This document discusses occupational safety and health in industries. It covers various causes of industrial accidents, prevention methods, statutory safety provisions, occupational hazards, diseases, and health issues faced by workers. It analyzes safety risks in specific hazardous industries like matches/fireworks manufacturing in Sivakasi and gem polishing in Jaipur, where many child workers are exposed to chemicals and physical hazards that can harm their health. The document emphasizes the importance of compliance with factory laws and measures to protect worker safety.
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Unit 4 indutrial safety
1. Prepared and presented by
N. Ganesha Pandian
Assistant professor
Madurai school of management
Madurai
2. Contents
Causes of Accidents
Prevention of accidents
Safety Provisions
Industrial Health and Hygiene –Importance
Problems
Occupational Hazards
Diseases
Psychological problems
Counselling
Statutory Provisions.
3. Introduction
Industrial safety must be an integral part of any
industrial undertaking; it must be built in at the design
stage, in production planning and in operator training
The aim must be to make every individual in industry
have more regard not only for his own personal safety,
but also for the safety of others
4. Features of safety organization
Factors that govern plant safety effectiveness included
choice of equipment, procedures and materials, budgets,
the selection of personnel the kind of leadership provided
and the work habits of the individual
When a safety specialist is employed to direct the plant
safety programme his function usually is to assist line
managers to control the safety of their operations
5. Contd…
A. Management participation safety programme (Declaration of
company safety policy)
B. Supervisory responsibility for employee safety (each member of
supervisory staff is held responsible for safety)
C. Assignment of staff functions to safety personnel
D. Provisions for safe working conditions building and equipment
Facilities must be available for strong and displaying samples of
safety equipment, posters, safe practice reference, equipment
catalogs and for the necessary records, files and charts of the
department
6. Accident prevention programme
There are certain basic steps in safety programme, on which based
on fundamental principles in the following order.
1. Obtain co-operation of plant manager
2. Obtain co-operation of other heads of departments
3. Analyze accident records
4. Hold meetings of operation executives
5. Organize education (Information on safety)
Role of safety director is very important and appointed in a
concern to ensure workers safety
7. Statutory safety provisions
The statutory safety provisions as applicable to factories in
India are found in (sec21-40) of factories Act 1948
Sec 21: Fencing of machinery
Sec 22: Work on or near machinery in motion
Sec 23: Employment of young persons on dangerous machines
Sec 24: self acting machines
Sec25 : Casing of new machinery
Sec26: Prohibition of employment of women and children
near cotton openers
8. Contd…
Sec27 : Hoists and lifts
Sec28 : Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting tackles
Sec29 : Revolving machinery
Sec30 : Pressure plant
Sec31 : Floors, stains and means of access
Sec32 : pits, sumps, openings in floors etc.,
Sec33 : Excessive weights
Sec34 : Protection of eyes
Sec35 : Precautions against dangerous fumes, gases and etc.,
9. Contd…
Sec36 : Precautions regarding the use of portable electric light
Sec37 : Explosive or inflammable dust, gas and etc.,
Sec38 : Precautions in case of fire
Sec39 : Power to require specifications of defective parts or tests
of stability
Sec40 : Safety of buildings and machinery
Sec40A : Maintenance of buildings
sec40B : safety officers
Sec41 : Powers to make rule to supplement this chapter
10. Workers’ health
Statutory health measures:
The factories act 1948 comprises 11 chapters and 120 sections with a schedule listing
notifiable disease.
