2. At the end of the unit the learner will be able to:
1. Identify and discuss the concept of Bioethics and other
related terminologies
2. Apply learned ethical concepts in order to clarify ethical
issues and dilemma
3. Demonstrate self awareness and therapeutic use of self
whenever encountered in a state of confusing in nursing
field.
Objectives:
3. Innate human nature to accept the beliefs and practices
that surrounds them
different factors that has influenced morality in nursing:
- Social need
- Religion
- Philosophy
In social need, healthcare provider expresses moral belief
(agent)
Introduction
4. moral relates to what is
considered right and wrong,
good and bad
decisions must be done
considering moral reasoning
In religion influence, it
teaches the value of
individual life, death and
health
6. Definition of Terms:
ETHICS
It is a PRACTICAL science of morality of human conduct
that implies direction hjhgwq` 5
- Science – deals with complete and systematic body of
factual and empirical data and reasoning
- Moral – dictates of reason on how things should be
- Human conduct – deliberate, free and how one person
SHOULD ACT
7. Definition of Terms:
Ethics - concerns the
needs and values of
human persons in all
matters of human
concern including
HEALTH; nothing is more
human and personal than
HEALTH
Ethics is concern with
the study of social
morality and
philosophical reflection
on its norms and
practices
8. Definition of Terms:
Moral issues deals with
respect for life, freedom,
love, issues that provokes
conscience; issues that
responds to ought, should,
right, wrong, good, bad and
complicated
9. Definition of Terms:
BIOETHICS
A science that deals with
the study of the morality of
human conduct concerning
human life in all its aspects
from the moment of its
conception to its natural
end
HEALTHCARE ETHICS
is the field of applied ethics
that is concerned with the
vast array of moral decision-
making situations that
relates to human health
10. The Human Being
The PERSON
(Biblical) Created in the
image and likeness of God;
differing from animals due
to possession of spiritual
intelligence and free will
God produces the human
body through the
cooperation of human
parents; the creation of
the human soul is direct
act of God
Each person is
unique and ir-
replaceable; and
are called not only to
maturity but to
eternal life
11. Human Acts
is an act which proceeds
from the deliberate free will
of man. Man knows what
he is doing and freely
chooses to do what he
does;
Not all acts are Human
Acts; for an act to be human
it must have:
- KNOWLEDGE
- FREEDOM
12. Human Acts
KNOWLEDGE – of what it is
about and what it means
facts, information, and
skills acquired by a person
through experience or
education; the theoretical
or practical understanding
of a subject:
awareness or familiarity
gained by experience of a
fact or situation
Ex: What will I do?
Why do I have to do it?
13. The Human Being
FREEDOM – to do or leave
it undone without coercion
or constraint;
it implies voluntariness
which is to rationally
choose by deliberate will
the object
Ex. Freedom of expression
and speech
14. The Human Being
CONSCIENCE/Voluntariness –
spiritual discernment;
• The capacity to make practical
judgement in matters involving
ethical issues;
• It is person’s most secret
sanctuary where he/she is alone
with God;
• Hence the more a correct
conscience prevails the more do
persons and groups turn aside
from blind choice and try to be
guided by the objective standards
of moral conduct (SVC 1965)
Ex. Natural law
Civil Law
Code of Ethics
15. Acts of Man
Actions beyond one’s
consciousness; not dependent
on the intellect and will
Essential qualities of Acts of
Man
- Done without knowledge
- Without consent
- Involuntary
Ex. Unconscious
17. Kant’s Deontological moral theory
1. Act done in accord with
duty and act done from a
sense of duty
2. Categorical Imperative
Ex: Performing nursing
functions out of the desire to
do so or out of fear of being
accused of negligence
18. John Bordley Rawl
Born: February 21, 1921
an American moral and
political philosopher;
Professorship at Harvard
University, University of
Oxford;
His magnum opus, A
Theory of Justice (1971
According to English
philosopher Jonathan
Wolff, John Rawls was the
most important political
philosopher of the 20th
century
19. John Bordley Rawl
Social Contract as a solution to
Distributive Justice (the socially
just distribution of goods in a
society);
Resultant theory known as
"Justice as Fairness”:
1. Society should be structured so
that the greatest possible amount
of liberty is given to its members,;
2. Inequalities either social or
economic are only to be allowed
only if the worst will result under
an equal distribution;
20. John Bordley Rawl
3. Finally, if there is such a
beneficial inequality, this
inequality should not make it
harder for those without
resources to occupy positions
of power, for instance public
office.
