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wool fiber

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Farhan ullah baig
Farhan ullah baig

introduction,classification,processing,quality,types,properties, advantages and applications of wool.

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WOOL
Wool Wool and hair fiber are the natural hair of certain animals and are composed of protein. Protein consists of complex organic compounds containing amino acids. The chief wool producing countries are UK, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and United States.
Wool Wool and hair fiber are the natural hair of certain animals and are composed of protein. Protein consists of complex organic compounds containing amino acids. The chief wool producing countries are UK, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and United States.
Wool Wool and hair fiber are the natural hair of certain animals and are composed of protein. Protein consists of complex organic compounds containing amino acids. The chief wool producing countries are UK, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and United States.
Cross sectional view
wool fiber
wool fiber
Wool The sources of wool fiber are: 1. Camel hair 2. Mohair ( obtained from Angora goat ) 3. Cashmere ( obtained from Cashmere goat ) 4. Llama ( obtained from camel like animal ) 5. Alpaca ( obtained from domesticated animal that resembles llama.
CashmereAngora
wool fiber
wool fiber
wool fiber
wool fiber
Wool Classification of Wool: The sheep may be classified into four types. 1. Merino Wool: Merino wool ( obtained from Merino sheep) is considered as best quality wool. Fiber is strong, fine and elastic. Merino is used in the best types of wool clothing.
Wool The staple of Merino wool is relatively short ( 25- 125 mm ). The staple is relatively ranging from 1- 5 inch. The varieties of merino sheep are chiefly found in Spain, New Zealand, South America, South Africa and Australia.
Wool b. Class-Two Wool: This class of sheep is originated in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The staple fiber is relatively longer than Merino ( 50- 200 mm). It is 2-8 inches. The fibers are strong, fine and elastic but not as strong, fine and elastic as merino. It has scales and crimps but not as more and goods as merino wool.
Wool c. Class three wools: This class of sheep originated in the United Kingdom. The fiber are about 4 to 18 inches long ( 100- 455 mm ). These are coarser and have less crimps and scales. As a result they are smoother and have more luster.
Wool d. Class- four wools: This class of wools are 25-400 mm long (1-16 inch), coarser and hair like having less scales and little crimp. Therefore, these wools are smoother and more lustrous having less strength and elasticity.
Wool Classification by fleece: Fleece is the coat of wool shorn from the sheep at a time. 1. Lamb’s wool: The first fleece sheared from a lamb about 6-8 months old is known as lamb’s wool or sometimes referred to as fleece wool or first clip. Lamb’s wool is immature and not strong as fully developed wool of same sheep.
Wool 2. Hoggest wool: Hoggest wool come from sheep 12 to 14 months old that have not been previously shorn. The fiber is soft and fine. 3. Wether Wool: Any fleece clipped after the first shearing is called wether wool. This wool is usually taken from a sheep older than 14 months.
Wool 4. Pulled wool: When sheep is slaughtered for meat, their root are pulled. Such wool is called pulled wool fiber and is inferior for two reasons. 1. Sheep that are raised for meat generally do not have a good quality of wool. 2. The roots of fibers are damaged by chemicals and tension exerted in pulling.
Wool 5. Dead wool: The wool recovered from a sheep died or killed accidently. 6. Cotty wool: Sheep that are exposed to severe weather conditions or lack of nourishment yield a wool that is hard and brittle.
http://biotechlearn.org.nz/focus_stories/wool_innovations/wool_processing_fleece_to_fabric
• Scouring if we didn’t wash our hair for a year, imagine what our hair would be like?????? “Sheep has that same issue” The scouring process – Just like washing, Because the sheep picks up contaminants such as dirt and also releases sweat and grease, so that has to be removed.
• Gilling Gilling is a process of aligning the wool fibres so they are parallel to one another. This is done using a coarse comb. At this stage, the sliver still contains particles of vegetable matter as well as short fibres.
• Combing There’s usually small particles of vegetable matter – seeds and leaf– picked up by the sheep. So combing removes vegetables matters. It also removes the short fibres, because short fibres are hard to control in the yarn. It’s much easier for the spinner to organise longer fibres.