(sec11 to 20) of factories act 1948 list the following health measures to be provided
for its workers
Sec11: Cleanliness
Every factory shall be kept clean and free from effluent arising from drain, privy or
other
Sec12 : Disposal of wastes and effluents
Effective arrangements shall be made in every factory for the treatment of wastes
and effluents due to the manufacturing process carries on therein, so as to render
them innocuous and for their disposal
11. Contd…Sec13 : Ventilation and temperature
Effective and suitable provision shall be made in every factory for securing and maintaining
in every workroom
Sec14 : Dust and fume
If any exhaust appliance is necessary for this purpose, it shall be applied as near as possible to
the point of origin of the dust, fume or other impurity
Sec15 : Artificial humidification
In any factory in which the humidity of the air is artificially increased
Sec16 : Overcrowding
No room in any factory shall be overcrowded to an extent injurious to the health of the
workers employed therein
Sec17 : Lighting
In every part of a factory where workers are working or passing there shall be provided and
maintained sufficient and suitable lighting, natural or artificial or both
12. Contd…
Sec18 : Drinking water
In every factory effective arrangements shall be made to
provide and maintain at suitable points conveniently
situated for all workers employed therein a sufficient supply
of wholesome drinking water
Sec19 : Latrines and urinals
In every factory, sufficient latrine and urinal
accommodation of prescribed conveniently suited and
accessible to workers at all times while they are at factory
Sec 20 : Spit toons
In every factory there shall be provided a sufficient no. of
spit toons in convenient places and they shall be maintained
in a clean and hygienic condition
13. Accident: According to worker’s compensation Act 1923,
“an occurrence mishap or untoward event which is not
expected or designated for and arising out of and in the
course of employment of an industrial worker”
Industrial Injury: According to Factories Act 1948, “A
personal injury to an employee which has been caused
by an accident or an occupational disease and which
arises out of or in the course of employment and which
could entitle such employee to compensation under
workers’ compensation Act 1923
14. Hazardous processes
The schedule- Part A
Hazardous occupation
Any occupation concerned with :-
1. Transport of passengers, goods or mails by railways;
2. Cinder packing, clearing of an ash pit or building operation in the railway premises
3. Work in a catering establishment at a railway station, involving the movement of a
vendor or any other employee of the establishment from one platform to another
and etc.,
4. Work relating to the construction of a station or with any other work where such
work is done in close proximity to or between the railway lines
5. A port authority within the limits of any port
6. Work relating to selling of crackers and fireworks in shops with temporary licenses
15. 7. Abattoirs /Slaughter house
8. Foundries
9. Automobile workshops and garages
10. Handling of toxic or inflammable substances or explosives
11. Handloom and power loom industry
12. Mines (underground and underwater) and collieries
13. Plastic units and fiberglass workshops
14. Domestic workers or servants and
15. Dhabas (roadside eateries), restaurants, hotels, motels, tea
shops , resorts, spas or other recreational centres
16. Part – B
Industries wherein the manufacturing process are hazardous
1. Beedi – Making
2. Carpet weaving
3. Cement manufacturing, including bagging of cement
4. Cloth printing, dying and weaving
5. Manufacture of matches, explosives and fireworks
6. Mica – Cutting and splitting
7. Shellac manufacture
8. Soap manufacture
9. Tanning
10. Wool – cleaning
11. Building and construction industry
12. Manufacture of slate pencils
17. 13. Manufacture of products from agate
14. Manufacturing products using toxic metals and substances such as lead,
mercury, manganese, chromium, cadmium, benzene, pesticides and
asbestos
15. “Hazardous process” as defined in sec 2(cb) and “dangerous operations” as
noticed in rules made under sec 87 of the factories act 1948(63 of 1948)
16. Printing as defined in section 2(k)(vi) of the factories
Act, 1948(63 of 1948)
17. Cashew and cashew nut de scaling and processing
18. Soldering process in electronic industry
19. “Agarbatti” manufacturing
20. Automobile repairs and maintenance including processes incidental
thereto namely welding, latte work and painting
18. 21. Brick kilns and roof tiles units
22. Cotton ginning and processing and production of hosiery goods
23. Detergent manufacturing
24. Fabrication workshops (ferrous and non-ferrous)
25. Gem cutting and polishing
26. Handling of chromites and manganese ores
27. Jute textile manufacture and Coir making
28. Lime Kilns and manufacture of lime
29. Lock making
30. Manufacturing process having exposure to lead
31. Manufacture of cement pipes, cement products and other related
work
19. 32. Manufacture of glass and glassware
33. Manufacture of dye and dyestuff
34. Manufacturing or handling of pesticides and insecticides
