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WEEK-1 Ethicali-SUMMER-2020-UPDATED.pptx

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BIOETHICS SUMMER 2023 MODULE 1 UPDATED: June 18, 2023

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At the end of the unit the learner will be able to: 1. Identify and discuss the concept of Bioethics and other related terminologies 2. Apply learned ethical concepts in order to clarify ethical issues and dilemma 3. Demonstrate self awareness and therapeutic use of self whenever encountered in a state of confusing in nursing field. Objectives:

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 Innate human nature to accept the beliefs and practices that surrounds them  different factors that has influenced morality in nursing: - Social need - Religion - Philosophy  In social need, healthcare provider expresses moral belief (agent) Introduction

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 moral relates to what is considered right and wrong, good and bad  decisions must be done considering moral reasoning  In religion influence, it teaches the value of individual life, death and health

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In Philosophical influence, happenings from ancient times until contemporary  morality is personal sense of right or wrong

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Definition of Terms: ETHICS  It is a PRACTICAL science of morality of human conduct that implies direction hjhgwq` 5 - Science – deals with complete and systematic body of factual and empirical data and reasoning - Moral – dictates of reason on how things should be - Human conduct – deliberate, free and how one person SHOULD ACT

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Definition of Terms: Ethics - concerns the needs and values of human persons in all matters of human concern including HEALTH; nothing is more human and personal than HEALTH  Ethics is concern with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on its norms and practices

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Definition of Terms:  Moral issues deals with respect for life, freedom, love, issues that provokes conscience; issues that responds to ought, should, right, wrong, good, bad and complicated

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Definition of Terms: BIOETHICS A science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct concerning human life in all its aspects from the moment of its conception to its natural end HEALTHCARE ETHICS is the field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array of moral decision- making situations that relates to human health

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The Human Being The PERSON (Biblical) Created in the image and likeness of God; differing from animals due to possession of spiritual intelligence and free will God produces the human body through the cooperation of human parents; the creation of the human soul is direct act of God Each person is unique and ir- replaceable; and are called not only to maturity but to eternal life

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Human Acts is an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. Man knows what he is doing and freely chooses to do what he does; Not all acts are Human Acts; for an act to be human it must have: - KNOWLEDGE - FREEDOM

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Human Acts KNOWLEDGE – of what it is about and what it means facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject: awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation Ex: What will I do? Why do I have to do it?

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The Human Being FREEDOM – to do or leave it undone without coercion or constraint; it implies voluntariness which is to rationally choose by deliberate will the object Ex. Freedom of expression and speech

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The Human Being CONSCIENCE/Voluntariness – spiritual discernment; • The capacity to make practical judgement in matters involving ethical issues; • It is person’s most secret sanctuary where he/she is alone with God; • Hence the more a correct conscience prevails the more do persons and groups turn aside from blind choice and try to be guided by the objective standards of moral conduct (SVC 1965) Ex. Natural law Civil Law Code of Ethics

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Acts of Man Actions beyond one’s consciousness; not dependent on the intellect and will Essential qualities of Acts of Man - Done without knowledge - Without consent - Involuntary Ex. Unconscious

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Ethical Philosophers IMMANUEL KANT • (1724-1804) • A German philosopher • was an opponent of utilitarianism

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Kant’s Deontological moral theory 1. Act done in accord with duty and act done from a sense of duty 2. Categorical Imperative Ex: Performing nursing functions out of the desire to do so or out of fear of being accused of negligence

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John Bordley Rawl Born: February 21, 1921 an American moral and political philosopher; Professorship at Harvard University, University of Oxford; His magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971 According to English philosopher Jonathan Wolff, John Rawls was the most important political philosopher of the 20th century

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John Bordley Rawl Social Contract as a solution to Distributive Justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society); Resultant theory known as "Justice as Fairness”: 1. Society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members,; 2. Inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed only if the worst will result under an equal distribution;

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John Bordley Rawl 3. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office.

