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Volcanism plutonism

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The document describes two types of endogenous (internally driven) landform-building processes: igneous and tectonic processes. Igneous processes create landforms such as volcanoes through volcanic eruptions and igneous intrusions. Tectonic processes like folding, faulting, and lateral faulting form landforms including mountains, rift valleys, escarpments, and are responsible for earthquakes through ongoing tectonic activity.

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A. Endogenous Processes Endogenous Processes are large-scale landform building and transforming processes – they create relief. 1. Igneous Processes a. Volcanism: Volcanic eruptions  Volcanoes b. Plutonism: Igneous intrusions 2. Tectonic Processes (Also called Diastrophism) a. Folding: anticlines, synclines, mountains b. Faulting: rift valleys, graben, escarpments c. Lateral Faulting: strike-slip faults Earthquakes  evidence of present-day tectonic activity

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Volcanism plutonism

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Granite quarry What important natural resources are found in igneous rock?

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Steven Earle Stawamus Chief, Squamish BC Massive granite Mafic dyke (~5 m across)

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Igneous Rock  Igneous rock is formed when molten, or partially molten, rock solidifies.

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Igneous Rocks (two types)  Extrusive  Lava and Pyroclastic Debris  Extruded at surface or at very  shallow levels and cooled quickly  Intrusive  Magma crystallized slowly within the crust.  No exposure to the cool atmosphere.  Plutonic – intrusive igneous rock cooled slowly at great depth within crust or mantle. Basalt is Extrusive Granite is Intrusive What is the key textural difference between these two rocks?

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Why Study Igneous Rocks?  All rocks on Earth have evolved from the first igneous rocks through Igneous Evolution  Provide information about the composition of the mantle  Absolute age can be obtained through Radiometric Dating  Features are characteristic of a specific tectonic environment  Host important mineral deposits (metal ores)  Numerous other critical economic uses  Millions of people are endangered by volcanoes

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Decompression melting  Convection brings hot rock to shallower depths  Rifting lowers pressure  Lower pressure causes a lower melting point  Igneous rock is formed through a process of crystallization and magma differentiation Why does a lower pressure lower the melting point?

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Partial Melting  Partial Melting  Silica-rich compounds melt before other compounds.  Magma Differentiation  Four types:  Magma mixing  Crystal settling  Wall-rock assimilation  Magma migration

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Bowen’s Reaction Series • Describes the order and process of magma crystallization Bowen’s Reaction Series Animation

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How Are Igneous Rocks Named?  Texture  Texture depends on crystal size A. Phaneritic:  Slow cooling (or in the presence of water), larger crystals, Coarse texture, Intrusive or Plutonic B. Aphanitic:  Rapid cooling , smaller crystals, Finer texture, Extrusive or Volcanic C. Other textures are Glassy, Pyroclastic, Vesicular, and Porphyritic  Composition  Minerals at the TOP of Bowen’s  Dark in color  Mafic to Ultramafic

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How Are Igneous Rocks Named? Composition  Minerals at the TOP of Bowen’s  Dark in color  Mafic to Ultramafic  Iron and Magnesium are dark.  Minerals at the BOTTOM of Bowen’s  Light in color  Felsic  Sodium plagioclase, potassium plagioclase, and quartz are light  Intermediate composition between these

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How is Texture Estimated? • Texture is estimated using visual grain size • (depends on crystallization history) What has to happen for a porphyritic texture to form in an igneous rock?

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How is Composition Estimated?  Composition is estimated using visual color  Can be misleading

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Classification System for Igneous Rocks  The classification system for igneous rocks is based on the following:  Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks with the same chemical composition contain the same minerals  Silica content decreases as iron and magnesium content increases  Potassium and sodium content decreases as silica content decreases

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Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock 1) Granite intrusive 2) Rhyolite extrusive Felsic Composition

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Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock 3) Diorite intrusive 4) Andesite extrusive Intermediate Composition

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Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock Mafic Composition 5) Gabbro intrusive 6) Basalt extrusive

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Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock Ultramafic Composition 7) Peridotite intrusive

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Igneous Evolution  All rocks on Earth have evolved from the first igneous rocks  All Igneous Rocks Result from Magma Differentiation

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Tectonic Processes

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Tectonic Processes  Igneous rock evolves as a product of tectonic processes and is a major component of Earth’s crust What is the mechanism that leads to partial melting above a subductio

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Identify the magma source for each type of volcano. How is the magma source responsible for the rock composition?

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Basalt Formation (Spreading Centers)  High heat flow creates Hydrothermal (hot water) Vents (black smokers)  Oceanic crust consists of layers of igneous rock  Gabbro crystallizes at the base  Sheeted dikes of basalt extend above the gabbro  Pillow basalt, glassy fragments and metallic sulfide deposits (at black smokers) form at the sea floor

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Basalt Formation (Hot Spots)  Intraplate sites of active Plutonism and Volcanism  Large Igneous Provinces of Flood Basalts form above mantle hot spots  Plumes of anomalously hot mantle rock underly active hot spots. Mantle plumes, which are solid rock, not magma, rise slowly through the mantle (but faster than the rate of mantle convection) due to their positive buoyancy with respect to the surrounding rock.  Basalt is also present at many subduction-related volcanoes, but typically only in minor amounts.

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Modern sea-floor pillow basalt pillow basalt on Vancouver Island Steven Earle

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Igneous Intrusions • Igneous intrusions occur in a variety of sizes and shapes.

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Subduction Zones and Spreading Centre  Subduction zones and spreading centers are areas in which magma is formed as a result of partial melting, plutonism, and volcanism. What igneous environment is not represented in this image?