Growth of Wool Fiber: The wool fibers grows up in groups of 5-80 hairs . There are about 10,000 to 22,000 scales per square inch. The average rate of growth of wool fiber is 1 inch in two month.
Quality of Wool The quality of wool varies with; Breed of sheep. Conditions under which it has lived. The quality and price of raw wool depends on; Fineness Length Strength Purity Color
Fineness - fiber diameter Thicker Thinner Fine $$$$ Crossbred Medium Long Coarse Grade refers to the relative diameter of the wool fibers (fineness). < 17µ> 40 µ
Average Fiber Diameter ( Microns) Wool Grades Under 17.70 Finer than 80’s 17.70-19.14 80’s 19.15-20.59 70’s 20.60-22.04 64’s 22.05-23.49 62’s 23.50-24.94 60’s 24.95- 26.39 58’s 26.40-27.84 56’s 27.85- 28.29 54’s 29.30-30.99 50’s 31.00-32.69 48’s 32.70-34.39 46’s 34.40-36.19 44’s 36.20-38.09 40’s 38.10-40.20 36’s Over 40.20 Coarser than 36’s
Types of wool Yarn Wool is spun into two types of yarn. 1. Woolen yarn: Woolen yarn is thick, and fibers in woolen yarn are held loosely and subjected to only limited twist during spinning. These yarn are woven into thick bulkier material.
2. Worsted yarn: Worsted yarns are finer, smoother and stronger than woolen yarns. The fibers in worsted yarn are twisted strongly to form fine and strong yarn. These yarns are woven into fine dresses.
wool fiber
Properties of Wool Tensile strength: Wool has tensile strength of 17000-29000 lbs per square inch. Elongation: Wool has an elongation at break 25-35 % under standard conditions of testing.
Elastic properties: Wool is an elastic fiber. It has elastic recovery of 99 % at 2% extension and 63 % at 20% extension. Specific gravity: It has specific gravity of 1.32. Effect of moisture: Moisture regain of wool is 16 %.
Effect of heat: At 130 degree centigrade, it decomposes and turns yellow. Wool becomes weak and loses its softness when heated to temperature of boiling water for long period of time.
Effect of age: Wool shows little deterioration with age when stored carefully. Effect of sunlight: Wool is weakened by prolonged exposure to sunlight. The wool becomes discolored and develops a harsh feel.
Effect of Acids: Wool is attacked by hot sulphuric acid and decomposes completely. Dilute acids are used for removing impurities without damaging the wool fibers.
Effect of alkalis: Unlike cotton, structure of wool is sensitive of alkaline substances. Wool will be dissolved by caustic soda solutions. The scouring and bleaching of wool is carried under low alkaline solution like sodium phosphate and ammonium carbonate which have minimum effect on wool.
Effect of insects: The proteins of wool is a modified form of meat so it can be easily attacked by moth grubs and other insects. Micro organisms: Wool has a good resistance to mildews and bacteria.
wool fiber
Advantages of Wool fiber • Wool is Natural Renewable Sustainable Biodegradable Energy efficient • Wool is Safe Flame resistant UV protection Static electricity reduction High thermal resistance • Wool is Healthy Breathable Humidity control Low allergy Toxic chemical absorption Sound reduction
Applications of wool Apparels Technical Textiles Interior Textiles http://www.iwto.org/wool/wool-applications/
Apparel: Suits, jackets, pullovers, coats, sportswear, skiwear, scarves, gloves, socks, hats, active wear, children's wear, waterproof fabrics, casual wear, shoes, formal wear, hand knitting wool, uniforms. Interior Textiles: Carpets, duvets, mattresses, pillows, blankets, upholstery, tapestries, lamps, rugs, futons, bedspreads, tablecloths, wall coverings, sofas. Technical Textiles: Aircraft interiors, thermal insulation, sound insulation, sound vibration control, roof insulation, filtration, fire proof wear, police uniforms, military uniforms, air conditioning, bandages, second skin injury prevention, piano felts, wool filters for dust chemical odours, billiard cloths, automotive composites, tennis balls

More Related Content

wool fiber

  • 2. Wool Wool and hair fiber are the natural hair of certain animals and are composed of protein. Protein consists of complex organic compounds containing amino acids. The chief wool producing countries are UK, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and United States.
