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Wrr2

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A research report communicates the purpose, methodology, findings, and recommendations of a research project. It has two main purposes - to convince the client that the findings can be used to their benefit, and to serve as a record of the research process. There are two main types of reports - technical reports for researchers and popular reports for general audiences. Effective reports are concise, objective, selective, and use visual aids to reinforce key findings and make the report easy to follow. Oral presentations supplement the written report and require careful preparation for the target audience.

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RESEARCH REPORT PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION
RESEARCH REPORT • A research report is: – a written document or oral presentation based on a written document that communicates the purpose, scope, objective(s), hypotheses, methodology, findings, limitations and finally, recommendations of a research project to others. – The last stage of a marketing research process.; – It is more than a summary of findings; rather it is a record of the research process. • The researcher has to convince the client [and others who may read the report] that the research findings can be acted on for their own benefit. 2
Types of Research Report I • Any research report contains: – descriptions on methodology, – results obtained, – and recommendations made. • The basic orientation of a research report depends on its audience. Before writing the report – the researcher must know his or her audience; – he/she may have to make assumptions about the composition, background and interests of the target readers. 3
Types of Research Report II • Two types of reports:- – Technical Report: suitable for a target audience of • researchers, research managers or other people familiar with and interested in the technicalities such as research design, sampling methods, statistical details etc., – Popular Report: suitable for: • a more general audience, interested mainly in the research findings as it is non-technical in nature. – The writing style is designed to facilitate easy and rapid reading and understanding of the research findings and recommendations. 4
REPORT PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION PROCESS Problem Definition, Data Pre-report Research Design Analysis and Methodology Writing Activities Interpretation of Research findings Report Report Preparation Writing Activities Oral Presentattion Post RESEARCH Reading of the FOLLOW-UP Report by the Report client Writing 5
The first step in the process involves.. • the interpretation of the results of data analysis in light of: – the marketing research problem investigated, – and the research design and methodology followed. • The research report is a means of communication that can be understood, believed, trusted by everyone who are likely to be affected by the research, and acted upon by the decision maker. 6
Before writing the report… • the researcher should discuss: the major findings, conclusions, and recommendations with the key decision makers. – necessary to ensure that the report meets the client's needs and is ultimately accepted. • The entire marketing research project: – should be summarized in a single written report or in several reports addressed to different readers. – should present the findings in such a way that they can be used directly as input into decision making. 7
Oral Presentation • Generally, an oral presentation supplements the written report. • The client should be given adequate time to read the report. – If necessary, the researcher should assist the client in understanding the report, implementing the findings, undertaking further research, and evaluating the research process in retrospect. 8
Report Format • No universally accepted standard format or style for research writing. Different researchers may prepare their reports differently. – The personality, background, expertise, and responsibility of the researcher and those of the decision maker for whom the report is written interact to give each report a unique character. – Report formats are likely to vary with the nature of the project itself. However, the research report closely resembles the steps of the marketing research process. 9
Most research reports include the following elements: I. Title page XI. Research design II. Letter of transmittal a. Type of research design b. Information needs III. Table of contents c. Data collection from secondary sources IV. List of tables d. Data collection from primary sources V. List of graphs e. Scaling techniques VI. List of appendices f. Questionnaire development and pretesting g. Sampling techniques VII. List of exhibits h. Field work VIII. Executive summary XII. Data analysis a. Major findings a. Methodology b. Conclusions b. Plan of data analysis c. Recommendations XIII. Results IX. Introduction a. Background to the XIV. Limitations and caveats problem XV. Conclusions and recommendations b. Statement of the problem XVI. Appendix X. Approach to the problem a. Questionnaires and forms b. Statistical output c. Lists 10
The results... • may be presented in several chapters of the report. – For example, a Malaysian researcher conducting a national survey, may perform the data analysis in two stages. • First, he or she may analyze the overall national sample followed by nine separate analysis for each of the states. • The results may then be presented in ten chapters [ one overall plus nine state based] instead of one. 11
Report Writing I • Effective report writing is an art. • Some basic points to note in writing a report. – Readers: The report should take into account the level of readers' technical sophistication, their interest in the project, ability to understand as well as the circumstances under which they will read the report and how they will use it.. – Adherence to study objectives: A research report must show that the research objectives have been accomplished.. – Easy to follow: The most basic characteristic of a good report is that it is easy to follow. • It should be well organized, logically structured, and clearly and lucidly written. Headings and sub-headings should be used for different topics and subtopics respectively.. 12
Report Writing II • Objective: Report writing should always be guided by objectivity. – Should accurately present the methodology, results, and conclusions of the project, without slanting the findings to conform to the expectations of management. • Selectivity: A researcher must use his or her discretion in deciding what should be included in the report. • Concise: A report should be concise. Yet brevity should not be achieved at the expense of completeness. • Presentation: The report should be professionally done with quality paper, good typing, and attractive binding. 13
Report Writing III • Visual aids: Key information presented in the text of a research report should be reinforced with tables, graphs, pictures, maps, and other visual devices. • Guidelines for Tables: Statistical tables are a vital part of the report and deserve special attention. – Every table should have a number and brief but clear title. – Basis or unit of measurement should be clearly stated to facilitate understanding. – The arrangement of the data item should emphasize the most important aspect of the data being presented. – If necessary, explanations, comments etc. should be provided as footnotes. – If the table presents secondary data, the source(s) must be cited clearly. 14
Oral Presentation • Should be carefully prepared keeping the audience in mind. • A good presentation does not mean a lengthy presentation. • Carefully selected visual aids such as graphs, tables, charts, maps etc. help presentation. – However, Too many visual aids, particularly statistical tables, could often be boring and may not serve any purpose. • During oral presentation, people may seek clarification. – The speaker must be patient and should not show signs of anger or frustration. He or she should be natural, establish eye contact with the audience, and interact with them. – Body language and descriptive gestures are also quite useful. 15