35. manufacture, processing and handling of corrosive and toxic substances
36. Manufacturing of burning coal and coal briquettes
37. Manufacturing of sports goods involving chemicals and leather
38. Molding and processing of fiber glass and plastic
39. Oil expelling and refinery
40. Paper making
41. Potteries and ceramic industries
42. Polishing, moulding, cutting, welding and manufacturing of brass goods
in all forms
20. 43. Processes in agriculture
44. Saw mill –all processes
45. Sericulture processing
46. Skinning, dyeing and processes for manufacturing of leather and leather products
47. Stone breaking and stone crushing
48. Tobacco processing including manufacturing
49. Tyre making, repairing, re-treading and graphite benefaction
50. Utensils making, polishing and metal buffing
51. ‘Zari’ making
52. Electroplating
53. Graphite powdering and incidental processing
54. Ginding or glazing of metals
55. Diamond cutting and polishing
56. Extraction of slate from mines
57. Rag picking and scavenging
21. List of industries involving hazardous processes as defined U/S 2(cb) of the
factories Act, 1948
1. Ferrous metallurgical industries
1.1 Integrated iron and steel
1.2 Ferrous-alloys
1.3 special steels
2. Non-ferrous metallurgical industries
2.1 primary metallurgical industries namely zinc, lead, copper, manganese and
aluminum
3. Foundries (ferrous and non-ferrous)
3.1 castings and forging including, cleaning or smoothening, roughening by sand
and shot blasting
4. Coal (including coke) industries
4.1 Coal, lignite, coke and etc.,
4.2 fuel gases
22. 5. Power generating industries
6. Pulp and paper(including paper products)
7. Fertilizer industries
7.1 nitrogenous
7.2 phospahtic
7.3 mixed
8. Cement industries
9. Petroleum industries
10. petro-chemical industries
11. Drugs and pharmaceutical industries
12. Fermentation industries
13. Rubber industries
23. 14. Leather tanning industries
15. Paints and pigments industries
16. Electroplating industries
17. Chemical industries
18. Synthetic resin and plastics
19. Man-made fiber industry
20. Manufacture and repair industry
21. Glass and ceramics
22. Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and other pesticides industry
23. Grinding and glaxing of metals
24. Manufacture, handling and processing of asbestos
25. Extraction of oils and fats from vegetable and animals sources
24. 26. Manufacture, handling and use of benzene and
substances containing benzene
27. Manufacturing processes and operations involving
carbon disulphide
28. Dyes and Dye stuff including their intermediates
29. Highly inflammable liquids and gases
25. Statutory requirements for
hazardous manufacturing process
In a factory manufacturing process of hazardous nature is carried on, the factory
shall compulsorily comply with (sec41A to 41H) of the factories Act 1948
1. The state government may for purpose of advising it to consider applications for
grant of permission for the initial location of a factory, appoint a site appraisal
committee
2. Site appraisal committee consists of the chief inspector of the chairman who
shall be its chairman
3. And other representatives from central board for the prevention an control of
pollution
4. They shall examine an application for the establishment of a factory involving
hazardous process and make its recommendation to the state government with
in a period of 90 days
5. They shall have power to call for any information
26. Sec 41B: Compulsory disclosure of information by the
occupier
The occupier of every factory involving a hazardous
process shall disclose in the manner prescribed all
information regarding dangers, including health
hazards and the measures to overcome such hazards
arising from the exposure to or handling of the materials
or substance in the manufacture, transportation, storage
and other process to the workers employed in the
factory is situate and general public in vicinity
27. Sec 41C: Specific responsibility of the occupier in
relation to hazardous processes
Every occupier of a factory involving any hazardous
process shall- (a) maintain accurate and up to date
health records or, as the case may be, medical records,
of the workers in the factory who are exposed to any
chemical, toxic or any other harmful substances which
are manufactured, stored , handled or transported and
such records shall be accessible to the workers subject
to such conditions as may be prescribed
28. Sec 41D: Power of central government to appoint inquiry
committee
The central government may, in the event of the occurrence of
an extra ordinary situation involving a factory engaged in a
hazardous process, appoint an inquiry committee to inquire
into the standards of health and safety observed in the
factory with a view to finding out the causes of any failure or
neglect in the adoption of any measures or standards
prescribed for the health and safety of the workers employed
in the factory or the general public affected
29. Sec 41E: Emergency standards
The emergency standards laid down under sub-section shall,
until they are incorporated in the rules made under this Act,
be enforceable and have the same effect as if they had been
incorporated in the rules made under this Act.
