Body fluids serve as a medium for transporting nutrients and waste throughout the body. The most abundant body fluids are interstitial fluid and blood plasma. Total body fluid is distributed between extracellular fluid, containing interstitial fluid and plasma, and intracellular fluid within cells. Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste products, and helps regulate pH and temperature. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow from stem cells. Blood groups are classified by antigens on red blood cells in the ABO and Rh systems, which determine transfusion compatibility.
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Unit III, chapter-1-Body fluids and Blood
1. 1
By
Mr. Audumbar Mali,
Asst. Professor,
Sahyadri College of
Pharmacy, Methwade
Unit-III
1. Body fluids and blood
BP101T. Human Anatomy And Physiology-I
(Theory)
2. 19-2
Body fluids are fluids inside the body of living
organisms which serve as a medium for carrying nutrients
to and waste products from the cells and a medium for
carrying the chemical communicators that coordinate
activities among cells. Examples of body fluids are
interstitial fluid, blood plasma, urine, lymph, cerebrospinal
fluid, aqueous humor, and sensorial fluid.
The most abundant is interstitial fluid, which
directly surrounds most cells and fills the spaces between
them. It makes up about 17% of body weight. Another
body fluid is blood plasma, which flows in the arteries and
veins. It makes up about 5% of body weight. Other body
fluids that occur in lesser amounts are urine, lymph,
cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, and sensorial fluid.
3. 19-3
Body Fluid Compartments:
The total body fluid is distributed mainly between two
compartments: the extra cellular fluid and the intracellular
fluid.
1. Extra cellular fluids: All the fluids outside the cells
are collectively called the extra cellular fluid. Together
these fluids account for about 20 per cent of the body
weight, or about 14 liters in a normal 70-kilogram adult.
The extra cellular fluid contains the Interstitial fluid and
the plasma. Interstitial fluid contains more than three
fourths of the extra cellular fluid and plasma contains
almost one fourth of the extra cellular fluid or about 3
liters.
4. 19-4
2. Intracellular fluids:
All fluids inside the cells are collectively called the
intracellular fluid. The intracellular fluid constitutes
about 40 per cent of the total body weight in an
“average” person.
Note: There is another small compartment of fluid that
is referred to as Tran cellular fluid. This compartment
includes fluid in the sensorial, peritoneal, pericardial,
and intraocular spaces, as well as the cerebrospinal
fluid. It is usually considered to be a specialized type of
extra cellular fluid. All the transcellular fluids together
constitute about 1 to 2 liters.
5. 5
Functions of Blood
• Transport of:
– Gases,
– nutrients,
– waste products.
• Regulation of pH and osmosis,
• Maintenance of body temperature,
• Protection against foreign substances,
• Clot formation.
6. 6
Composition of Blood : -
Plasma = straw colored liquid
component of blood
– Water = 92%
– Solutes (plasma proteins) = 8%
Formed elements
= blood cells
– Erythrocytes
– Leukocytes
– Thrombocytes
7. 7
Plasma Protiens : -
Albumins = 55% of plasma proteins
– Increases blood viscosity
Globulins = 38% of plasma proteins
– Gamma globulins
– Serve as antibodies in immune response
Fibrinogens = 7% of plasma proteins
– Precursor to the protein fibrin
– Major role in blood clotting mechanism
8. Serum : -
8
• Serum is defined as when plasma
fibrinogen and other blood clotting
factors have been removed.
9. Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis : -
• The process of formation of blood cells i.e.
RBC’S, WBC’S and platelets is called as
haematopoiesis and the sites where it occurs
are known as hemopoietic tissues or organs
(bone marrow, Liver, spleen).
• Hematopoietic stem cells present in yolk
sac migrate to other parts like spleen, liver
and bone marrow.
• The hematopoietic stem cells present in
yolk sac at third week of embryo migrate to
liver at around third month of foetal life. 9
10. • So, around third month of embryo the liver
gets populated with these stem cells and
become a major organ for haematopoiesis-
DOMINANT MIGRATION.
