Types of Test Items
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Types of test items include essay type questions and objective type questions. Essay type questions can be long answer or short answer. Long answer questions allow for free organization and expression but have limitations like subjectivity in scoring. Short answer questions limit the response but have better scoring objectivity. Objective type questions ensure objective scoring and include simple recall questions, completion questions, alternate response questions, and multiple choice questions. These question types test different skills and have guidelines for effective creation and administration.
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Types of Test Items
- 1. Types of Test Items Debabrata Giri Teacher Educator DIET,Mayurbhanj,Odisha
- 2. The Teachers and test producers use many types of test items Essay Type Test Objective Type Test
- 3. Essay Type Questions Phrasing Essay Type Questions 1. Describe the function of different parts of a flower ? 2. Discuss the role of mass media in national integration ? 3. Explain the procedure of 4. How the virtual images are formed ? Illustrate your answer with a diagram. 5. Compare the animal cell and plant cell ? 6. Outline the main causes of French revolution ? 7. Give a summary of the effect of globalisation ? 8. Examine the relevance of reservation policy of govt for recruitment of diff posts. 9. “Expansion is life and contraction is death”.Give your own interpretation about the validity of the statement. 10. Criticise the govt’s policy on taxation ? 11. Comment on the present nuclear policy of India ?
- 4. Types of Essay Type Question Long Answer Type or Extended Response Type Short Answer Type or Restricted Response Type
- 5. Long Answer Type Answers are long Free to organise answer according to own view points or judgements. Answer reveals the ability to select,organise,integrate and evaluate ideas.
- 6. Principle of Framing Long Answer Type Questions Ask questions that require specific answers for objectivity in scoring Example:Write the administrative system of Shivaji. Better: Write the revenue policy of Shivaji. Questions should be based on objectives. Be conscious of time limit Test the question by writing a model answer of it Length of answer must commensurate with the mark allotted Use of appropriate directional verb to measure different aspect of content Questions should be worded clearly Give due direction to specify the answer
- 7. Limitations of Long Answer type Questions It is unpsychological Poor coverage of content Encourage selective reading and cramming Chance factor may inflate the score Scoring is time consuming and rather difficult Subjectiviy in scoring Scores may be affected by different factors like , mood of the examiner…………………… Individual difference among the examiner Scoring may be affected by handwriting,language,spelling errors,Style of expression Less Valid Less Reliable
- 8. Merits of Long Answer Type Questions Easy to construct and administer Faking or cheating is minimized Valuable in testing power of expression and functional knowledge Pupils’ ability to compare,analyse,interpret,organise,synthesize,summerise,criticise,evaluate can be better judged Helps to develop above abilities in pupils Creativity and originality can be fostered Suitable to measure certain aspects of learning related to thought process ,judgement , logical expression and so on
- 9. Suggestions for Improvement Questions should be worded properly Questions should be so framed as to demand specific answer Questions should aim at assessing different aspects of pupil behaviour ie objective based Use of appropriate directional verbs Pupils should be clarified about the meaning of directional verbs Examiners must be unanimous regarding meaning of terms used and answer System of giving overall options should be avoided Due direction should be given to specify the answer within certain words Objectivity of scoring should be ensured
- 10. Short Answer Type Question It requires pupils to give a brief answer to the question It tends to limit both content and form of pupils response Examples List three main factor responsible for………. Name four personalities who played vital role in formation of Odisha state. Write the three difference between…… Give three reasons in support of your …………… What happens when…………….. “………………….” Give scientific reason Write two similarities between……………. Write four different use of………………
- 11. Merits of Short Answer Type Questions Discourage the students to write irrelevant answers Little time to answer and hence avoids boring Less time for scoring Objectivity of scoring is better ensured Greater coverage of content More reliable
- 12. Limitations Score is affected by Handwriting Language Expression Way of Organisation of answer Lacks objectivity in scoring
- 13. Suggestions Simply limiting the answer to words cannot be a short answer type ,rather the expected answer should be specific Avoid the questions like , “Write short notes on ……..”, “Give a brief account of ………….” These should be worded to demand specific answers
- 14. Objective Type Question These are pin pointed,definite answer is expected They ensure perfect objectivity in scoring
- 15. 1.Simple Recall Type Pupil has to recall the answer from memory Otherwise called as free response type Examples Who is the father of computer ? Ans…………………… When did Sahjahan ascend the throne ? Ans…………………...
- 16. Merits It is a natural type test and pupils are familiar with it Easy to construct Guessing is eliminated
- 17. Limitations Test only factual things or memory Powers of understanding,reasoning,application,interpretation cannot be tested
- 18. Guidelines Questions must be carefully prepared and simply worded Question should not contain any clue The answer must be pin pointed,definite and be in a word,a number,a symbol or a phrase Space should be given at the right hand side in a column to write answer
- 19. 2.Completion Type In this type of test important words or phrases or numbers or date is omitted in a sentence. The pupil is asked to insert the missing elements This is another form of Recall Test A free response type Example 1. The concept of IQ was given by …………………. 2. The battle of Panipath was fought in the year ………….. 3. Jawaharlal Nehru was born in the year ……………… 4. Water reacts with ……………… to give carbonic acid
- 20. Merits Easy to construct Popular and Widely Used Guessing is avoided More Reliable Can assess both knowledge and undestanding
- 21. Limitations Fails to measure higher levels of objective like application,analysis,synthesis Fails to test reasoning power,power to explain,discriminate,illustrate or estimate Scoring is a bit more labourious due to scattering of blanks
- 22. Guidelines Avoid vague statements Ex Mahatma Gandhi was born in …………………. Ans may be India,Gujrat,Porbandar,1869 Better: Mahatma Gandhi was born in the year…………………. Omit the key words or phrases.Donot omit trivial details as Ex: The first battle of Panipah ………. Fought between Babur …………..Ibrahim Lodi Do not omit too many key words Ex: The battle of …………….. Was fought between ………………….. And ……………….. Avoid giving a gap at the starting of an item Items should not contain any clue. Ex: Paper boats are made up of ……………………. Ex:Steam engines work on the pressure of the ………………… Ex: An ………………is a word which modifies a verb Make the blanks uniform in length.