Sec 41F: Permissible limits of exposure of chemicals and toxic
substances
The maximum permissible threshold limits of exposure of
chemicals and toxic substances in manufacturing processes
(whether hazardous or otherwise) in any factory shall be of
the value indicated
30. Sec 41F : Workers’ participation in management
The occupier shall, in every factory where a hazardous
process take place, or where hazardous substances are
used or handled, set up a safety committee consisting of
equal number of representatives of workers and
management to promote co-operation between workers
and the management in maintaining proper safety and
health at work
Sec 41G : Rights of workers to warn about imminent
danger
31. Occupational hazards
Every occupation has its own hazards, one should take
adequate and proper precautions to save him/ her
Companies should look into safety of their workers before
hand to have proper safety and precautionary measures
against occupational hazards is the fundamental right of all
workers
The constitution of India, as a part of the fundamental rights
has laid down that the state shall direct its policy towards
protection of childhood and youth against exploitation
32. They shall not be employed to work in any factory or
mine or engaged in any hazardous employment
Construction and chemical work, automobile repairing
and Gem polishing are some of industries affect the
physical and mental health of children
So there is a serious concern of the government and
society about those children who are working in such
hazardous occupations
33. Match and firecracker industry in
Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu
In and around Sivakasi, TN there are approximately 2700 match
workers and 200 fire factories employing more than 2 lacs workers
According to UNICEF (united nations children's fund) 1986, there
are 45,269 children working in this industry
Children are employed in various process of match making factory.
Major processes are frame filling, wax dipping, head filling, drying,
box farming, side painting, band rolling and etc.,
They are exposed to various chemical hazards mainly potassium
chlorate, commercial sulphur, glue, black and red manganese, red
phosphorus, antimony glass powder etc.,
34. Occupational health problems
In the long run, due to synergistic effect of above mentioned
chemicals in the presence of excessive heat and lack of
ventilation and improper ergonomic condition, the major
occupational health problem which can be expected are many
Common acute occupational illness observed are allergic skin
diseases, allergic lung disorders and irritation of eyes with
lacrimation, photophobia and conjunctivitis
Long working hours may induce psychological problems can’t
be ruled out
35. Gem polishing industry, Jaipur;
Rajasthan
Gem polishing Industry is located mainly in Jaipur, the
capital of Rajasthan where there are 60,000 persons are
employed in this industry
Out of total work force nearly 20% are children, many of
the children complain frequent injuries, fissures and
cracks of their hands and fingers, especially tip of fingers
36. Hand made carpet weaving
industry, Mizpur and Bhadoi, UP
The art of carpet making has spread from Kashmir to the
southern tip of India
By approx, out of total workers 80%, 15%, 5% are in UP
(96,000 children out of 2,40,000 total employees)
Rajasthan (12,000 children out of 30,000 total employees)
and J&K (6000 out of 15,000 employees)respectively
Workers/children are subject to skeletal deformities,
ergonomic problems, eye sight problems due to exposure
to toxic chemicals
37. Mental health problems
The very fine work requiring a high degree of
skill and constant attention leads in some
cases to nervous illness manifesting itself in
hand trembling and sometimes mental
troubles
39. Notifiable diseases
The factories act further declares certain diseases which are
particularly attributable to such industry or the manufacturing
process carried out in that particular industry, sec89&90 of Act
specify them as:
Sec 89: Notice of certain diseases
Where any worker in a factory contracts any disease specified in the
Third schedule, the manager of the factory shall send notice thereof
to such authorities, and in such form and within such time as may
be prescribed
The central government may by notification in the official Gazette,
add to or alter the Third schedule and any such addition or
alteration shall have effect as if had been made by this Act
40. Sec 90: Power to direct enquiry into cases of accident or
disease
The state government may, if it considers it expedient so to
do, appoint a competent person to inquire into the causes of
any accident occurring in a factory or into any case where a
disease specified in the Third schedule has been, or is
suspended to have been, contracted in a factory, and may
also appoint one or more persons possessing legal or special
knowledge to act as assessors in such inquiry
41. Sec 91: Power to take samples
An inspector may at any time during the normal working hours of
a factory, after informing the occupier or manager of the factory,
take in the manner hereinafter provided a sufficient sample of any
substance used or intended to be used in the factory
Sec 91A: Safety and occupational health surveys
For the purpose of facilitating surveys under sub-section: Every
worker shall, if so required by the person conducting the survey
present himself to undergo such medical examination as may be
considered necessary by such person and furnish all information in
his possession and relevant to the survey
42. List of Notifiable diseases
1. Lead poisoning including
poisoning by any preparation or
compound of lead
2. Lead tetra ethyl poisoning
3. Phosphorus poisoning
4. Mercury poisoning
5. Manganese poisoning
The third schedule of the Act lists the following diseases as Notifiable diseases.