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COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

More Related Content

Volcanism plutonism

  • 1. A. Endogenous Processes Endogenous Processes are large-scale landform building and transforming processes – they create relief. 1. Igneous Processes a. Volcanism: Volcanic eruptions  Volcanoes b. Plutonism: Igneous intrusions 2. Tectonic Processes (Also called Diastrophism) a. Folding: anticlines, synclines, mountains b. Faulting: rift valleys, graben, escarpments c. Lateral Faulting: strike-slip faults Earthquakes  evidence of present-day tectonic activity
  • 4. Steven Earle Stawamus Chief, Squamish BC Massive granite Mafic dyke (~5 m across)
  • 5. Igneous Rock  Igneous rock is formed when molten, or partially molten, rock solidifies.
  • 6. Igneous Rocks (two types)  Extrusive  Lava and Pyroclastic Debris  Extruded at surface or at very  shallow levels and cooled quickly  Intrusive  Magma crystallized slowly within the crust.  No exposure to the cool atmosphere.  Plutonic – intrusive igneous rock cooled slowly at great depth within crust or mantle. Basalt is Extrusive Granite is Intrusive What is the key textural difference between these two rocks?
  • 7. Why Study Igneous Rocks?  All rocks on Earth have evolved from the first igneous rocks through Igneous Evolution  Provide information about the composition of the mantle  Absolute age can be obtained through Radiometric Dating  Features are characteristic of a specific tectonic environment  Host important mineral deposits (metal ores)  Numerous other critical economic uses  Millions of people are endangered by volcanoes
  • 8. Decompression melting  Convection brings hot rock to shallower depths  Rifting lowers pressure  Lower pressure causes a lower melting point  Igneous rock is formed through a process of crystallization and magma differentiation Why does a lower pressure lower the melting point?
  • 9. Partial Melting  Partial Melting  Silica-rich compounds melt before other compounds.  Magma Differentiation  Four types:  Magma mixing  Crystal settling  Wall-rock assimilation  Magma migration
  • 10. Bowen’s Reaction Series • Describes the order and process of magma crystallization Bowen’s Reaction Series Animation
  • 11. How Are Igneous Rocks Named?  Texture  Texture depends on crystal size A. Phaneritic:  Slow cooling (or in the presence of water), larger crystals, Coarse texture, Intrusive or Plutonic B. Aphanitic:  Rapid cooling , smaller crystals, Finer texture, Extrusive or Volcanic C. Other textures are Glassy, Pyroclastic, Vesicular, and Porphyritic  Composition  Minerals at the TOP of Bowen’s  Dark in color  Mafic to Ultramafic
  • 12. How Are Igneous Rocks Named? Composition  Minerals at the TOP of Bowen’s  Dark in color  Mafic to Ultramafic  Iron and Magnesium are dark.  Minerals at the BOTTOM of Bowen’s  Light in color  Felsic  Sodium plagioclase, potassium plagioclase, and quartz are light  Intermediate composition between these
  • 13. How is Texture Estimated? • Texture is estimated using visual grain size • (depends on crystallization history) What has to happen for a porphyritic texture to form in an igneous rock?
  • 14. How is Composition Estimated?  Composition is estimated using visual color  Can be misleading
  • 15. Classification System for Igneous Rocks  The classification system for igneous rocks is based on the following:  Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks with the same chemical composition contain the same minerals  Silica content decreases as iron and magnesium content increases  Potassium and sodium content decreases as silica content decreases
  • 16. Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock 1) Granite intrusive 2) Rhyolite extrusive Felsic Composition
  • 17. Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock 3) Diorite intrusive 4) Andesite extrusive Intermediate Composition
  • 18. Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock Mafic Composition 5) Gabbro intrusive 6) Basalt extrusive
  • 19. Seven Common Types of Igneous Rock Ultramafic Composition 7) Peridotite intrusive
  • 20. Igneous Evolution  All rocks on Earth have evolved from the first igneous rocks  All Igneous Rocks Result from Magma Differentiation
  • 22. Tectonic Processes  Igneous rock evolves as a product of tectonic processes and is a major component of Earth’s crust What is the mechanism that leads to partial melting above a subductio
  • 23. Identify the magma source for each type of volcano. How is the magma source responsible for the rock composition?
  • 24. Basalt Formation (Spreading Centers)  High heat flow creates Hydrothermal (hot water) Vents (black smokers)  Oceanic crust consists of layers of igneous rock  Gabbro crystallizes at the base  Sheeted dikes of basalt extend above the gabbro  Pillow basalt, glassy fragments and metallic sulfide deposits (at black smokers) form at the sea floor
  • 25. Basalt Formation (Hot Spots)  Intraplate sites of active Plutonism and Volcanism  Large Igneous Provinces of Flood Basalts form above mantle hot spots  Plumes of anomalously hot mantle rock underly active hot spots. Mantle plumes, which are solid rock, not magma, rise slowly through the mantle (but faster than the rate of mantle convection) due to their positive buoyancy with respect to the surrounding rock.  Basalt is also present at many subduction-related volcanoes, but typically only in minor amounts.
  • 26. Modern sea-floor pillow basalt pillow basalt on Vancouver Island Steven Earle
  • 27. Igneous Intrusions • Igneous intrusions occur in a variety of sizes and shapes.
  • 28. Subduction Zones and Spreading Centre  Subduction zones and spreading centers are areas in which magma is formed as a result of partial melting, plutonism, and volcanism. What igneous environment is not represented in this image?
  • 29. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.