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TRADERS TO RULERS.pptx

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The document summarizes the transition of European trading companies to political rulers in India during the 18th century. It discusses how the Dutch, French, and British East India companies established trading posts and engaged in trade. The British East India Company gradually expanded its territorial control through military victories over local rulers. Key events included the Battle of Plassey in 1757, which gave the British control of Bengal, and the establishment of subsidiary alliances that made local rulers dependent on the British. The document also discusses Anglo-Mysore, Anglo-Maratha, and Anglo-Sikh wars that further expanded British control of the subcontinent under policies like the Doctrine of Lapse introduced by Lord Dalhousie.

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TRADERS TO RULERS
INTRODUCTION  The atmosphere of chaos and anarchy prevailing in India, during the 18th century CE, gave an opportunity to the European trading companies to increase their power.  The Europeans gradually established their hold, leading to colonisation of India by the British.
EUROPEANS AS TRADERS  The discoveries of new sea routes led to the establishment of trading companies of Europe.  The trading centres were known as ‘factories’ and the officials of the companies were called ‘factors’.  These factories were engaged in trade.  Items exported to Europe from India were spices, silk and cotton clothes, muslin, pearls and precious stones.
TRADERS TO RULERS.pptx
Dutch East India Company In CE 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company to carry on trade with the east. They established their trading centres at Surat, Broach, Cambay, Ahmedabad, Cochin, Nagapatam, Masulipatnam, Chinsura, Patna and Agra.
TRADERS TO RULERS.pptx
The French in India  The French East India Company was founded in CE 1664 , for trading with India and East Indies.  It was a Government owned body and needed the home Government’s permission for capital investment and wars.  Dupleix became the governor of the French possessions in India in CE 1742.
TRADERS TO RULERS.pptx
*From CE 1744 to 1763, The English and the French East India Companies were engaged in 3 wars. These wars are known as Carnatic wars. *The English won these wars and established their monopoly over Indian trade. *The French were finally defeated in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760, when English General Sir Eyre Coote defeated Lally. *The French lost all the possessions in India.
BRITISH CONQUEST IN BENGAL  BATTLE OF PLASSEY WAS FOUGHT IN 1740-1756 IN PALASHI REGION OF WEST BENGAL. TROOPS OF THE BITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY LED BY ROBERT CLIVE, CAME UP AGAINST THE FORCES OF SIRAJ-UD-DAUIAH, THE LAST INDEPENDENT NAWAB OF BANGAL, AND HIS FRENCH THE ALLIES
CAUSES OF WAR BETWEEN ENGLISH AND THE NAWAB  IN 1756 SIRAJ-UD-DAULASH CAME TO POWER. HE FOUND THE ENGLISH EAST COMPANY HAD STARTED TO FORTIFY THEIR SETTLEMENTS IN BENGAL. HE WANTED TO CHEAK THE GROWING OF THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.SO HE ASKED THE COMPANY NO TO FORTIFY THEIR SETTLEMENTS. BUT THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY DID NOT PAY ANY HEED TO THE NAWAB’S REPETATED REQUESTS.HENCE SIRAJ ATTACKED AND OCCUPIED THE FORT WILLIAM IN CALCUTTA IN 1756.  WHEN THE NEWS OF CAPTURE OF CALCUTTA REACHED MADRAS CILVE WAS IMMEDIATELY SENT TO CALCUTTA AND THE NAWAB WAS FORCED TO COME TO TERMS.SIRAJ HAD TO VACATE AND ALSO CALCUTTA AND ALSO PAY INDEMNITY TO THE BRITISH.
THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY 1756  THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY WAS A DECISIVE VICTORY OF THE BRITISH INDIAN COMPANY OVER THE NAWAB OF THE BENGALAND HIS FRENCH ALLIES ON 23JUNE 1757 UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ROBERT CILVE. THE VICTORY WAS MADE POSSIDLE BY THE DEFECTION OF MIR JAFER WHO WAS NAWAB SIRAJ-UD- DAULAH’SCOMMANDER IN CHIEF.
BENGAL AFTER PIASSEY -THE COMPANY HAD ALSO MADE HEAVY DEMANDS WHICH THE NAWAB WAS UNABLE TO MEET. -THE COMPANY ALSO STARTED INTERFERING IN THE DAY-DAY ADMINISTRATION. - COMPANY DEPOSED MIR JAFER AND MIR QASIM HIS SON IN LAW THE NEW NAWAB OF BENGAL. -MIR QASIM MISUSE OF TRADE REGULATIONS .