The third schedule (sec89&90)
6. Arsenic poisoning
7. Poisoning by nitrous
fumes
8. Carbon di sulphide
poisoning
9. Benzene poisoning
10, Chrome poisoning
43. 19. Toxic jaundice
20. Oil acne or dermatitis
21. Byssionosis
22. Asbestosis
23. Occupational or contract
dermatitis
24. Berillium poisonong
25. Carbon mono oxide
26. Coal miner’s pneumoconiosis
27. Phosgene poisoning
28. Occupational cancer
29. Iso cynates poisoning
30. Toxic Nephratitis
11. Anthrax
12. Silicosis
13. Poisoning by halogens and
derivatives
14. Pathological manifestations
15. Radium or other radio active
substances
16. X-rays
17. Cancer of skin
18.Toxic anemia
44. Psychological counseling
The counseling process is a planned, structured dialogue
between a counselor and a client
It is a co-operative process in which a trained professional
helps a person called the client to identify sources of
difficulties or concerns that he/ she is experiencing
Together they develop ways to deal with and overcome
these problems so that person has new skills and
increased understanding of themselves and others
45. Counseling process
Step 1: Relationship building
Step 2: Problem Assessment
Step 3: Goal setting
Step 4: Counseling intervention
Step 5: Evaluation, termination or referral
46. Qualities of counselor
1. Interpersonal relationship
2. Personal adjustment
3. Health and personal appearance
4. Leadership
5. Philosophy of life
6. High sense of morality
48. Counseling methodology
Counseling psychologists participate in a range of activities
including teaching, research, psychotherapeutic and
counseling practice, career development, assessment,
supervision and consultation
They employ a variety of methods closely tied to theory and
research to help individuals, groups and organizations
function optimally as well as mediate dysfunction/ issues
Counseling psychology also consult with organizations
seeking to enhance their effectiveness or the well being of
their members
49. Exam point of view
Part-A
Define “Industrial safety”?
What is meant by psychological problem?
What is the importance of hygiene in industries?
Write a note on significance of industrial safety for employees?
What is mean by “Industrial health”?
Define “Counselling”?
Write the need for social assistance?
Define “Accidents”?
What are the implications of statutory provisions?
What is works committee?
What is occupational disease?
Define “psychology”?
What are hygiene factors?
What are the causes of accidents in factory?
What is occupational hazard?
50. Part-B
Enlist the causes of industrial accidents and mention the
safety measures to be taken to prevent the same?
How and to what extent occupational hazard can be
minimized and employees to be compensated adequately
for health risks?
Psychological issues of employees and measures taken to
prevent adverse impact on overall health of employees.
Factors motivating the industrial health and hygiene
Essentials and different methods of counselling?
Various statutory measures available for the industrial
safety in India.
Occupational hazards and occupational disease.
Legal provisions regarding employee health under the
factories Act 1948