Towards the prevention and reduction of food losses and waste in the Caribbean and Latin America
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This document discusses food losses and waste (FLW) in Latin America and the Caribbean. It notes that 127 million tons of food are lost in the region each year from production to consumption, while 34 million people suffer from hunger. A key challenge is the lack of coordination to implement efficient FLW reduction measures. The document outlines FAO's work to establish a regional strategy and alliance to address FLW in a coordinated way through national committees, research, awareness campaigns, and policy guidelines. The long term goal is to establish FLW reduction scenarios and measurable targets.
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Towards the prevention and reduction of food losses and waste in the Caribbean and Latin America
- 1. TOWARDS THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE IN THE CARIBBEAN AND LATIN AMERICA Tania Santivañez Regional Coordinator Food System Program
- 2. FAO’S VISION “A world free from hunger and malnutrition where food and agriculture contribute to a socially, economically and environmentally sustainable way to improve the living stadards of all, espacially of the poorest and most vulnerable.” (FAO, 2013) 2015 : AGENDA 2030 – Objectives of Sustainable Development ZERO HUNGER END OF POVERTY
- 3. FAO STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK - 2014 - 2017 ---------------------- NUTRITION---------------------------------- PILAR 1, LINEA ACCION 3
- 4. MODIFY THE AGRO-FOOD-SYSTEM = HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE Providing nutritive diets for the current population and simultaneously guarantee the capacity of future generations to meet its food needs. (FAO, 2013)
- 5. CONTEXT OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF FOOD SYSTEMS Fuente: IFPRI, 2016 TRADITIONAL INTEGRAL Focused on crops yield Focus on the nutrition per unit of inputs / resources Emphasis on production / profitable items Processing, Storage, Transport Consumers and the private sector are not considered Consumers and the private sector are key players Food security implies only food availability Access is the biggest problem, without forgetting the stability and the use Global governance dominated by northern countries Emerging economies play an increasingly important role No attention to gender issues Gender as an key aspect
- 6. SYSTEM A UNIT (CONJUNTO) OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH SATISFIES THREE CONDITIONS: • EVERY ELEMENT IS AT LEAST RELATED TO ONE OTHER ELEMENT • AND THIS IS RELATED TO ALL THE OTHER ELEMENTS; DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY • THERE ARE NO SUB-UNITS OF ELEMENTS WHICH ARE INDEPENDENT OF OTHER SUB-UNITS ! FINALLY, YOU CANNOT SEPARATE IT INTO INDEPENDENT PARTS. ! THERE ARE PROPERTIES OF ALL, WHICH DO NOT HAVE ANY OF THE PARTS. (A.del Valle)
- 7. FOOD SYSTEM Cada aspecto del sistema alimentario incide en la disponibilidad , acceso, estabilidad y utilizacion a alimentos nutritivos, variados y así en la capacidad de los consumidores para elegir dietas saludables. Productores Sector Privado, Investigadores Consumidores
- 8. . ECONOMIC FACTORS (GDP, EXCHANGE RATE), SOCIAL FACTORS GEOPOLITICAL ISSUES (POVERTY, UNEMPLOYMENT) AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (CLIMATE CHANGE) FOOD SYSTEMS FS ES TRANSPORT
- 9. HOW IS THE GLOBAL AGRO-FOOD SYSTEM? ARE WE FEEDING… OR ARE WE FED? NOS ESTAMOS ALIMENTANDO O ESTAMOS SIENDO ALIMENTADOS?
- 10. The way in which FOOD is produced, distributed, marketed and consumed has changed: Degraded natural resources..land concentrations, markets Recursos naturales degradados.. concentración de tierras, comercio global grandes distancias…globalizacion de las dietas
- 11. AGRO-FOOD SYSTEMS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY MORE VERTICALLY INTEGRATED SUPPLY CHAINS AND REQUIRE A INCREASING AMOUNT OF CAPITAL AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. Greater exclusion of small producers, women and young people.
