The Thermal Power Station burns fuel & uses the resultant to make the steam, which derives the turbo generator. The Fuel i.e. coal is burnt in pulverized from. The pressure energy of the steam produce is converted into mechanical energy with the help of turbine. The mechanical energy is fed to the generator where the magnet rotate inside a set of stator winding & thus electricity is produced in India 65% of total power is generated by thermal power stations. To understand the working of the Thermal Power Station plant, we can divide the whole process into following parts.
Thermal Power Plant - Full Detail About Plant and Parts (Also Contain Animate...Shubham Thakur
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fossil fuel resources generally used to heat the water. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy.[1] Certain thermal power plants also are designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes of district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power. Globally, fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
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The document summarizes the key components and mechanisms of a coal-based thermal power plant. The plant works on the basic Rankine cycle where coal is burned to produce steam that drives a turbine connected to a generator, producing electricity. The main components are the boiler, steam turbine, condenser, pumps, heaters, and other ancillary equipment. Coal is burned in the boiler to heat water and produce high-pressure steam to spin the turbine, which drives the generator and produces electricity. After working the turbine, the steam is condensed in the condenser and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process.
Thermal power plants generate 75% of India's electricity and have an installed capacity of over 93,000 MW. They work by burning fuel to create steam that spins turbines connected to generators. The main components are the fuel handling unit, boiler, turbine, generator, and cooling system. Fuel is burned in the boiler to create high-pressure steam, which drives the turbine before being condensed into water and recirculated or discharged.
Coal-based thermal power plants generate electricity through a four stage process. In the first stage, coal is burned in a boiler to produce heat energy. In the second stage, this heat is used to convert water to high-pressure steam. The third stage involves using this steam to spin turbines connected to generators. Finally, in the fourth stage the rotational energy of the turbines is converted to electrical energy. Key components of coal power plants include the coal handling system, boiler, steam turbine, condenser, ash handling system, and electrical equipment. Newer ultra-supercritical technologies can improve the efficiency and reduce emissions of coal power generation.
This document discusses coal-based thermal power plants. It describes the basic cycles used in thermal power generation like the Rankine cycle. It then discusses the major components of a typical coal fired thermal power station like the coal handling plant, ash handling system, boiler, turbine and condenser. The coal handling plant prepares and feeds coal to the boiler. In the boiler, coal is burnt and water is converted to high pressure steam. This steam powers the turbine, which drives the generator to produce electricity. The exhaust steam from the turbine is condensed back to water in the condenser to complete the cycle.
The document provides an overview of a coal-based thermal power plant presented by Shivam Kumar. It describes the key components of the plant including the coal handling plant, boiler and auxiliaries like superheaters and economizers, condenser, cooling towers, feedwater heaters, turbines, deaerator, and electrostatic precipitator. The plant has a capacity of 1500MW in stage 1 and is located in Haryana, utilizing coal delivered by rail to generate electricity through the Rankine cycle process in its boilers and turbines.
introduction to thermal powerplant,type of thermal powerplant,captive powerplant,rankin cycle,co-generation powerplant,subcritical powerplant,supercritical powerplant,theory of operation,working principle,parts of powerplant,boiler,turbine,etc
This document provides an overview of a thermal power plant, including its key components and processes. It begins with an introduction to thermal power plants in India and how they generate electricity using steam turbines. It then defines a thermal power plant and provides block diagrams of the main components. The main body of the document describes each major equipment in more detail, such as the coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling towers. It also lists some thermal power plants located in Rajasthan and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of thermal power generation.
Ntpc (national thermal power corporation) sipat boiler haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
The document discusses key points about subcritical and supercritical boiler design, operation, and control including:
- Differences between subcritical and supercritical boiler technologies
- Design parameters like steam pressure and temperature, air flow rates, and coal requirements
- Chemical treatment, feedwater, and boiler control systems
- Startup procedures including boiler filling and transitioning between wet and dry modes
This presentations contains the basic layout of a thermal power palnt along with the components.Coal and it's types.Future of thermal power plant in India.
This document provides an overview of a thermal power station. It begins with defining a thermal power station as a generating station that converts the heat energy from coal combustion into electrical energy. It then outlines the main components of a thermal power station in a block diagram and lists the main equipment, including the coal handling plant, pulverizing plant, boiler, turbine, alternator, condenser, and cooling towers. Each of the major equipment is then explained in more detail. Finally, the document discusses the advantages of thermal power stations in being able to use cheap fuel and their disadvantages in polluting the atmosphere.
This document describes the key components and processes involved in a thermal power plant. Water is heated to produce steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The main components are the boiler, turbines, condenser, cooling tower and auxiliary systems. Coal is pulverized and burned in the boiler to heat water and produce high pressure steam. The steam powers high, intermediate and low pressure turbines in succession to generate electricity before being condensed back into water in the condenser. The water is cooled in the cooling tower and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process.