  • 3. Wool Wool and hair fiber are the natural hair of certain animals and are composed of protein. Protein consists of complex organic compounds containing amino acids. The chief wool producing countries are UK, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and United States.
  • 4. Wool Wool and hair fiber are the natural hair of certain animals and are composed of protein. Protein consists of complex organic compounds containing amino acids. The chief wool producing countries are UK, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and United States.
  • 8. Wool The sources of wool fiber are: 1. Camel hair 2. Mohair ( obtained from Angora goat ) 3. Cashmere ( obtained from Cashmere goat ) 4. Llama ( obtained from camel like animal ) 5. Alpaca ( obtained from domesticated animal that resembles llama.
  • 14. Wool Classification of Wool: The sheep may be classified into four types. 1. Merino Wool: Merino wool ( obtained from Merino sheep) is considered as best quality wool. Fiber is strong, fine and elastic. Merino is used in the best types of wool clothing.
  • 15. Wool The staple of Merino wool is relatively short ( 25- 125 mm ). The staple is relatively ranging from 1- 5 inch. The varieties of merino sheep are chiefly found in Spain, New Zealand, South America, South Africa and Australia.
  • 16. Wool b. Class-Two Wool: This class of sheep is originated in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. The staple fiber is relatively longer than Merino ( 50- 200 mm). It is 2-8 inches. The fibers are strong, fine and elastic but not as strong, fine and elastic as merino. It has scales and crimps but not as more and goods as merino wool.
  • 17. Wool c. Class three wools: This class of sheep originated in the United Kingdom. The fiber are about 4 to 18 inches long ( 100- 455 mm ). These are coarser and have less crimps and scales. As a result they are smoother and have more luster.
  • 18. Wool d. Class- four wools: This class of wools are 25-400 mm long (1-16 inch), coarser and hair like having less scales and little crimp. Therefore, these wools are smoother and more lustrous having less strength and elasticity.
  • 19. Wool Classification by fleece: Fleece is the coat of wool shorn from the sheep at a time. 1. Lamb’s wool: The first fleece sheared from a lamb about 6-8 months old is known as lamb’s wool or sometimes referred to as fleece wool or first clip. Lamb’s wool is immature and not strong as fully developed wool of same sheep.
  • 20. Wool 2. Hoggest wool: Hoggest wool come from sheep 12 to 14 months old that have not been previously shorn. The fiber is soft and fine. 3. Wether Wool: Any fleece clipped after the first shearing is called wether wool. This wool is usually taken from a sheep older than 14 months.
  • 21. Wool 4. Pulled wool: When sheep is slaughtered for meat, their root are pulled. Such wool is called pulled wool fiber and is inferior for two reasons. 1. Sheep that are raised for meat generally do not have a good quality of wool. 2. The roots of fibers are damaged by chemicals and tension exerted in pulling.
  • 22. Wool 5. Dead wool: The wool recovered from a sheep died or killed accidently. 6. Cotty wool: Sheep that are exposed to severe weather conditions or lack of nourishment yield a wool that is hard and brittle.
  • 24. • Scouring if we didn’t wash our hair for a year, imagine what our hair would be like?????? “Sheep has that same issue” The scouring process – Just like washing, Because the sheep picks up contaminants such as dirt and also releases sweat and grease, so that has to be removed.
  • 25. • Gilling Gilling is a process of aligning the wool fibres so they are parallel to one another. This is done using a coarse comb. At this stage, the sliver still contains particles of vegetable matter as well as short fibres.
  • 26. • Combing There’s usually small particles of vegetable matter – seeds and leaf– picked up by the sheep. So combing removes vegetables matters. It also removes the short fibres, because short fibres are hard to control in the yarn. It’s much easier for the spinner to organise longer fibres.
  • 27. Growth of Wool Fiber: The wool fibers grows up in groups of 5-80 hairs . There are about 10,000 to 22,000 scales per square inch. The average rate of growth of wool fiber is 1 inch in two month.