- 12. UNEMPLOYMENT +80mn +70mn LOW TRANSPARENCY OF MARKETS AND PRICES VOLATILITY DECREASE OF REMITTANCES
- 13. EXCLUSION OF CONSUMERS CONSUMPTION HABITS AND COMMERCIAL POLICY (1994-2008) NAFTA increased exports of processed and packaged products from the US to Mexico, increasing the incidence of obesity. Clarks et al. (2012) Food Deserts / Territories with limited access to fresh and nutritional foods
- 14. Consumer expectations in relation to food safety, nutrition and health; have made it necessary to pay more attention to norms. THERE ARE MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRODUCERS. Consumers have opportunities for consumption, with limited information.
- 15. . ALCANZAR LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA PARA TODOS Y ASEGURAR QUE LAS PERSONAS TENGAN ACCESO A ALIMENTOS DE BUENA CALIDAD QUE LES PERMITAN LLEVAR UNA VIDA ACTIVA Y SALUDABLE ES LA ESENCIA DE LAS ACTIVIDADES DE LA FAO. HOW THIS BE REFLECTED IN THE REGION?
- 16. CHALLENGES FOR THE FOOD-SYSTEM Concentration of land Degraded natural resources Concentration within comercial channels - In ALC, less than 1% are farms over 1000 hectares (<1%), which represent 48% of the total agricultural area. Source: Lowder, S. K., Skoet, J., Raney, T. (2016): The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide, en World Development, Volume 87, Paginas 16-29 - About 50% of soils are deficient in nutrients and degragation affects up to half of the territory of some countries. Source: FAO (2015) - Argentina (3 most biggest) > 80% - Brasil (4 most biggest) >60% - Chile (4 most biggest) >90% - Honduras (3 most biggest) >95% - México (3 most biggest) >90% - Perú (3 most biggest) >95% Source: OECD (2015), Market Structure
- 17. CHALLENGES FOR THE FOOD-SYSTEM Access: Inequality and Exclusion Small Producers / Family Farming Indigenous villages, Young people and women Pragnant and lactating women
- 18. Inequality and Exclusión 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 México Bolivia Guatemala Honduras Panamá Brasil Paraguay Colombia Índice GINI País Índice GINI paises más desiguales ALC Fuente: FAO (2015)
- 19. CHALLENGES FOR THE FOOD-SYSTEM UTILIZATION 54% of the world population live in urban areas, in LAC that proportion corresponds to 80% (World Bank) Changing eating habits and increasing food- related illnesses 127 million tons of food are lost in LAC/year, from production to consumption, while 34 million people suffer from hunger
- 20. LAC IS EXCESSIVE IN FOOD AS A REGION 2005-2013 (US $ MILLION) 20Source: FAO, 2015 14 17 19 27 33 32 35 36 38 40 40 42 49 53 53 57 58 60 60 62 62 63 65 65 67 67 68 70 70 71 71 91 96 - 20 40 60 80 100 120 Bahamas San Cristóbal y Nieves Barbados Trinidad y Tobago Guyana Domínica CostaRica Panamá Belice Haití Honduras Nicaragua ElSalvador Colombia Argentina Uruguay Bolivia 33 countries in the region are food importers; 18 are net importers. Only 40-50% of imports come from LAC
- 21. Recognizing the realities of the countries in the region: Small and big countries Countries with different levels of development Exporting and importing countries Agroindustrial schemes / family farming High concentration of wealth / marginalized communities Different governance systems HOW TO FACE THE CHALLENGES?