The document provides an overview of the key components and processes involved in a thermal power plant. It discusses the basic principle of converting heat energy from fuel combustion into electrical energy through a steam turbine generator. The main components and processes described include the boiler, steam generation using a Rankine cycle, superheaters, reheater, economizer, turbine, condenser, and feedwater system. Auxiliary components to support combustion and power generation such as mills, fans, precipitators and the ash handling system are also outlined.
This document discusses coal handling and storage methods at power plants. It describes dead storage or outdoor storage where coal is piled directly on the ground, which can lead to spontaneous combustion from oxidation. It then discusses live storage in vertical bunkers or silos. The document also covers different types of stoker firing systems used to burn coal, including travelling grate stokers and spreader stokers. Finally, it summarizes pulverized coal firing and the unit and central systems used to grind, dry and feed pulverized coal to boiler furnaces.
Super Critical Technology-Fundamental Concepts about Super Critical Technolog...Raghab Gorain
Nicely describe everything about super critical technology in thermal power plant.This slide is very useful for the freshers.Anybody can get the basic fundamental idea about super critical technology from this slide. In India now we have to think some new technology for power sources as sub critical power plants are less efficient and emit more pollutant to the environment and the alternative is the 'Super Critical Power Plant'.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. They are a major source of electricity in many countries. In India, thermal power plants make up 75% of electricity generation. Coal is pulverized and burned in a boiler to heat water into steam. The high-pressure steam spins turbines that power generators to produce electricity. The steam is then condensed in a condenser using cooling water from cooling towers before being returned to the boiler as feedwater to repeat the process. While thermal plants provide reliable base-load power, they also produce significant air pollution and carbon emissions.
This document provides a summary of a seminar presentation about the main parts of a thermal power plant. The summary includes:
- An overview of the key components of a thermal power plant, including the coal handling plant, boiler, turbine generator, transformers, and switchyard.
- Descriptions of the main functions of the boiler, including converting coal energy into steam and heating feedwater and steam.
- Explanations of other important systems like the cooling tower, ash handling plant, water treatment plant, and their roles in the power generation process.
This document provides an overview of a thermal power plant. It begins with an introduction stating that India relies heavily on thermal power which generates around 75% of its electricity. The document then describes the major components of a thermal power plant including the coal handling plant, boilers, turbines, condensers, and cooling towers. It provides details on how these components work together to generate electricity through the conversion of chemical energy from coal to thermal energy to produce steam and spin turbines which power generators. The document also includes diagrams of the processes and electrical systems within the plant.
This document provides an overview of the power system in Jharkhand, India. It discusses the various power generation plants including the Patratu Thermal Power Station and Sikidiri Hydel Power Plant operated by the Jharkhand State Electricity Board. It also discusses other generation companies operating in Jharkhand like Damodar Valley Corporation, Tata Power Limited, and upcoming private plants. It then summarizes the transmission and distribution networks in Jharkhand, highlighting the roles of JSEB, JUSCO, Tata Steel Limited, and DVC. It concludes that the state-owned Patratu and Sikidiri plants are currently underperforming compared to their potential.
Thermal power plants generate electricity through the combustion of fuel and the conversion of heat into mechanical energy. They use steam turbines powered by steam generated by boiling water with heat from combustion. Coal, natural gas, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal, and waste incineration plants are common types of thermal power plants. Proper site selection considers factors like proximity to water sources for cooling and fuel transportation. Thermal plants impact the environment through air pollution from emissions, water pollution, and large land requirements for ash disposal. New technologies aim to reduce emissions and improve efficiency, such as fluidized bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycles, and clean coal technologies.
This document provides information about Harsh Kumar's summer training project at the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Dadri power plant in India. It includes:
- An overview of NTPC as the largest power company in India, operating coal and gas-fired thermal power plants.
- Details of the NTPC Dadri plant, which has both coal and gas-fired units totaling 2,642 MW capacity.
- Descriptions of the key components and processes within a thermal power plant, including the coal handling plant, mills, boilers, turbines and generators.
- An explanation of the basic thermal power plant cycle that converts fuel energy to electrical energy.
The document discusses various methods used to control pollution in coal-fired thermal power plants. It outlines technologies like electrostatic precipitators, low NOx burners, and flue gas stacks that control air pollution by reducing particulate emissions, NO2, and SO2. It also describes systems that treat wastewater from coal handling, ash disposal, and plant operations to control water pollution before discharge. Thermal pollution is mitigated through the use of closed-cycle cooling towers. Noise pollution is managed by ensuring plant equipment meets maximum noise level standards.
The document summarizes the process of converting iron ore into steel. It involves two main steps:
1. Production of molten iron from iron oxides through reduction in rotary kilns using carbon monoxide produced from coal and limestone. This yields a product called RPCC that is around 70% metallic iron.