• Some hematopoietic stem cells also migrate
to lymph nodes, spleen –MINOR
MIGRATION.
• Liver , lymph nodes and spleen continue as
hematopoietic organs until birth.
10
11. • After birth, liver stops its hematopoietic
activity because around 4 th month of foetal
life migration of stem cells from liver,
lymph nodes and spleen takes place to bone
marrow.
• So at time of fourth month of foetal life,
hemopoiesis takes place in bone marrow.
• Bone marrow is permanent residence for
hematopoietic stem cells.
• At time of birth, all hematopoietic stem
cells are limited to bone marrow and bone
marrow will be active. 11
12. • Active bone marrow is called as RED
BONE MARROW and inactive bone
marrow is called as YELLOW BONE
MARROW.
• Yellow bone marrow is accumulated with
fat cells, so it is yellow in colour and red
bone marrow is highly vascular and rich in
hematopoietic stem cells.
• In new born, if hematopoiesis is going on
outside of bone marrow i.e. in liver, spleen
and lymph nodes it is called as EXTRA
MEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS.
12
15. 15
Production of Formed Elements : -
• Stem cells: All formed elements derived
from single population.
– Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells,
– Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils,
– Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes,
– Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes,
– Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets.
16. 16
Erythrocytes : -
• Structure
– Biconcave, anucleate
• Components
– Hemoglobin
– Lipids, ATP, carbonic
anhydrase
• Function
– Transport oxygen from
lungs to tissues and
carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs
17. 17
Erythropoiesis : -
• Production of red blood cells called as an Erythropoiesis.
– Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts
intermediate late reticulocytes
• Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production
18. 18
Hemoglobin : -
• It is a Red pigment
Present in RBC of Blood.
It is a conjugated protein, &
Chromoprotein.
It is made up of Iron and Protein.
• Consists of:
– 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic
anhydrase involved), nitric oxide.
– 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
• Iron is required for oxygen transport.
26. 26
Fibrinolysis : -
• Clot dissolved by
activity of plasmin,
an enzyme which
hydrolyzes fibrin
27. 27
Blood Groups : -
Classified by genetically determined
antigens located on the surface of
erythrocytes.
Two major classification systems : -
– ABO System,
– Rh System.
28. ABO blood System: -
In ABO blood system classification of
human blood based on the inherited
properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
as determined by the presence or absence of
the antigens A and B, which are carried on
the surface of the red cells. Persons may
have type A, type B, type O, or type
AB blood.
Transfusion Reaction
28
30. Rh Blood Grouping : -
Also based upon antigens located on the
surface of erythrocytes.
Named because it was first worked out on
blood of Rhesus monkeys,
Rh+ = 85% people have Rhesus antigen,
and they do not make anti-Rhesus
antibodies.
Rh- = Remaining 15% peoples have no
Rhesus antigen hence they make anti-
Rhesus antibodies. 30
31. Rh Blood Groupings : -
31
If an Rh- person receives blood from an Rh+
donor, the body will start to make Rh+ antibodies
(agglutinins)
If during a second transfusion, Rh+ blood is again
given, the antibodies produced after receiving the
first transfusion will cause hemolysis of the blood
from the second transfusion
May result in death.
32. Blood transfusions : -
Person with type A blood
– May receive blood from type A or O donor
– May not receive type B or AB blood
Person with type B blood
– May receive blood from type B or O donor
– May not receive type A or AB blood
Person with type AB blood
– May receive blood from type A, type B, or
type O donors
– (universal recipients).
32
33. Person with type O blood
– May only receive blood from
type O donors
– May donate blood to all other
blood types
– (Universal donors)
33
35. Leukemia : -
Malignant disease of blood forming
tissue.
Uncontrolled production and
accumulation of immature
WBC’s.
May prevent production of normal
RBC’s.