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John Rawl’s Ethics 1. Equal access to basic human rights and liberties of citizenship 2. Fair equality of opportunity and equal distribution of socio economic inequalities

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St. Thomas Aquinas Born 1225; Sicily, Italy Proclaimed Doctor of the Catholic Church Joined the Dominican Order • (Order of Preachers – OP) Thomas's ethics - "first principles of action.“ Summa theologiae , he wrote: - Virtue denotes a certain perfection of a power; - Now a thing's perfection is considered chiefly in regard to its end; - But the end of power is act. Wherefore power is said to be perfect, according as it is determinate to its act.[82]

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St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Four Cardinal Virtues  Prudence Temperance Fortitude Justice

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Aquinas Ethics  “Do good, avoid evil”  the inherent capacity of every individual , lettered or unlettered to distinguish the good from the bad through reason and reflection (syndresis)

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Three determinants of moral action 1. Object - the will intends 2. Circumstances - may mitigate or aggravate 3. End of the agent - purpose

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Aquinas Ethics  double effect principles- situation in which a good and evil effect will result  Principle of totality

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William David Ross Born: April 15, 1877; Thurso, Scotland Scottish philosopher Education: University of Edinburgh The moral order...is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and...of any possible universe in which there are moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or arithmetic; "moral intuitionist" theory,

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The Prima Facie Duties or Moral Guidelines According to W. D. Ross (1877-1971), there are several prima facie duties that we can use to determine what, concretely, we ought to do. A prima facie duty is a duty that is binding (obligatory) "Unless stronger moral considerations outweigh, one ought to keep a promise made."

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The prima facie duties include  Fidelity  Reparation  Gratitude  Justice Beneficence  Self-Improvement  Non- maleficence

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THANK YOU!