- 23. Contd… Avoid using statements directly from the text.It would encourage rote memory Prepare a scoring key containing answer Each blank be given equal credit Omit the item which would serve our purpose. Ex:Goutam Budha was the son of ……………, a king of ……………dynasty. (History) The Early life of Goutam ……that he had no interest ……pleasure.(Language)
- 24. 3.Alternate Response Type This is a fixed response type item in which a testee is asked to write or to check either of the two probable answers provided ,out of which only one is correct. The testee is to record his response by marking true or false,right or wrong,yes or no or agree or disagree Ex: IQ =(CA/MA)*100 True or False Shivaji died in the year 1680 Yes or No
- 25. Merits Easy to construct Easy to administer and score A large no of area can be covered It measure the understanding of concept ,ability to identify the correct statement, Pupils are familiar with such items and popular among them.
- 26. Limitations This encourages guessing Probability of finding correct answer is 50 % with guessing Low reliability Unsuitable for diagnosing weakness of pupils
- 27. Guidelines Avoid broad general statements using words like all,generally,nothing,never Double negative should not be used Tricky statement shouldn’t be used ( clue) Avoid using ornamental language Text book language should be avoided The items should not be unnecessarily long Appox 50% right and 50% wrong statements should be used Provide space to the right side of the question for answer See that true statements are true enough and false statements are false enough To minimise the guessing , rectification of the item can be directed
- 28. 4.Multiple choice The first part is stem which may be in the form of question or incomplete sentence. The second part consists of the alternatives which are plausible suggested answers. The alternatives include nos , symbols , words The correct alternative is answer Others are called distracters Such tests require the testee to discriminate among the alternatives It measure the degree of understanding,inference,judgement,application
- 29. Merits This type of questions provoke thinking and create interest Higher learning outcomes like understanding ,applications,analysis,judgement are better tested More reliable and valid This type is superior to alternate response or simple recall type This can be used to diagnose the difficulty area of the learner
- 30. Limitations Difficult to prepare as the distracter Such items can test the learning outcomes at verbal level Scope for guess work Difficult to prepare for lower primary level as the they have limited vocabulary
- 31. Guidelines 1-Items should be simple,short and clear Ex-India a-has a larger population than China b-lies in south hemisphere c-produces more wheat thanUSA d-is much benefited by Himalayas 2-Donot give any clue in the stem. Ex-The box is heavy.The word “heavy” is an A-Noun , B- Verb , C- Adjective , D- Preposition 3- Avoid text book language 4- The distracters should be plausible. 5-Alternates should be homogeneous in content,nearly equal length 6-The alternatives shouldn’t overlap.There should be only one correct answer or best answer. 7.Use four or more alternatives to minimise guessing
- 32. Contd. 8-Correction of Guessing is to be made after scoring True Score = R - 𝑊 𝑛−1 R = Number of items answered correctly W = Number of items answered incorrectly n = Number of alternatives given 9-”None of these” , “All of these “ can be use as alternative
- 33. 5.Matching Test It consists of two series The items of the column for which a match is required are called “ premises” The items of the column from which matching is selected are known as “ responses” Ex- Series A :Bangla Desh,Bhutan, Nepal , Burma , Ceylone Series B: Thimpu , Colombo ,Dhaka , Kathmandu , Rangoon In simple matching type the no of responses are same as that of premises. To minimise guessing the no of responses should be more than premises
- 34. Merits Easy to construct Helps to measure the ability to identify the relationship between two things Little scope for guessing. More reliable
- 35. Limitations Matching tests are limited to measurement of factual memory Fails to measure the higher learning outcomes. In matching tests there is likelihood of presence of irrelevant cues
- 36. Guidelines Prepare the items cautiously Homogeneous material should be placed in each column The no of matching items should be at best ten to fifteen To minimise guessing the no of items in resposes should be more than premises Both the column should appear in one page If the responses are numerical than they should odered in chronological order. The longer phrases can be used as premises and that of shorter as responses
- 37. 6. Other Type 1.Classification Type 2.Arrangement Type 3.Analogy Type 4.Correction Type 5.Number Series
Editor's Notes
- Phrasing-These are phrased by directional verbs like;Describe,Discuss,coment,Justify,List,Arrange,Illustrate,compare,Criticise,Elaborate,Interpret,coment
- Certain words or points
- 1-time consuming,feels tired n bored,2-personal bias for a particular point of view,his way of understanding the questn,weitage to diff aspect of answer,favouritism,nepotism
- They assume importance as they have certain special advantages
- 1-Internal option measuring same objective may be different in content.2-objectivity:a)scheme of assessment,b)coding of answer books,c)answer of all pupils to q no 1 may be scored first then qno2.d) answer scored by three examiners and the average is given
- The short answer type questions have more or less same merits and limitations but these are preferred as they have a few advantages
- 40-60 may also included
- Provoke=evoke,arouse produce
- 1-the stem by itself not invite a specific answer.4-plausible-resonable