in people who look or feel well. • This is different from diagnostic tests which are done when someone is already showing signs and/or symptoms of a disease
  • 4. DEFINITION • Screening refers to examination of a group of usually asymptomatic individuals to detect those with a high probability of having a given disease, typically by means of an inexpensive diagnostic test • Monitoring refers to act of observation and in some cases intervention generally referring to monitoring of a condition after diagnosis to assess and improve outcome • Health screening service are the service provided by the healthcare professionals to screen the health status of individuals with or without positive sign and symptoms
  • 5. PURPOSE OF HEALTH SCREENING 1. Early detection: to identify disease in a community early, thus enabling earlier intervention 2. Early intervention: earlier treatment 3. Better management and outcomes: good control of the condition can result in better outcomes 4. Reduce mortality and suffers: • Lower the level of suffers from a disease • Lower the risk of serious complication
  • 6. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCREENING AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS SCREENING DIAGNOSTIC Asymptomatic Suggestive clinical picture Large group Single subject Less accurate Accurate Not conclusive Conclusive Less expensive Expensive Not basic for treatment Basic to treatment
  • 7. EXAMPLES FOR SCREENING TESTS INFANCY PREGNANCY ELDERLY ADULT Growth charts Weight Cancers Lipid profile Metabolic screening Full Blood Count Depression Blood pressure Hearing test Blood sugar Vitamin deficiencies BMI
  • 8. PRINCIPLE OF SCREENING World Health Organization 1. The condition should be an important health problem 2. There should be a treatment for the condition 3. Facilities for diagnosis and treatment should be available 4. There should be a latent stage of the disease 5. There should be a test or examination for the condition
  • 9. 6. The test should be acceptable to the population 7. The natural history of the disease should be adequately understood 8. There should be an agreed policy on whom to treat 9. The total cost of finding a case should be economically balanced in relation to medical expenditure as a whole 10.Case-finding should be a continuous process, not just a “once and for all” project
  • 10. DISADVANTAGES OF SCREENING • Test used in screening are not perfect • Test result may incorrectly show positive for those without disease (FALSE POSITIVE), or negative for people who have the condition (FALSE NEGATIVE). • A false sense of security caused by false negatives, which may delay final diagnostic • Unnecessary investigation and treatment of false positive result • Stress and anxiety caused by prolonging knowledge of an illness without any improvement in outcome • Adverse effect of screening procedures (eg: stress and anxiety, discomfort, radiation exposure, chemical exposure) • Screening involves cost and use of medical resources on a majority of people who do not need treatment
  • 11. CATEGORIES OF HEALTH SCREENING TEST 1. Non invasive •The body is not entered with any type of instrument: the skin and any other body tissue, organs, and cavities remain intact 2. Invasive •The body’s tissue, organs or cavities are accessed through some type of instrument
  • 12. TYPES HEALTH SCREENING TEST 1. Laboratory test 2. Radiological studies 3. Endoscopy 4. Electro studies
  • 13. Laboratory Test • Measurement of the specimen to determine the amount of analytes • A sample used for analysis and diagnosis are sputum, tissue, blood, urine and stool.
  • 14. Radiological Studies • A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose or treat disease.
  • 15. Endoscopy • Endoscopy is a nonsurgical procedure used to examine a person’s digestive tract. Using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, your doctor can view a pictures of your digestive tract on a colour tv monitor.
  • 16. Electro Studies • An electrophysiology (EP) study is a test performed to assess your heart electrical system or activity and is used to diagnose abnormal heartbeat or arrythmia. The test is performed by inserting catheters and then wire electrodes, which measure electrical activity, through blood vessels that enter the heart.
  • 17. CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH SCREEN •Standard Health Screen •Premium Health Screen •Executive Health Screen
  • 21. MEDICAL CONDITION CAN BE DETECTED BY HEALTH SCREENING • High cholesterol • Diabetes • High blood pressure • Osteoporosis • Overweight and obesity • Prostate cancer in men • Colorectal cancer • Breast cancer and cervical cancer
  • 22. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HEALTH SCREENING • Age • Sex • Family history • Life style • High risk factors for certain disease such as cancer

Editor's Notes

  1. Latent stage: period between exposure and first symptom appears