More Related Content

WEEK-1 Ethicali-SUMMER-2020-UPDATED.pptx

  • 1. BIOETHICS SUMMER 2023 MODULE 1 UPDATED: June 18, 2023
  • 2. At the end of the unit the learner will be able to: 1. Identify and discuss the concept of Bioethics and other related terminologies 2. Apply learned ethical concepts in order to clarify ethical issues and dilemma 3. Demonstrate self awareness and therapeutic use of self whenever encountered in a state of confusing in nursing field. Objectives:
  • 3.  Innate human nature to accept the beliefs and practices that surrounds them  different factors that has influenced morality in nursing: - Social need - Religion - Philosophy  In social need, healthcare provider expresses moral belief (agent) Introduction
  • 4.  moral relates to what is considered right and wrong, good and bad  decisions must be done considering moral reasoning  In religion influence, it teaches the value of individual life, death and health
  • 5. In Philosophical influence, happenings from ancient times until contemporary  morality is personal sense of right or wrong
  • 6. Definition of Terms: ETHICS  It is a PRACTICAL science of morality of human conduct that implies direction hjhgwq` 5 - Science – deals with complete and systematic body of factual and empirical data and reasoning - Moral – dictates of reason on how things should be - Human conduct – deliberate, free and how one person SHOULD ACT
  • 7. Definition of Terms: Ethics - concerns the needs and values of human persons in all matters of human concern including HEALTH; nothing is more human and personal than HEALTH  Ethics is concern with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on its norms and practices
  • 8. Definition of Terms:  Moral issues deals with respect for life, freedom, love, issues that provokes conscience; issues that responds to ought, should, right, wrong, good, bad and complicated
  • 9. Definition of Terms: BIOETHICS A science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct concerning human life in all its aspects from the moment of its conception to its natural end HEALTHCARE ETHICS is the field of applied ethics that is concerned with the vast array of moral decision- making situations that relates to human health
  • 10. The Human Being The PERSON (Biblical) Created in the image and likeness of God; differing from animals due to possession of spiritual intelligence and free will God produces the human body through the cooperation of human parents; the creation of the human soul is direct act of God Each person is unique and ir- replaceable; and are called not only to maturity but to eternal life
  • 11. Human Acts is an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man. Man knows what he is doing and freely chooses to do what he does; Not all acts are Human Acts; for an act to be human it must have: - KNOWLEDGE - FREEDOM
  • 12. Human Acts KNOWLEDGE – of what it is about and what it means facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject: awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation Ex: What will I do? Why do I have to do it?
  • 13. The Human Being FREEDOM – to do or leave it undone without coercion or constraint; it implies voluntariness which is to rationally choose by deliberate will the object Ex. Freedom of expression and speech
  • 14. The Human Being CONSCIENCE/Voluntariness – spiritual discernment; • The capacity to make practical judgement in matters involving ethical issues; • It is person’s most secret sanctuary where he/she is alone with God; • Hence the more a correct conscience prevails the more do persons and groups turn aside from blind choice and try to be guided by the objective standards of moral conduct (SVC 1965) Ex. Natural law Civil Law Code of Ethics
  • 15. Acts of Man Actions beyond one’s consciousness; not dependent on the intellect and will Essential qualities of Acts of Man - Done without knowledge - Without consent - Involuntary Ex. Unconscious
  • 16. Ethical Philosophers IMMANUEL KANT • (1724-1804) • A German philosopher • was an opponent of utilitarianism
  • 17. Kant’s Deontological moral theory 1. Act done in accord with duty and act done from a sense of duty 2. Categorical Imperative Ex: Performing nursing functions out of the desire to do so or out of fear of being accused of negligence
  • 18. John Bordley Rawl Born: February 21, 1921 an American moral and political philosopher; Professorship at Harvard University, University of Oxford; His magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971 According to English philosopher Jonathan Wolff, John Rawls was the most important political philosopher of the 20th century
  • 19. John Bordley Rawl Social Contract as a solution to Distributive Justice (the socially just distribution of goods in a society); Resultant theory known as "Justice as Fairness”: 1. Society should be structured so that the greatest possible amount of liberty is given to its members,; 2. Inequalities either social or economic are only to be allowed only if the worst will result under an equal distribution;
  • 20. John Bordley Rawl 3. Finally, if there is such a beneficial inequality, this inequality should not make it harder for those without resources to occupy positions of power, for instance public office.
  • 21. John Rawl’s Ethics 1. Equal access to basic human rights and liberties of citizenship 2. Fair equality of opportunity and equal distribution of socio economic inequalities
  • 22. St. Thomas Aquinas Born 1225; Sicily, Italy Proclaimed Doctor of the Catholic Church Joined the Dominican Order • (Order of Preachers – OP) Thomas's ethics - "first principles of action.“ Summa theologiae , he wrote: - Virtue denotes a certain perfection of a power; - Now a thing's perfection is considered chiefly in regard to its end; - But the end of power is act. Wherefore power is said to be perfect, according as it is determinate to its act.[82]
  • 23. St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Four Cardinal Virtues  Prudence Temperance Fortitude Justice
  • 24. Aquinas Ethics  “Do good, avoid evil”  the inherent capacity of every individual , lettered or unlettered to distinguish the good from the bad through reason and reflection (syndresis)
  • 25. Three determinants of moral action 1. Object - the will intends 2. Circumstances - may mitigate or aggravate 3. End of the agent - purpose
  • 26. Aquinas Ethics  double effect principles- situation in which a good and evil effect will result  Principle of totality
  • 27. William David Ross Born: April 15, 1877; Thurso, Scotland Scottish philosopher Education: University of Edinburgh The moral order...is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and...of any possible universe in which there are moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or arithmetic; "moral intuitionist" theory,
  • 28. The Prima Facie Duties or Moral Guidelines According to W. D. Ross (1877-1971), there are several prima facie duties that we can use to determine what, concretely, we ought to do. A prima facie duty is a duty that is binding (obligatory) "Unless stronger moral considerations outweigh, one ought to keep a promise made."
  • 29. The prima facie duties include  Fidelity  Reparation  Gratitude  Justice Beneficence  Self-Improvement  Non- maleficence