May have uncontrolled infection due to
abundance of immature or abnormal
wbc’s that cannot fight infection or
disease.
35
36. Infectious mononucleosis : -
Contagious (i. e. spread from one persone to
another persone) disease primarily affecting
the lymph tissue but also affecting the blood.
Caused by the epstein - barr virus (EBV).
Occurs mainly in children and young adults.
Affects females 3 times more than male.
Most commonly transmitted through oral
contact.
Flu like symptoms, chronic fatigue.
36
37. Polycythemia : -
It is an abnormally increased
concentration of haemoglobin in the
blood, either through reduction of
plasma volume or increase in red cell
numbers. It may be a primary disease of
unknown cause, or a secondary
condition linked to respiratory or
circulatory disorder or cancer. Results
in increased blood viscosity and
elevated blood pressure.
37
38. Anemia : -
Anaemia is a condition in which deficiency
of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood.
Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the
blood.
Nutritional anemia = caused by dietary
deficiency due to inadequate iron, amino
acids, or vitamin B12 consumption.
Pernicious anemia = anemia due to
insufficient hematopoiesis.
Hemorrhagic anemia = anemia due to
excessive loss of rbc’s due to bleeding.
38
39. Hemolyticanemia = anemia due to
premature rupture of RBC membrane
spilling hemoglobin and other cellular
contents into the plasma: -
– Hemoglobin defects
– Abnormal RBC enzymes
– Defects in RBC membrane
– Parasites - toxins
– Antibodies from incompatible blood
Thalassemia = type of hereditary
hemolytic anemia due to a defect in the
production of hemoglobin
39
40. Aplastic anemia = anemia due to the destruction
or inhibition of red bone marrow.
Sickle cell anemia = due to abnormal hemoglobin
(S shaped) that causes RBC to bend into a sickle
shape.
– Cells rupture easily
– Cells get cut off blood supply to organs
– Inherited condition due to faulty gene for
hemoglobin production and formation
40
42. Hemophilia : -
42
It hereditary disorder of the coagulation process (blood
will not clot) due to the lack of certain clotting factors in
the blood (factor VIII).
43. Reticulo endothelial System : -
• Reticuloendothelial System:-It
is a network of cells and tissues found
throughout the body, especially in the blood,
general connective tissue, spleen, liver,
lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. They
have both endothelial and reticular attributes
and the ability to take up colloidal dye particles.
Some of the reticuloendothelial cells found in
the blood and in the general connective tissue
are large in size. 43
44. • These cells are concerned with blood cell
formation and destruction, storage of fatty
materials, and metabolism of iron and
pigment, and they play a role in inflammation
and immunity. Some of the cells are motile
—that is, capable of spontaneous motion—
and phagocytic—
they can ingest and destroy unwanted
foreign material.
44
45. • The reticulo endothelial cells of the SPLEEN
possess the ability to dispose of
disintegrated erythrocytes. They do not,
however, destroy hemoglobin, which is
liberated in the process.
The reticuloendothelial cells located in the
blood cavities of the LIVER are called
Kupffer cells. (i.e. a phagocytic cell which
located in the liver and is involved in the
breakdown of red blood cells are called as
an Kupffer cells.)
45
46. These cells, together with the cells of gener
al connective tissue and bone marrow, are
capable of transforming into bile pigment
then hemoglobin released by disintegrated
erythrocytes.
Microglial cells are a specialised
population of macrophages that are found
in the central nervous system (CNS). They
remove damaged neurons and infections
and are important for maintaining the
health of the CNS.
43
48. References:
1. Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
By Dr. Mahesh Prasad, Dr. Antesh Kumar
Jha, Mr. Ritesh Kumar Srivastav,
Nirali Prakashan, As per PCI Syllabus.
Page No. 3.1 to 3.21.
2. Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
By Dr. S. B. Bhise and Dr. A. V. Yadav.
Nirali Prakashan, As per PCI Syllabus.
Page No. 5.1 to 5.14.
3. www.google.com.