Water Quality and Pollution
- 1. Water
- 2. Precipitation Transpiration Evaporation Run Off Percolation Unsaturated Soil Aquifer Contained Aquifer Water Table Saturated Soil Condensation The Hydrologic Cycle
- 3. Global Water Distribution 71 % of the Earth’s surface 97 % is salt water 3 % is fresh water 77% frozen 22% groundwater 1% other
- 4. comes mainly from lakes and rivers and underground Water We Use
- 5. Surface Water All the bodies of fresh water, salt water, ice, and snow, that are found above the ground.
- 6. River Systems A river system is a flowing network of rivers and streams draining a river basin.
- 9. Watersheds the area of land that is drained by a water system.
- 10. Watersheds
- 11. Groundwater the water that is beneath the Earth’s surface.
- 12. Water Table The boundary between the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone underground.
- 13. Aquifers a body or rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.
- 14. Porosity The percentage of void space in a rock The more porous a rock is, the more water it can hold.
- 15. Permeability The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through it open spaces or pores. gravel is more permeable than clay.
- 16. The Recharge Zone An area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer.
- 17. Wells A hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater is called a well.
- 18. Artesian Well well from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping
- 19. Water Use and Management
- 20. According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 billion people lack access to a clean, reliable source of fresh water. A shortage of clean, fresh water is one of the world’s most pressing environmental problems
- 21. When a water supply is polluted or overused, everyone living downstream can be affected.
- 22. Global Water Use There are three major uses for water: agricultural use, industrial use and residential use. 67% 19% 14% Agriculture Industrial Residential
- 24. Water Conservation As water sources become depleted, water becomes more expensive. This is because wells must be dug deeper, water must be piped greater distances, and polluted water must be cleaned up before it can be used.
- 25. Agricultural Use Most of the fresh water used worldwide is used to irrigate crops.
- 26. Irrigation a method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation. high-pressured overhead sprinklers are the most common form of irrigation. (inefficient – up to 80% evaporates)
- 27. shallow, water filled ditches.
- 28. Low pressure drip
- 29. Water Conservation in Agriculture Most of the water loss in agriculture comes from evaporation, seepage, and runoff Drip irrigation systems deliver small amounts of water directly to plant roots by using perforated tubing.
- 30. Industrial Use Industry accounts for about 19 percent of the water used in the world, Water is used to manufacture goods, to dispose of wastes, and to generate power.
- 31. Most of the water that is used in industry is used to cool power plants. Power-plant cooling systems usually pump water from a surface water source such as a river or a lake, carry the water through pipes in a cooling tower, and then pump the water back into the source.
- 32. Water Conservation in Industry Recycling of cooling water and wastewater. Instead of discharging used water into a nearby river, businesses often recycle water and use it again.
- 33. Residential Use About 8 percent of water is used by households.
- 35. Residential Water Use (1.6 g) (18 g) (25 g) (4 g) (10 g) (5-10 g) 82 gallons of water a day
- 37. Water Conservation at Home Water-saving technology, such as low-flow toilets, can also help reduce household water use. Water their lawns at night to reduce the amount of evaporation.
- 38. Xeriscaping designing a landscape that requires minimal water use.
- 40. Potable water suitable for drinking.
- 41. Water treatment removes elements such as mercury, arsenic, and lead, which are poisonous to humans even in low concentrations.
- 42. Pathogen a virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease. Pathogens are found in water contaminated by sewage or animal feces, but can be removed with water treatment.
- 44. Water Management Projects – bringing in water to make a dry area habitable – creating a reservoir for drinking water, – generating electric power, which then allows people to live and grow crops in desert areas.
- 45. Water Diversion Projects To supply dry regions with water, all or part of a river can be diverted into canals that carry water across great distances.
- 46. Dams A dam is a structure that is built across a river to control a river’s flow. About 20 % of the world electrical energy is generated using this method.
- 47. Reservoirs A reservoir is an artificial body of water that usually forms behind a dam.
- 48. Solutions for the Future
- 49. Desalination The process of removing salt from ocean water. Because desalination consumes a lot of energy, the process is too expensive for many nations to consider.
- 50. Transporting Water Water can be transported from other regions.
- 51. Icebergs are another potential freshwater source.
- 52. Water Pollution
- 53. The introduction waste matter or chemicals into water that is harmful to organisms living in the water Water Pollution
- 54. 1. Industrialization 2. Rapid human population growth. 2 Underlying Causes of Water Pollution
- 55. Sources of Water Pollution Point-source pollution is pollution that comes from a specific site.
- 56. Nonpoint-source pollution is pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single specific site. This silt-laden runoff from a residential area contains not only soil and clay particles from nearby construction, but also is likely to contain small amounts of lawn chemicals, oil, grease, gasoline, and even residues from recent highway de-icing.
- 57. Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution
- 59. Wastewater Wastewater is water that contains wastes from homes or industry.
- 60. water is filtered and treated to make the water clean enough to return to a river or lake. Wastewater Treatment Plant
- 61. Eutrophication Nutrients are an essential part of any aquatic ecosystem, but when lakes and slow-moving streams contain an abundance of nutrients, they are eutrophic.
- 62. The process of decomposition uses up oxygen, and as oxygen levels decrease, the types of organisms that live in the water change over time.
- 63. Artificial Eutrophication a process that increases the amount of nutrients in a body of water through human activities, such as waste disposal and land drainage. The major causes of eutrophication are fertilizer and phosphates in some laundry detergents.
- 64. Algal Blooms In bodies of water polluted by phosphorus, algae can form large floating mats, called algal blooms.
- 65. Thermal Pollution a temperature increase in a body of water that is caused by human activity and that has harmful effect on water quality and on the ability of that body of water to support life.
- 66. Thermal pollution can cause large fish kills if the discharged water is too warm for the fish to survive. If the temperature rises even a few degrees, the amount of oxygen the water can hold decreases.
- 68. 5 Gyres
- 69. Microplastics Plastics less than 5 mm