water shed management, its objectives ,factors effecting water shed management, perspective of watershed management ,organizational setup, steps in water shed management, classification of watershed, component and practices of water shed management
2. WATER SHED
The area of land drains or
shed water into a specific
receiving water body such
as lake or river
As rain water or melted
snow run downhill in the
watershed ,it collects and
transport sediment and
other material and deposit
them into receiving water
bodies
5. Water shed management
The process of creating
and implementing and
use practices and water
management practices to
protect and improve the
quality of water and other
natural resources within a
watershed by managing
the use of those land
and water resources in a
comprehensive manner
6. Objective of water shed
management
Protecting ,conserving and improving the land resources
for efficient and sustained production
Protecting and enhancing water resources, moderating
floods, increasing irrigation, and conserving rain water for
crops
Protecting the fertile top soil
To manage and utilize the runoff water for useful purpose
To rehabilitate the deteriorating lands
To increase infiltration of rainwater
To enhance the ground water recharge ,whenever
applicable
Maximizing farm income through agricultural related
activities
Improve socio-economic status of farmer
7. Factor effecting function of watershed
management
Size:
Size of watershed determine the
quantity of rainfall can be stored
Topography:
• Steep slope contribute more
runoff due to less infiltration
• The length of the slope also effect
the runoff
Soil characteristics:
• Clayey soil absorb less water
and contribute more water to shed
• Sandy soil infiltrate more water
and no watershed structure are
built in this place
9. Hydrological aspects
Hydrological behavior of water
shed in influenced by
watershed conditions
These measure effects flood
control ,soil moisture
conservation and land use
Environmental aspect
Development green foliage
,and reduce erosion to improve
ecosystem
10. ADMINISTRATIVE AND
POLITICAL ASPECT
Watershed management require close
collaboration of various planning and
implementing agencies to achieve full benefit
of the program me
Planning should only include those measures
which are acceptable politically
Socio-economic aspect
In achieving the true objective of water shed
management, the viewpoint of individuals
and communities, who live in the watershed
should be consider
It also determine the motivation of farmer to
make necessary investment of labor and
capital in watershed development
11. Financial aspects :
The PROJECTS CAN BE
FOUNDED BY
GOVERNMENT OR NGO’S
The unit cost of watershed
development normally range
from RS 4500 to 6000 per
hectare depending on nature
and location of water shed
14. STEPS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Recognition phase:
Recognition of problem
Analysis of the cause of problem and its effect
Development of alternate solution of problem
Restoration phase:
Selection of best solution of the problems identified
Application of the solution to the problems
Protection phase:
General health of watershed
Normal functioning
Protection against all factors that effect the water shed
condition
Improvement phase:
Overall improvement
Agriculture, forest management ,pasture management
Socio-econimic conditions
15. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER SHED
Depend upon size
Macro watershed (400-1000 Ha)
Sub-watershed (200 -400 Ha )
Mini watershed (40-200 Ha)
Small watershed(10-40 Ha )
Micro watershed (0-40 Ha)
16. COMPONENT OF WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
1. Soil and water conservation measure:
Reduce soil erosion
All water in watershed is drain into to common point
3. water harvesting and water management :
Direct collection of rain water
To be use in domestic ,agriculture and in irrigation or
store
3. Alternate land use system:
same land may be suitable range pasture management
and for tree farming ,dry land horticulture and forestry
system including crops all these system which are
alternate to crop production is called alternate land use
17. Soil and water conservation with water harvesting
stone bund
Alternate land use
18. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Vegetative measure /Agronomical measure
Strip cropping
Pasture cropping
Grass land cropping
Woodlands
Engineering measure/structural practices
Contour budding
Terracing
Construction of check dames
Construction of farm ponds
Gull controlling structure
19. STRIP CROPPING
Crops are grow in long
narrow strips
Or when one does not
have an alternative
method of preventing
soil erosion
Done at slops
Row crops(corn) are
grown in alternate with
Canopy crop(soya
beans)
20. 1.BROADS BEDS AND FURROWS
Function:
To control erosion and to conserve soil moisture
in the soil during rainy days
General information:
.The land level taken and it is laid using either
animal drawn or tractor drawn ridges
Furrow is kept 0.15m and the inter furrow
spacing is kept 1.5 m
Cost :
Approximate cost for laying beds and furrows is
RS.1800/ha
Salient feature :
Conserve soil moisture in dry land
Control soil erosion
Acts as a drainage channel during heavy
rainy days
21. 2.CONTOUR BUND
Function :
To intercept the run off flowing
down the slop by an embankment
General information :
It helps to control run off velocity.
The embankment may be closed or
open, surplus arrangements are
provided wherever necessary.
COST:
Approximate cost of lying contour
bund is RS.1400/ha
Salient feature :
Adopted on all soil
Retrain moisture in the field
22. GRADED BUNDING
These are constructed where excess of water in
remove safely to avoid water stagnation
Constructed in area of medium and high rain fall
23. BENCH TERRACING
Function:
It help to bring slopping land into
different level strips to enable
cultivation
General informationon:
It consist of construction of steps
like fields along contours by half
cutting and half filling .original
slop is converted into level fields
.the vertical land horizontal
intervals are decided base on
level slope.
Cost :
Approximate cost for laying the
terrace is 5000/ha
24. Salient feature :
Suitable for hilly regions
It is adapted to the soil with slopes greater then 6
percent
25. 5.CHECK DAM
Salient feature :
A low weir normally constructed
across the gullies
Constructed on small streams and
long gullies formed by erosive
activity of flood water
It cuts the velocity and reduce
erosive velocity
the stored water improves soil
moisture of the adjoining area and
allow percolation recharge aquifer
Height depend on the bank , height
varies from a meter to 3 meter and
length varies from3 to 10m
26. PERCOLATION POND
Function “
To augment the ground water
recharge
Salient feature :
Shallow depression created at
lower portions in natural or
diverted stream course
Preferable under gentle sloping
stream where narrow valley exist
with located in the soil of
permeable nature
Adaptable where 20-30 ground
water wells for irrigation exist
27. WATER SHED PROGRAMM IN PAKISTAN
Government Programs in Watershed Management
Soil and water conservation in Barani areas(1975)
Mangla dam watershed management program ( 1967)
Tarbela Dam watershed management program(1975)
Rawal dam watershed program (1962)
Shahpur watershed management program
Sustainable Mountain Development
Aga Khan Rural Support Program (1982)
Kalam Integrated Development Project (1981)
PATA Project (1996).
Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development Project (1988)
Shinkiari Tea Research and Development Programme (1986)
28. Soil and water conservation in Barani
areas(1975)
the growing damage of soil erosion
due to unregulated exploitation of the
forests.
construction of ponds and mini-dams
dug wells, hand pumps
Mangla dam watershed management
program ( 1967)
storage capacity of 6.5 billion m3
costs Rs. 3.172 billion to construct
Terbela dam watershed management
program ( 1967)
Tarbela dam is the world’s largest
earth-fill dam
storage capacities are 13.7 and 11.5
billion m3
The construction cost was Rs. 14
billion
29. Shahpur Dam Watershed Management
total storage capacity is around 17.7 million
m3
Kalam Integrated Development Project
The main objective of the project is to
improve the socio-economic conditions of
population in the project area through
people participation in forestry, agriculture
and village development,
PATA project:
bottom up approach of agricultural
development
Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development
Project1988
The goal is to improve the income of small
farmers by supporting their fruit and
vegetable related activities
Shinkiari Tea Research and Development
Programme 1986
A pioneering tea plantation .