 MIR QASIM TOOK THE MEASURES FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF HIS ADMINISTRATION 1 TRAINING HIS ARMY .  2 TRANSFER OF THE TEASURY FROM MURSHIBAD TO MUNGHYR.
DUAL GOVERNMENT OR DYARCHY 1765-1772 THE NAWAB WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ADMINISTERING THE PROVINCE AND MAKING THE LAW AND ORDER.  THE PERIOD WHICH FOLLOWED FROM 1765 AFTER THE GRANT OF DIWANI IS KNOWN FOR ITS DUAL SYSTEM OR DYARCHY.THIS IS SYSTEM CHARACTERISED BY THE TWO RULES NAWAB AND THE COMPANY.
 THE COMPANY CONTROLLED THE MILITARY AND HAD THE RIGHT REVENUE OF BENGAL CALLED THE DIWANI POWERS.  CILVE DUAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT RESTED ON TWO PARALLE AUTHORITIES IN BENGAL-THE NAWAB AND THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.
THE REGULATING ACT 1773  THE ACT OF 1773 IS VERY SIGNIFICANT IN THE MORDEN HISTORY.  IT CHANGED THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY FROM A TRADING COMPANY TO AN ADMINISTRSTIVE BODY.  THE GOVERNOR OF BENGAL BECAME THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF ALL THE BRITISH TERRITORIES IN INDIA.
SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE  LORD WELLESLY WAS THE BRITISH GOVERNOR OF BENGAL FROM 1789-1805.  UNDER SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE THE NATIVE RULER OF AN INDIAN STATE WAS COMPELLED TO KEEP A PERMANENT BRITISH FORCE WITHIN HIS TERRITORY AND PAY A SUBSIDY FOR ITS MAINTENANCE.
ANGLO-MYSORE WARS From CE 1767 to 1799 , the English and the rulers to Mysore fought four wars. Mysore was and independent state ruled by two very able rulers- Haider Ali and then his son Tipu Sultan. These two rulers posed a serious challenge to the English in India FISRT ANGLO-MYSORE WAR (1769-69) The first Anglo Mysore War was fought between Haider Ali and the Alliance of British , Marathas and Nizam in 1769 . But in 1769 British were forced to sign peace treaty according to which , both Haider and the British agreed to help each other in case of any attack by a third power.
SECONDANGLO-MYSOREWAR(1780-84) The terms of Peace Treaty of 1769 were not followed by British . When Haider Ali was attacked by the Marathas, British forces did not help Him. An angered Haider Ali declared war against the British in 1780.British Governor General ,Warren Hastings ,bribed Nizam to his side and signed a peace treaty with the Marathas. Haider Ali died in 1782. Tipu Sultan, son of Haider Ali, continued the war against the British. Tipu signed a treaty with the English and the second Anglo- Mysore war came to an end. This is known as the Treaty of Mangalore (1784) THIRD ANGLO-MYSORE WAR(1790-1792) The company won the support of two other powers against tipu_the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas .tips was completely defeated by these three joints powers and was forced to sign the Tready of Seringapatnam (Srirangapattam)in 1792.
FOURTHANGLO-MYSOREWAR(1799) The treaty of Seringapatnam was short _lived . Lord Wellesley , the governor _General, wanted the ruler of Mysore , Tipu , to accept the subsidiary Alliance But Tipu refused to do so . In 1799,the British went to war against Tipu .the Nizam joined the British but the marathon remained neutral and the French support never came .Tips was killed in the battle on 4th May 1799. Tipu fought valiantly and died defending his Capital, Seringapatnam the British and her ally the Nizam of Hyderabad, shared between themselves half of Mysore’s territories. The other half of Mysore kingdom was restored to the ruler of Mysore from whom Haider Ali had snatched power .it took the British four wars over a period of thirty years.
First ANGLO-MARATHA WAR(1775-1782) The English went to War against the Marathas for the First time in CE 1775. this War is known as the First Anglo- Maratha War.it was fought over the issue of succession to the Throne of peshwa. The war was fought when warren Hastings was the governor- general of India. The first Anglo-Maratha war came to an end in 782 with the signing of the TREATY OF SALBAI. SECOND ANGLO-MARATHA WAR (1803-1806) The second Anglo-Maratha war was fought when lord Wellesley was the governor-general of India. In 1803,Baji Rao Ⅱ signed with the English East India Company a Subsidiary Alliance, know as the TREATY OF BASSEIN.