- 22. HOW TO FACE THE CHALLENGES? INCLUSIVE Development with Inclusion (Ali and Zhuang, 2007): ´´Growth with equal opportunities ... Growth is inclusive when all members of a society are allowed to contribute and participate in the growth process on an equal footing, regardless of their individual circumstances“ Associativism, strategies that facilitate the access of the PA to markets (public purchases, short and long circuits Accessible and transparent arrangements and mechanisms to facilitate fair trade EFFICIENT – biological, economical, environmental – Apply phyto-sanitary standards, food safety – Good practices of comercialization – Equilibrium between supply and demand (fair prices) – Smaller quantity of FLW – Promote good consumption habits Recognizing that a comprehensive approach to food systems is necessary from NRNN management to waste and residues Facilitate access to food ACCESS AND EQUITABLE BENEFITS
- 23. HOW TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES? TransformingFoodSystems POLICIES – INVESTMENT – SAFETY AND QUALITY Recognizing the need for a comprehensive approach to food systems SUSTAINABLE HEALTHY INCLUSIVE EFFICIENT
- 24. . ALCANZAR LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA PARA TODOS Y ASEGURAR QUE LAS PERSONAS TENGAN ACCESO A ALIMENTOS DE BUENA CALIDAD QUE LES PERMITAN LLEVAR UNA VIDA ACTIVA Y SALUDABLE ES LA ESENCIA DE LAS ACTIVIDADES DE LA FAO. HOW ARE WE ADVANCING / IMPULSING IN TERMS OF EFFICIENCY IN THE AGRO-FOOD SYSTEM IN THE REGION?
- 25. . ALCANZAR LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA PARA TODOS Y ASEGURAR QUE LAS PERSONAS TENGAN ACCESO A ALIMENTOS DE BUENA CALIDAD QUE LES PERMITAN LLEVAR UNA VIDA ACTIVA Y SALUDABLE ES LA ESENCIA DE LAS ACTIVIDADES DE LA FAO.
- 26. WHAT ARE FLW? It is the reduction of the mass of food for human consumption at any point in the production chain. LOSSES mainly occur during production, postharvest, storage and transportation. WASTE occurs during distribution and consumption, in direct relation to the behavior of wholesalers and retailers amd consumers who decide to discard foods that still have value.
- 27. CRITICAL POINTS
- 29. WHAT IMPACTS DO FLW HAVE? They reduce the local availability of food They lead to income losses for the producers They increase prices for consumers They cause an important waste of resources and energy They contribute to the emission of greenhouse-gases
- 30. 2012 Rio+20 CAMPAÑA DE SENSIBILIZACIÓN UN ÁREA ESTRATÉGICA PARA LA SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA
- 31. A STRATEGIC AREA FOR FOOD SECURITY TECHNICAL PLATFORM FOR THE MEASUREMENT AND REDUCTION OF FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE COORDINATION - COLABORATION • Promote actions referring to FLW by considering national approaches • Share information about parameters of FLW • Support the “Community of Practice” discussion forum about food loss reduction • Present solutions for FLW • Discuss trends and work-plans within different initiatives about FLW reduction of the private sector, international organizations and development partners • http://www.fao.org/platform-food-loss-waste/news-events/es/
- 32. THE INITIATIVE SAFE-FOOD • SAVE FOOD as a public-private alliance and civil society. • Dialogue strengthening with farmers, industry, decision makers and civil society. • A growing number of network partners (over 450). • National initiatives for the reduction of FLW. • Support of national projects: North Africa, West Africa, Near East, CARICOM Collaboration and Coordination
- 33. A STRATEGIC AREA FOR FOOD SECURITY 2015
- 35. ADVANCE AND CHALLENGUES ON FLW IN LAC
- 36. 2014 2016 - 2017 “Regional Agenda vitalices regional and national processes” “Positioning, Strategy, Sensitization” 2014 2015 Regional Alliance National Committees PROMOTION OF REGIONAL AND NATIONAL INSTITUTIONALITY Network of Experts Regional Strategy
- 37. PROVIDING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONALITY Program, presentations and conclusions: http://www.fao.org/americas/eventos/ver/ es/c/253255/ Regional Network of FLW experts for LAC Researchers,
- 38. WHY A REGIONAL STRATEGY? • ALL THE COUNTRIES PRODUCE FLW. • LACK OF COORDINATION TO IMPLEMENT EFFICIENT MEASURES. • LACK OF A REGIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM. • FLW CONTINUE TO BE GENERATED DAY BY DAY. • THERE ARE SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS LEARNED THAT ARE CONSTITUTED AS A REFERENCE TO FACE THIS PROBLEM.
