What lessons can be learned, onshore wind and fracking
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This document discusses lessons that can be learned from the deployment of onshore wind technology in the UK that may be applicable to the developing UK shale gas sector. Onshore wind faced significant opposition during its deployment over the last few decades. Shale gas deployment is anticipated to require many installations and associated infrastructure similar to onshore wind. Key lessons include: ensuring public participation in decision making; providing tangible community benefits; and addressing concerns that are legitimate rather than assuming they are merely NIMBYism. Careful planning and engagement can help shale gas avoid facing the same barriers to deployment that onshore wind has experienced.
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What lessons can be learned, onshore wind and fracking
- 1. What lessons can be learned from onshore wind technology deployment for a developing UK shale gas sector Geoffrey Wood Centre for Energy Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP) School of Engineering Physics and Mathematics School of Law University of Dundee G.C.Wood@dundee.ac.uk
- 2. 1 The current UK shale gas situation 2 Similarities and differences of onshore wind and shale gas 3 Planning 4 Public participation and engagement 5 Community Benefits Approach 6 Conclusion
- 3. UK Shale Gas Situation Relatively recent history in the UK • Compared to the US • No current extraction (early exploration) No specific mention in UK legislation regarding shale gas Anticipation of significant unconventional hydrocarbon (particularly shale gas) infrastructure deployment • US-style? 3
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- 5. Growing opposition to shale gas deployment… 5
- 6. Lessons to be Learned? Lessons to be learned from other recent technology deployment? Onshore wind • Deployment from the 1990s onwards • Significant growth – over 3,000 turbines operational, 700 under construction, 1,800 approved and 3,000 planning applications approved • Anticipated to drive overall renewable deployment • Growing opposition to onshore wind infrastructure deployment Significant barriers to deployment with negative implications… 6
- 7. Onshore wind and shale gas? Requirement of a high number of installations characterised by • Generating (turbines) or extraction (wells) structures • Associated infrastructure distribution/transmission cables; sub-stations (wind) pipelines; storage and other infrastructures (shale) roads (both) • Need to navigate planning and public engagement and participation (opposition) hurdles in order to deliver the necessary infrastructure 7
- 8. Important Differences? Onshore wind a renewable technology • Environmentally (climate) friendly? Targets/Obligations Unconventional hydrocarbons are still hydrocarbons Debate increasingly polarised and evidence-based discourse lacking…? 8
- 9. Examples of shale gas and onshore wind infrastructure 9
- 10. Shale Gas Infrastructure Infrastructure • Exploration/ Appraisal/ Extraction (‘christmas tree’) – how many? Number of platforms? Re-drilling? Spacing? • Associated Infrastructure – pipelines (underground?) – storage (gas, waste water) onsite/offsite? - generating station (electricity) onsite/offsite? - roads (transport infrastructure) • Small scale landscape impact? – scale of find; installation (well platform and associated infrastructure) 10
- 11. UK-Specific Characteristics Population density • US (30/km²), EU (100-200/km²), UK (290/km²) Resource • Site availability/ Geology of sites/ Water utilisation/scarcity/ Environmental restrictions (see below)/ Land use conflict/ Access to market/ Local opposition (see below) Compensation to land owners • Difficulties increase as level of drilling increases/ pollution event(s)? 11
- 12. Planning and Shale Gas Exploratory investigations, testing and extraction require application for planning permission at the Local Planning Level Development applications are assessed on their merits against the policies of the Development Plan and in light of advice from statutory consultees and representations received Under current planning arrangements, LPA decides who to consult The county council must determine applications in accordance with planning law 12
- 13. England National Planning Policy Framework (2012) • Ensure there are no unacceptable adverse impacts on the natural and historic environment, human health and take into account the cumulative effect of multiple impacts from individual sites and/or from a number of sites in a locality • Control, mitigate or remove at source any unavoidable noise, dust, particle emissions and blasting vibrations; establish appropriate noise limits for extraction in proximity to noise sensitive properties • Clearly distinguish between the 3 phases of development (exploration, appraisal and production) and address constraints on production and processing within such areas 13
- 14. England • Planning system requires separate permission for exploration, appraisal and production activities • Each well pad requires separate planning permission • Pre-application and front loading • • Planning conditions and obligations – noise, decommissioning and restoration, transport Sufficient resources available to necessary institutions (planning bodies, etc) 14
- 15. Scotland Scottish Planning Policy (Consolidated SPP) (2010) • No real difference with the NPPF However, planning in general under more centralised (government) control in Scotland than in England – Localism Act (2011); but – Growth and Infrastructure Bill (2012) – Possible shale gas assessed as a major infrastructure scale development in England… Implications? – “Ensure an effective planning system”, produce technical planning guidance and “Properly align” planning system with licensing and regulatory regimes by end 2013… One-stop shop/ Centralisation? – Scottish Government has more power over call-in decisions and can direct particular local development to be dealt as if major developments 15
- 16. Public Participation and Engagement Public participation and engagement • Need to build and maintain public support How does planning legislation and policy encourage public participation and engagement in the • Decision making process? • Supporting shale gas infrastructure deployment? Benefits of local participation and engagement • ‘Local’ experts, conflict mitigation and issues of local democracy, improved support levels 16
- 17. Local Communities and Shale Gas This has been a particularly detrimental issue for onshore wind and the problem is increasing Shale gas has few of the benefits (perceived or otherwise) of renewable energy technologies • Renewable, sustainable, (more) environmentally friendly, climate change mitigation • Local people/ communities/ Local authorities could not undertake their own shale gas developments (expertise, time, awareness of the process, access to information, transparency and costs) • Does have employment/economic benefits 17
- 18. Community Benefits Onshore wind • Typically in the form of a community payment (based on installed capacity) • Other ‘benefits’ via planning conditions and obligations However, • Problems with NIMBYism concept • Better information and access to decision making • It is community ownership that alleviates planning and public participation and engagement as barriers to deployment What is on offer for shale gas? • Tax incentives… 18
- 19. “The concerns expressed by environmental groups and local organisations are both real and legitimate” (Tom Greatrex, Shadow Energy Minister) • A good starting point Such barriers to onshore wind deployment were greatly underestimated and two decades on are increasingly aggravating and constraining deployment… and increasing costs Unconventional hydrocarbons and shale gas in particular are currently at the stage where they can be addressed appropriately 19