The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the English East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha territory by British East India Company troops , and although the British were outnumbered, the Maratha army was decimated. The troops were led by Governor General Hastings, supported by a force under General Thomas Hislop. Operations began against the Pindaris, a band of Muslim mercenaries and Marathas from central India. THIRD ANGLO-MARATHA WAR(1817- 1818)
ANGLO-SIKH RELATIONS The Khalsa (OR the army) became very powerful and made and unmade kings , Dalip Singh, the minor son Ranjit , became the ruler under the protection of his mother – maharani Jindan kaur . Rani jindan instigated the Khalsa againsted the agaist the British and this led to the first Anglo –Sikh war (December ,1845 ). They were defected and had to sign the Treaty of Lahore in 1846 . The Sikhs lost territory , and had to keep a British Resident . They had to sell Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh of jummu for a sum of one million sterling pounds, to pay for the war.
BRITISH EXPANSION UNDER LOAD DALHOUSIE(1848- 1856) The method of expansion in this period was annexation. the person who masterminded it was lord Dalhousie , the governor- general(1848-1856).like Wellesley . Dalhousie was an aggressive administrator. His expansionist policy gave the final touch to the British empire in India. Dalhousie used three chief methods to expand British rule in India. These were (i)Wars and conquests (ii)Doctrine of Lapse (iii)Maladministration or Misgovernance
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE If Clive’s name is associated with the “Dual Government” and Wellesley’s name with the “subsidiary Alliance,” Dalhousie’s name is associated with the “Doctrine of Lapse.” Dalhousie introduced this system which enabled him to annex vast territories . According to this doctrine, if the ruler of a dependent state died without leaving a natural heir , the state would automatically pass over to the British. The Doctrine of lapse did not recognise adopted children as rightful heirs. Satara , Sambalpur , Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.
ABOLITION OF THE TITLES AND PENSIONS Dalhousie also abolished the titles and pensions of childless Indian rulers after their death and thereby annexed their territories. Arcot and Tanjore were annexed in this manner . Nana Saheb , the adopted son of peshwa Baji Rao Ⅱ , was not even given a pension and the imperial title of the Mughal emperor was discontinued after Bahadur Shah Ⅱ.
Dalhousie also carried on his expansionist policy through annexation of states on the basis of misgovernance . Awadh was the only state that was annexed in 1856 on the ground of misgovernance. The Nawab of Awadh was given a pension 12 lakh rupees a year and sent to Calcutta. The excuse Dalhousie had given for annexing Awadh was that he wanted to free the people from the Nawab’s mismanagement , but , in practise , the people got no relief. Other states annexed by Dalhousie were Sikkim , Berar, Pune, Tanjore , Carnatic. ANNEXATION ON THE BASIS OF MISGOVERNANCE
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TRADERS TO RULERS.pptx

  • 2. INTRODUCTION  The atmosphere of chaos and anarchy prevailing in India, during the 18th century CE, gave an opportunity to the European trading companies to increase their power.  The Europeans gradually established their hold, leading to colonisation of India by the British.
  • 3. EUROPEANS AS TRADERS  The discoveries of new sea routes led to the establishment of trading companies of Europe.  The trading centres were known as ‘factories’ and the officials of the companies were called ‘factors’.  These factories were engaged in trade.  Items exported to Europe from India were spices, silk and cotton clothes, muslin, pearls and precious stones.
  • 5. Dutch East India Company In CE 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company to carry on trade with the east. They established their trading centres at Surat, Broach, Cambay, Ahmedabad, Cochin, Nagapatam, Masulipatnam, Chinsura, Patna and Agra.
  • 7. The French in India  The French East India Company was founded in CE 1664 , for trading with India and East Indies.  It was a Government owned body and needed the home Government’s permission for capital investment and wars.  Dupleix became the governor of the French possessions in India in CE 1742.
  • 9. *From CE 1744 to 1763, The English and the French East India Companies were engaged in 3 wars. These wars are known as Carnatic wars. *The English won these wars and established their monopoly over Indian trade. *The French were finally defeated in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760, when English General Sir Eyre Coote defeated Lally. *The French lost all the possessions in India.
  • 10. BRITISH CONQUEST IN BENGAL  BATTLE OF PLASSEY WAS FOUGHT IN 1740-1756 IN PALASHI REGION OF WEST BENGAL. TROOPS OF THE BITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY LED BY ROBERT CLIVE, CAME UP AGAINST THE FORCES OF SIRAJ-UD-DAUIAH, THE LAST INDEPENDENT NAWAB OF BANGAL, AND HIS FRENCH THE ALLIES
  • 11. CAUSES OF WAR BETWEEN ENGLISH AND THE NAWAB  IN 1756 SIRAJ-UD-DAULASH CAME TO POWER. HE FOUND THE ENGLISH EAST COMPANY HAD STARTED TO FORTIFY THEIR SETTLEMENTS IN BENGAL. HE WANTED TO CHEAK THE GROWING OF THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.SO HE ASKED THE COMPANY NO TO FORTIFY THEIR SETTLEMENTS. BUT THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY DID NOT PAY ANY HEED TO THE NAWAB’S REPETATED REQUESTS.HENCE SIRAJ ATTACKED AND OCCUPIED THE FORT WILLIAM IN CALCUTTA IN 1756.  WHEN THE NEWS OF CAPTURE OF CALCUTTA REACHED MADRAS CILVE WAS IMMEDIATELY SENT TO CALCUTTA AND THE NAWAB WAS FORCED TO COME TO TERMS.SIRAJ HAD TO VACATE AND ALSO CALCUTTA AND ALSO PAY INDEMNITY TO THE BRITISH.