21. John Rawl’s Ethics
1. Equal access to basic
human rights and liberties
of citizenship
2. Fair equality of
opportunity and equal
distribution of socio
economic inequalities
22. St. Thomas Aquinas
Born 1225; Sicily, Italy
Proclaimed Doctor of the Catholic Church
Joined the Dominican Order • (Order of
Preachers – OP)
Thomas's ethics - "first principles of
action.“
Summa theologiae , he wrote:
- Virtue denotes a certain perfection of a
power;
- Now a thing's perfection is considered
chiefly in regard to its end;
- But the end of power is act. Wherefore
power is said to be perfect, according as it is
determinate to its act.[82]
23. St. Thomas Aquinas
St. Thomas Four Cardinal
Virtues
Prudence
Temperance
Fortitude
Justice
24. Aquinas Ethics
“Do good, avoid evil”
the inherent capacity of
every individual , lettered
or unlettered to distinguish
the good from the bad
through reason and
reflection (syndresis)
25. Three determinants of moral action
1. Object
- the will intends
2. Circumstances
- may mitigate or
aggravate
3. End of the agent
- purpose
26. Aquinas Ethics
double effect principles-
situation in which a good
and evil effect will result
Principle of totality
27. William David Ross
Born: April 15, 1877; Thurso,
Scotland
Scottish philosopher
Education: University of
Edinburgh
The moral order...is just as much
part of the fundamental nature of
the universe (and...of any possible
universe in which there are moral
agents at all) as is the spatial or
numerical structure expressed in
the axioms of geometry or
arithmetic;
"moral intuitionist" theory,
28. The Prima Facie Duties or Moral
Guidelines
According to W. D. Ross
(1877-1971), there are
several prima facie duties
that we can use to
determine what, concretely,
we ought to do.
A prima facie duty is a duty
that is binding (obligatory)
"Unless stronger moral
considerations outweigh,
one ought to keep a
promise made."
29. The prima facie duties include
Fidelity
Reparation
Gratitude
Justice
Beneficence
Self-Improvement
Non- maleficence
They said that Human nature is a concept that denotes the fundamental dispositions and characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that humans are said to have naturally/ We are capable of it.
Humans are linked with the natural environment (3). Some examples of these include humans’ preference for scenes dominated by natural elements (4), the sustainability of natural resources (5, 6), and the health benefits associated with engaging with nature
SOCIAL NEEDS-are the basic needs of humans that prove that they are social beings. The need for love, companionship, friendship and belonging are among the major social needs. These needs inspire people to interact with each other and create community and comradery
Religion-
Philosophy is the systematic study of ideas and issues, a reasoned pursuit of fundamental truths, a quest for a comprehensive understanding of the world, a study of principles of conduct, and much more
MORAL-a person's standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is and is not acceptable for them to do
When we decide , we always consider what is acceptable for us to do
For instance, one could argue that it is okay to kill one person if it would save five, because more people would be saved, but killing itself is immoral. Moral judgments and decisions are often driven by automatic, affective responses, rather than explicit reasoning
Moral Reasonin= How people think of what is right and wrong How to acquire and apply moral rules
The process of determination whether your action is rifght or wrong
Example abortion, ( Life is a gift of God. No to Abortion
Euthanasia-persons have the fundamental right to decide their own health care, including the decision to have life-sustaining treatment withheld or withdrawn in instances of a terminal condition or permanent unconscious condition.
, and the treatmentAdult
the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence0
Such as the philosoptheir philosophy extisted even before and it has a great influence up to this timeshy of different philosophers.
GUIDES OUR JUDGEMENT CONCERNING MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS
Emperical data-Relying on experience or observation alone
Moral reasoning is the study of how people think about right and wrong and how they acquire and apply moral rules
Human Concerns are those problems and issues that influence the emotional, spiritual, mental, physical, and relational aspects of life.
-Social morality considers whether an action threatens society's well-being.( the tokhang)
NORMS- rules or expectations that are socially enforced ( being honest )
PRACTICE-the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method, as opposed to theories relating to it.
"the principles and practice of teaching
Example- abortion-
The main situations that create ethical difficulties for healthcare professionals in their decisions = resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, artificial nutrition and hydration, terminal sedation, withholding and withdrawing treatments, euthanasia, and physician-assisted suicide
Human is being upright , in all aspect-be it in your thinking, actions, decisions, anywhere at all times. Must start from the time of conceprion to birth
Health care ethics.
With the application of different theories , we will be able to explain the behavior and normas.
Ex. For instance, in response to a moral dilemma scenario, one could sacrifice the life of a human to save the lives of four or five other people (utilitarian response) or not taking any action, resulting in the death of all (deontological response)
-capacity for physical, mental, and social activity during the phases of human life.
Humans are made in Gods image-
The Bible makes a clear distinction between man and animals:
Analytical ThoughtMan can think analytically. He can analyze problems and come up with creative solutions. He is able to reason and philosophize about life. The reasoning powers in animals are limited
Only man possesses true language and conceptual thought. He can communicate by using abstract symbols.
MORALITY= Man is an ethical being. He can distinguish between right and wrong. He can and does make moral judgments. He has a conscience. Only to man could God speak of "good" and "evil." Because of mans sense of justice and his ethical orientation, God could fairly punish him for his willful disobedience in the Garden of Eden.
Freewil-the supposed power or capacity of humans to make decisions or perform actions independently of any prior event or state of the universe.
In other words, we are self-determined. For example, can make a free choice as to whether to commit a crime or not (unless they are a child or they are insane)
A human act is an act on which an individual can make a conscious decision whether or not to carry out that act.
In an ethical dilemma you may think
What will I do
Why do I have to do ur?
When we Carry out a certain things or WHEN YOU DECiDE on a certain things
You willingly do it, you have reasons to do it
, the part of you that judges your moral actions and makes you feel guilty
Spiritual discernment- our ability to make evil apart from good. is a kind of wisdom that comes from the Holy Spirit, and helps believers to distinguish between good and evil, truth and falsehood.
-We can choose a ceretain action
Means that the act done by the agent is intentional.
It proceeds from the employment of knowledge and freedom.
Voluntariness is there only when knowledge and freedom are present