  • 28. Quality of Wool The quality of wool varies with; Breed of sheep. Conditions under which it has lived. The quality and price of raw wool depends on; Fineness Length Strength Purity Color
  • 29. Fineness - fiber diameter Thicker Thinner Fine $$$$ Crossbred Medium Long Coarse Grade refers to the relative diameter of the wool fibers (fineness). < 17µ> 40 µ
  • 30. Average Fiber Diameter ( Microns) Wool Grades Under 17.70 Finer than 80’s 17.70-19.14 80’s 19.15-20.59 70’s 20.60-22.04 64’s 22.05-23.49 62’s 23.50-24.94 60’s 24.95- 26.39 58’s 26.40-27.84 56’s 27.85- 28.29 54’s 29.30-30.99 50’s 31.00-32.69 48’s 32.70-34.39 46’s 34.40-36.19 44’s 36.20-38.09 40’s 38.10-40.20 36’s Over 40.20 Coarser than 36’s
  • 31. Types of wool Yarn Wool is spun into two types of yarn. 1. Woolen yarn: Woolen yarn is thick, and fibers in woolen yarn are held loosely and subjected to only limited twist during spinning. These yarn are woven into thick bulkier material.
  • 32. 2. Worsted yarn: Worsted yarns are finer, smoother and stronger than woolen yarns. The fibers in worsted yarn are twisted strongly to form fine and strong yarn. These yarns are woven into fine dresses.
  • 34. Properties of Wool Tensile strength: Wool has tensile strength of 17000-29000 lbs per square inch. Elongation: Wool has an elongation at break 25-35 % under standard conditions of testing.
  • 35. Elastic properties: Wool is an elastic fiber. It has elastic recovery of 99 % at 2% extension and 63 % at 20% extension. Specific gravity: It has specific gravity of 1.32. Effect of moisture: Moisture regain of wool is 16 %.
  • 36. Effect of heat: At 130 degree centigrade, it decomposes and turns yellow. Wool becomes weak and loses its softness when heated to temperature of boiling water for long period of time.
  • 37. Effect of age: Wool shows little deterioration with age when stored carefully. Effect of sunlight: Wool is weakened by prolonged exposure to sunlight. The wool becomes discolored and develops a harsh feel.
  • 38. Effect of Acids: Wool is attacked by hot sulphuric acid and decomposes completely. Dilute acids are used for removing impurities without damaging the wool fibers.
  • 39. Effect of alkalis: Unlike cotton, structure of wool is sensitive of alkaline substances. Wool will be dissolved by caustic soda solutions. The scouring and bleaching of wool is carried under low alkaline solution like sodium phosphate and ammonium carbonate which have minimum effect on wool.
  • 40. Effect of insects: The proteins of wool is a modified form of meat so it can be easily attacked by moth grubs and other insects. Micro organisms: Wool has a good resistance to mildews and bacteria.
  • 42. Advantages of Wool fiber • Wool is Natural Renewable Sustainable Biodegradable Energy efficient • Wool is Safe Flame resistant UV protection Static electricity reduction High thermal resistance • Wool is Healthy Breathable Humidity control Low allergy Toxic chemical absorption Sound reduction
  • 43. Applications of wool Apparels Technical Textiles Interior Textiles http://www.iwto.org/wool/wool-applications/
  • 44. Apparel: Suits, jackets, pullovers, coats, sportswear, skiwear, scarves, gloves, socks, hats, active wear, children's wear, waterproof fabrics, casual wear, shoes, formal wear, hand knitting wool, uniforms. Interior Textiles: Carpets, duvets, mattresses, pillows, blankets, upholstery, tapestries, lamps, rugs, futons, bedspreads, tablecloths, wall coverings, sofas. Technical Textiles: Aircraft interiors, thermal insulation, sound insulation, sound vibration control, roof insulation, filtration, fire proof wear, police uniforms, military uniforms, air conditioning, bandages, second skin injury prevention, piano felts, wool filters for dust chemical odours, billiard cloths, automotive composites, tennis balls