  • 12. THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY 1756  THE BATTLE OF PLASSEY WAS A DECISIVE VICTORY OF THE BRITISH INDIAN COMPANY OVER THE NAWAB OF THE BENGALAND HIS FRENCH ALLIES ON 23JUNE 1757 UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ROBERT CILVE. THE VICTORY WAS MADE POSSIDLE BY THE DEFECTION OF MIR JAFER WHO WAS NAWAB SIRAJ-UD- DAULAH’SCOMMANDER IN CHIEF.
  • 13. BENGAL AFTER PIASSEY -THE COMPANY HAD ALSO MADE HEAVY DEMANDS WHICH THE NAWAB WAS UNABLE TO MEET. -THE COMPANY ALSO STARTED INTERFERING IN THE DAY-DAY ADMINISTRATION. - COMPANY DEPOSED MIR JAFER AND MIR QASIM HIS SON IN LAW THE NEW NAWAB OF BENGAL. -MIR QASIM MISUSE OF TRADE REGULATIONS .
  • 14.  MIR QASIM TOOK THE MEASURES FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF HIS ADMINISTRATION 1 TRAINING HIS ARMY .  2 TRANSFER OF THE TEASURY FROM MURSHIBAD TO MUNGHYR.
  • 15. DUAL GOVERNMENT OR DYARCHY 1765-1772 THE NAWAB WAS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ADMINISTERING THE PROVINCE AND MAKING THE LAW AND ORDER.  THE PERIOD WHICH FOLLOWED FROM 1765 AFTER THE GRANT OF DIWANI IS KNOWN FOR ITS DUAL SYSTEM OR DYARCHY.THIS IS SYSTEM CHARACTERISED BY THE TWO RULES NAWAB AND THE COMPANY.
  • 16.  THE COMPANY CONTROLLED THE MILITARY AND HAD THE RIGHT REVENUE OF BENGAL CALLED THE DIWANI POWERS.  CILVE DUAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT RESTED ON TWO PARALLE AUTHORITIES IN BENGAL-THE NAWAB AND THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.
  • 17. THE REGULATING ACT 1773  THE ACT OF 1773 IS VERY SIGNIFICANT IN THE MORDEN HISTORY.  IT CHANGED THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY FROM A TRADING COMPANY TO AN ADMINISTRSTIVE BODY.  THE GOVERNOR OF BENGAL BECAME THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF ALL THE BRITISH TERRITORIES IN INDIA.
  • 18. SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE  LORD WELLESLY WAS THE BRITISH GOVERNOR OF BENGAL FROM 1789-1805.  UNDER SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE THE NATIVE RULER OF AN INDIAN STATE WAS COMPELLED TO KEEP A PERMANENT BRITISH FORCE WITHIN HIS TERRITORY AND PAY A SUBSIDY FOR ITS MAINTENANCE.
  • 19. ANGLO-MYSORE WARS From CE 1767 to 1799 , the English and the rulers to Mysore fought four wars. Mysore was and independent state ruled by two very able rulers- Haider Ali and then his son Tipu Sultan. These two rulers posed a serious challenge to the English in India FISRT ANGLO-MYSORE WAR (1769-69) The first Anglo Mysore War was fought between Haider Ali and the Alliance of British , Marathas and Nizam in 1769 . But in 1769 British were forced to sign peace treaty according to which , both Haider and the British agreed to help each other in case of any attack by a third power.
  • 20. SECONDANGLO-MYSOREWAR(1780-84) The terms of Peace Treaty of 1769 were not followed by British . When Haider Ali was attacked by the Marathas, British forces did not help Him. An angered Haider Ali declared war against the British in 1780.British Governor General ,Warren Hastings ,bribed Nizam to his side and signed a peace treaty with the Marathas. Haider Ali died in 1782. Tipu Sultan, son of Haider Ali, continued the war against the British. Tipu signed a treaty with the English and the second Anglo- Mysore war came to an end. This is known as the Treaty of Mangalore (1784) THIRD ANGLO-MYSORE WAR(1790-1792) The company won the support of two other powers against tipu_the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas .tips was completely defeated by these three joints powers and was forced to sign the Tready of Seringapatnam (Srirangapattam)in 1792.