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Wrr2

  • 2. RESEARCH REPORT • A research report is: – a written document or oral presentation based on a written document that communicates the purpose, scope, objective(s), hypotheses, methodology, findings, limitations and finally, recommendations of a research project to others. – The last stage of a marketing research process.; – It is more than a summary of findings; rather it is a record of the research process. • The researcher has to convince the client [and others who may read the report] that the research findings can be acted on for their own benefit. 2
  • 3. Types of Research Report I • Any research report contains: – descriptions on methodology, – results obtained, – and recommendations made. • The basic orientation of a research report depends on its audience. Before writing the report – the researcher must know his or her audience; – he/she may have to make assumptions about the composition, background and interests of the target readers. 3
  • 4. Types of Research Report II • Two types of reports:- – Technical Report: suitable for a target audience of • researchers, research managers or other people familiar with and interested in the technicalities such as research design, sampling methods, statistical details etc., – Popular Report: suitable for: • a more general audience, interested mainly in the research findings as it is non-technical in nature. – The writing style is designed to facilitate easy and rapid reading and understanding of the research findings and recommendations. 4
  • 5. REPORT PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION PROCESS Problem Definition, Data Pre-report Research Design Analysis and Methodology Writing Activities Interpretation of Research findings Report Report Preparation Writing Activities Oral Presentattion Post RESEARCH Reading of the FOLLOW-UP Report by the Report client Writing 5
  • 6. The first step in the process involves.. • the interpretation of the results of data analysis in light of: – the marketing research problem investigated, – and the research design and methodology followed. • The research report is a means of communication that can be understood, believed, trusted by everyone who are likely to be affected by the research, and acted upon by the decision maker. 6
  • 7. Before writing the report… • the researcher should discuss: the major findings, conclusions, and recommendations with the key decision makers. – necessary to ensure that the report meets the client's needs and is ultimately accepted. • The entire marketing research project: – should be summarized in a single written report or in several reports addressed to different readers. – should present the findings in such a way that they can be used directly as input into decision making. 7
  • 8. Oral Presentation • Generally, an oral presentation supplements the written report. • The client should be given adequate time to read the report. – If necessary, the researcher should assist the client in understanding the report, implementing the findings, undertaking further research, and evaluating the research process in retrospect. 8
  • 9. Report Format • No universally accepted standard format or style for research writing. Different researchers may prepare their reports differently. – The personality, background, expertise, and responsibility of the researcher and those of the decision maker for whom the report is written interact to give each report a unique character. – Report formats are likely to vary with the nature of the project itself. However, the research report closely resembles the steps of the marketing research process. 9
  • 10. Most research reports include the following elements: I. Title page XI. Research design II. Letter of transmittal a. Type of research design b. Information needs III. Table of contents c. Data collection from secondary sources IV. List of tables d. Data collection from primary sources V. List of graphs e. Scaling techniques VI. List of appendices f. Questionnaire development and pretesting g. Sampling techniques VII. List of exhibits h. Field work VIII. Executive summary XII. Data analysis a. Major findings a. Methodology b. Conclusions b. Plan of data analysis c. Recommendations XIII. Results IX. Introduction a. Background to the XIV. Limitations and caveats problem XV. Conclusions and recommendations b. Statement of the problem XVI. Appendix X. Approach to the problem a. Questionnaires and forms b. Statistical output c. Lists 10
  • 11. The results... • may be presented in several chapters of the report. – For example, a Malaysian researcher conducting a national survey, may perform the data analysis in two stages. • First, he or she may analyze the overall national sample followed by nine separate analysis for each of the states. • The results may then be presented in ten chapters [ one overall plus nine state based] instead of one. 11
  • 12. Report Writing I • Effective report writing is an art. • Some basic points to note in writing a report. – Readers: The report should take into account the level of readers' technical sophistication, their interest in the project, ability to understand as well as the circumstances under which they will read the report and how they will use it.. – Adherence to study objectives: A research report must show that the research objectives have been accomplished.. – Easy to follow: The most basic characteristic of a good report is that it is easy to follow. • It should be well organized, logically structured, and clearly and lucidly written. Headings and sub-headings should be used for different topics and subtopics respectively.. 12
  • 13. Report Writing II • Objective: Report writing should always be guided by objectivity. – Should accurately present the methodology, results, and conclusions of the project, without slanting the findings to conform to the expectations of management. • Selectivity: A researcher must use his or her discretion in deciding what should be included in the report. • Concise: A report should be concise. Yet brevity should not be achieved at the expense of completeness. • Presentation: The report should be professionally done with quality paper, good typing, and attractive binding. 13
  • 14. Report Writing III • Visual aids: Key information presented in the text of a research report should be reinforced with tables, graphs, pictures, maps, and other visual devices. • Guidelines for Tables: Statistical tables are a vital part of the report and deserve special attention. – Every table should have a number and brief but clear title. – Basis or unit of measurement should be clearly stated to facilitate understanding. – The arrangement of the data item should emphasize the most important aspect of the data being presented. – If necessary, explanations, comments etc. should be provided as footnotes. – If the table presents secondary data, the source(s) must be cited clearly. 14
  • 15. Oral Presentation • Should be carefully prepared keeping the audience in mind. • A good presentation does not mean a lengthy presentation. • Carefully selected visual aids such as graphs, tables, charts, maps etc. help presentation. – However, Too many visual aids, particularly statistical tables, could often be boring and may not serve any purpose. • During oral presentation, people may seek clarification. – The speaker must be patient and should not show signs of anger or frustration. He or she should be natural, establish eye contact with the audience, and interact with them. – Body language and descriptive gestures are also quite useful. 15