- 39. RESEARCH, TECNOLOGY AND INNOVATION COMUNICATION AND SENSITIZATION GOVERNANCE EVIDENCIA/ CUANTIFICACION TECNOLOGÍA INNOVACIÓN SENSIBILIZACIÓN ALIANZAS PÚBLICAS Y PRIVADAS DIALOGO ACTORES IMPULSAR POLITICAS PUBLICAS REDES ESTUDIOS EN PDA EN CADENAS SELECCIONADAS CON ÉNFASIS EN ALIMENTOS DE LA CANASTA BÁSICA (FRUTAS, VEGETALES, PESCADO, PAN, QUINUA). CAMPAÑA ”PIENSA, COME Y REDUCE” EN LAC MATERIAL DE DISEMINACIÓN: VIDEOS, EVENTOS PROMOCIONALES DIVULGATIVO Y CONTENIDOS DE CAPACITACIÓN: BOLETINES I DIALOGO REGIONAL 2015 CÓDIGO DE CONDUCTA II DIALOGO REGIONAL 2016 REGIONAL STRATEGY FOR FLW PREVENTION AND REDUCTION
- 41. REGIONAL ALLIANCE OF FOOD LOSSES AND WASTE: PLATFORM FOR POLITICAL ARTICULATION AND INNOVATION Establishment of common goals for the reduction of FLW The alliance is being built through NATIONAL COMMITTEES, which integrate different public and private actors and the civil society. Some reference working groups are Argentina, Costa Rica, Chile, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, CARICOM, Uruguay, Mexico.
- 47. ACTORS OF NATIONAL COMMITTESS Members: Actors of the Food System as: • Ministries and other State Institutions • Academy • Food Industry • Producer Associations • Consumer Associations • Civil Society Organizations • FAO Representation • National Expert – Member of the Regional Network of FLW experts
- 48. Role of the National Committees … What is a Committee? • It is an Advisory body, cooperation, synergy ( instancia consultiva) • Recommends / generates policy guidelines for the prevention and reduction of PDA (State) • Establishes cooperation agreements and public-private partnerships for the development of innovation, technology and awareness-raising • Facilitates the exchange of experiences and lessons learned from cases of national FLW prevention Tool: National action plan of FLW reduction / Regional Strategy
- 49. TENDENCIES • LEGAL INITIATIVES/REGULATIONS IN PROGRESS/ INSTITUTIONALITY • STANDARDIZATION OF QUANTIFICATION METHODS/RESEARCH • REDUCTION / EXPLOITATION (APROVECHAMIENTO) • Currently, the trend in the region in terms of legal and regulatory initiatives points to the reduction, rather than to the prevention of FLWs. • International anti-waste legislation promoted mainly by France has generated several replies in LAC countries. • The countries with law projects in advance are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Uruguay 20
- 50. DEVELOPMENT STUDIES BY EXPERTS OF THE FLW NETWORK • MEXICO: Group of Food Losses and Waste – Crusade against Hunger. Evaluation of waste of basic food basket products. • TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO: Universidad de West Indies. Post-harvest losses of cassava, mango and others. • BRAZIL: EMBRAPA, normative, research • CHILE: Universidad Santiago de Chile – USACH. Quantification of FLW of basic food basket products: lettuce, rice, bread, potato. • COSTA RICA: Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Evaluation of losses in Costa Rican agribusiness. – COLOMBIA: Departamento Nacional de Planeación: 10 million de tn. FLW / year • ARGENTINA, COLOMBIA, CHILE: Bancos de Alimentos. Quantification of food recovered from retail.
- 51. ¿HACIA DONDE SE QUIERE LLEGAR?ESTABLISHMENT OF REDUCTION SCENARIOS
- 52. 2014 2014 2015 2016 REFERENCES SPA/EN