  • 21. FOURTHANGLO-MYSOREWAR(1799) The treaty of Seringapatnam was short _lived . Lord Wellesley , the governor _General, wanted the ruler of Mysore , Tipu , to accept the subsidiary Alliance But Tipu refused to do so . In 1799,the British went to war against Tipu .the Nizam joined the British but the marathon remained neutral and the French support never came .Tips was killed in the battle on 4th May 1799. Tipu fought valiantly and died defending his Capital, Seringapatnam the British and her ally the Nizam of Hyderabad, shared between themselves half of Mysore’s territories. The other half of Mysore kingdom was restored to the ruler of Mysore from whom Haider Ali had snatched power .it took the British four wars over a period of thirty years.
  • 22. First ANGLO-MARATHA WAR(1775-1782) The English went to War against the Marathas for the First time in CE 1775. this War is known as the First Anglo- Maratha War.it was fought over the issue of succession to the Throne of peshwa. The war was fought when warren Hastings was the governor- general of India. The first Anglo-Maratha war came to an end in 782 with the signing of the TREATY OF SALBAI. SECOND ANGLO-MARATHA WAR (1803-1806) The second Anglo-Maratha war was fought when lord Wellesley was the governor-general of India. In 1803,Baji Rao Ⅱ signed with the English East India Company a Subsidiary Alliance, know as the TREATY OF BASSEIN.
  • 23. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the English East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha territory by British East India Company troops , and although the British were outnumbered, the Maratha army was decimated. The troops were led by Governor General Hastings, supported by a force under General Thomas Hislop. Operations began against the Pindaris, a band of Muslim mercenaries and Marathas from central India. THIRD ANGLO-MARATHA WAR(1817- 1818)
  • 24. ANGLO-SIKH RELATIONS The Khalsa (OR the army) became very powerful and made and unmade kings , Dalip Singh, the minor son Ranjit , became the ruler under the protection of his mother – maharani Jindan kaur . Rani jindan instigated the Khalsa againsted the agaist the British and this led to the first Anglo –Sikh war (December ,1845 ). They were defected and had to sign the Treaty of Lahore in 1846 . The Sikhs lost territory , and had to keep a British Resident . They had to sell Kashmir to Raja Gulab Singh of jummu for a sum of one million sterling pounds, to pay for the war.
  • 25. BRITISH EXPANSION UNDER LOAD DALHOUSIE(1848- 1856) The method of expansion in this period was annexation. the person who masterminded it was lord Dalhousie , the governor- general(1848-1856).like Wellesley . Dalhousie was an aggressive administrator. His expansionist policy gave the final touch to the British empire in India. Dalhousie used three chief methods to expand British rule in India. These were (i)Wars and conquests (ii)Doctrine of Lapse (iii)Maladministration or Misgovernance
  • 26. DOCTRINE OF LAPSE If Clive’s name is associated with the “Dual Government” and Wellesley’s name with the “subsidiary Alliance,” Dalhousie’s name is associated with the “Doctrine of Lapse.” Dalhousie introduced this system which enabled him to annex vast territories . According to this doctrine, if the ruler of a dependent state died without leaving a natural heir , the state would automatically pass over to the British. The Doctrine of lapse did not recognise adopted children as rightful heirs. Satara , Sambalpur , Jhansi and Nagpur were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.
  • 27. ABOLITION OF THE TITLES AND PENSIONS Dalhousie also abolished the titles and pensions of childless Indian rulers after their death and thereby annexed their territories. Arcot and Tanjore were annexed in this manner . Nana Saheb , the adopted son of peshwa Baji Rao Ⅱ , was not even given a pension and the imperial title of the Mughal emperor was discontinued after Bahadur Shah Ⅱ.
  • 28. Dalhousie also carried on his expansionist policy through annexation of states on the basis of misgovernance . Awadh was the only state that was annexed in 1856 on the ground of misgovernance. The Nawab of Awadh was given a pension 12 lakh rupees a year and sent to Calcutta. The excuse Dalhousie had given for annexing Awadh was that he wanted to free the people from the Nawab’s mismanagement , but , in practise , the people got no relief. Other states annexed by Dalhousie were Sikkim , Berar, Pune, Tanjore , Carnatic. ANNEXATION ON THE BASIS OF MISGOVERNANCE