Editor's Notes

  1. They said that Human nature is a concept that denotes the fundamental dispositions and characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that humans are said to have naturally/ We are capable of it. Humans are linked with the natural environment (3). Some examples of these include humans’ preference for scenes dominated by natural elements (4), the sustainability of natural resources (5, 6), and the health benefits associated with engaging with nature SOCIAL NEEDS-are the basic needs of humans that prove that they are social beings. The need for love, companionship, friendship and belonging are among the major social needs. These needs inspire people to interact with each other and create community and comradery Religion- Philosophy is the systematic study of ideas and issues, a reasoned pursuit of fundamental truths, a quest for a comprehensive understanding of the world, a study of principles of conduct, and much more
  2. MORAL-a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do When we decide , we always consider what is acceptable for us to do For instance, one could argue that it is okay to kill one person if it would save five, because more people would be saved, but killing itself is immoral. Moral judgments and decisions are often driven by automatic, affective responses, rather than explicit reasoning Moral Reasonin= How people think of what is right and wrong How to acquire and apply moral rules The process of determination whether your action is rifght or wrong Example  abortion, ( Life is a gift of God. No to Abortion Euthanasia-persons have the fundamental right to decide their own health care, including the decision to have life-sustaining treatment withheld or withdrawn in instances of a terminal condition or permanent unconscious condition. , and the treatmentAdult
  3. the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence0 Such as the philosoptheir philosophy extisted even before and it has a great influence up to this timeshy of different philosophers.
  4. GUIDES OUR JUDGEMENT CONCERNING MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS Emperical data-Relying on experience or observation alone Moral reasoning is the study of how people think about right and wrong and how they acquire and apply moral rules
  5. Human Concerns are those problems and issues that influence the emotional, spiritual, mental, physical, and relational aspects of life.  -Social morality considers whether an action threatens society's well-being.( the tokhang) NORMS- rules or expectations that are socially enforced ( being honest ) PRACTICE-the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories relating to it. "the principles and practice of teaching
  6. Example- abortion- The main situations that create ethical difficulties for healthcare professionals in their decisions = resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, artificial nutrition and hydration, terminal sedation, withholding and withdrawing treatments, euthanasia, and physician-assisted suicide
  7. Human is being upright , in all aspect-be it in your thinking, actions, decisions, anywhere at all times. Must start from the time of conceprion to birth Health care ethics. With the application of different theories , we will be able to explain the behavior and normas. Ex. For instance, in response to a moral dilemma scenario, one could sacrifice the life of a human to save the lives of four or five other people (utilitarian response) or not taking any action, resulting in the death of all (deontological response) -capacity for physical, mental, and social activity during the phases of human life.
  8. Humans are made in Gods image- The Bible makes a clear distinction between man and animals: Analytical Thought Man can think analytically. He can analyze problems and come up with creative solutions. He is able to reason and philosophize about life. The reasoning powers in animals are limited Only man possesses true language and conceptual thought. He can communicate by using abstract symbols. MORALITY= Man is an ethical being. He can distinguish between right and wrong. He can and does make moral judgments. He has a conscience. Only to man could God speak of "good" and "evil." Because of mans sense of justice and his ethical orientation, God could fairly punish him for his willful disobedience in the Garden of Eden. Freewil-the supposed power or capacity of humans to make decisions or perform actions independently of any prior event or state of the universe.
  9. In other words, we are self-determined. For example, can make a free choice as to whether to commit a crime or not (unless they are a child or they are insane) A human act is an act on which an individual can make a conscious decision whether or not to carry out that act.
  10. In an ethical dilemma you may think What will I do Why do I have to do ur?
  11. When we Carry out a certain things or WHEN YOU DECiDE on a certain things You willingly do it, you have reasons to do it
  12. , the part of you that judges your moral actions and makes you feel guilty Spiritual discernment- our ability to make evil apart from good.  is a kind of wisdom that comes from the Holy Spirit, and helps believers to distinguish between good and evil, truth and falsehood.  -We can choose a ceretain action Means that the act done by the agent is intentional. It proceeds from the employment of knowledge and freedom. Voluntariness is there only when knowledge and freedom are present