2. Steel making which involves removing impurities from the molten iron through oxidation and producing molten steel. Key processes include vanadium recovery, using oxygen to create slag and stirring the metal, and the KOBM process to blow oxygen and further purify the molten iron into steel.
An eddy current brake, like a conventional friction brake, is a device used to slow or stop a moving object by dissipating its kinetic energy as heat. However, unlike electro-mechanical brakes, in which the drag force used to stop the moving object is provided by friction between two surfaces pressed together, in an eddy current brake the drag force is an electromagnetic force between a magnet and a nearby conductive object in relative motion, due to eddy currents induced in the conductor through electromagnetic induction. A conductive surface moving past a stationary magnet will have circular electric currents called eddy currents induced in it by the magnetic field, due to Faraday's law of induction. By Lenz's law, the circulating currents will create their own magnetic field which opposes the field of the magnet. Thus the moving conductor will experience a drag force from the magnet that opposes its motion, proportional to its velocity. The electrical energy of the eddy currents is dissipated as heat due to the electrical resistance of the conductor. In an electromagnetic brake the magnetic field may be created by a permanent magnet, or anelectromagnet so the braking force can be turned on and off or varied by varying the electric current in the electromagnet's windings. Another advantage is that since the brake does not work by friction, there are no brake shoe surfaces to wear out, necessitating replacement, as with friction brakes. A disadvantage is that since the braking force is proportional to velocity the brake has no holding force when the moving object is stationary, as is provided by static friction in a friction brake, so in vehicles it must be supplemented by a friction brake. Eddy current brakes are used to slow high-speed trains and roller coasters, to stop powered tools quickly when power is turned off, and in electric meters used by electric utilities.
This document discusses eddy current brakes. It begins with an introduction that describes how eddy current brakes provide braking through electromagnetic induction and eddy currents rather than contact friction. It then explains the working principle of how changing magnetic fields induce eddy currents that create opposing magnetic fields for braking. The document classifies eddy current brakes and discusses power dissipation through eddy currents. It outlines advantages like less maintenance and adjustability as well as disadvantages like requiring electric power. Applications are described for trains, rollercoasters, mining and more. The conclusion discusses replacing ordinary brakes with eddy current brakes and future aspects.
Industrial training report (GENCO-iii) by ( Engr. GHIAS-UD-DIN)ghias ud din
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Ghias-ud-din for his internship at the Northern Power Generation Company Limited (GENCO-III) in Faisalabad, Pakistan. It provides details about GENCO-III's gas turbine and steam power plants, including their units, capacities, and fuels used. It also describes the key components of the gas turbine unit such as the compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, and generator.
Eddy current brakes work by generating eddy currents in a conductor when it moves through a changing magnetic field. This induces an opposing magnetic field that creates a braking force based on Lenz's law. There are two main types - circular brakes with a disc between electromagnet poles, and linear brakes using a rail and magnetic yoke. Advantages include no wear, adjustable braking, and being lightweight; disadvantages are reduced braking at low speeds and difficulty designing and simulating the system. Applications include high speed trains and roller coasters.
This document provides an overview of the key components and processes in a thermal power plant. It describes how coal is pulverized and burned to generate high-temperature steam in a boiler. The steam then drives turbines which power electrical generators, after which the steam is condensed back into water and recycled through the system in a closed-loop Rankine cycle. The document outlines the basic working principle and lists the main parts of a thermal power plant, including coal conveyors, pulverizers, boilers, turbines and condensers.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Mukesh Kumar for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses thermal power plants, including an overview of their operation and efficiency, descriptions of typical components like boilers and steam cycles, and examples of power plants located in India with a focus on those in Rajasthan. The document received certification from internal and external examiners for Mukesh Kumar's seminar work on the topic of thermal power plants.
The document discusses eddy current brakes, which use magnetic fields to induce eddy currents in conductors to slow rotation or movement. There are two types - circular brakes use a disc that generates eddy currents when exposed to a magnetic field, while linear brakes induce currents in rails using a magnet held near the rail. Eddy current brakes have advantages like contactless braking and adjustable braking force, but cannot hold stationary loads. They are used in trains and rollercoasters for safety braking at high speeds. Future applications could replace ordinary brakes and control high speed trains entirely with eddy current brakes.
This document provides information about various components of a thermal power plant. It discusses the different sources that contribute to India's total installed power capacity. It then describes the key components of a thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, generator, coal handling plant, water handling plant, and ash handling plant. It provides details on how each component functions and its role in the power generation process.
The document describes the key processes in manufacturing steel:
1) Coke is produced from coal and used in the blast furnace along with iron ore and limestone.
2) In the blast furnace, coke and air are blasted into the furnace, using carbon to displace iron from the iron ore to produce liquid iron.
3) The liquid iron is further refined through basic oxygen steelmaking or electric arc furnaces to reduce the carbon content and produce steel.
The document summarizes the fuel oil and drainage systems at APML. It describes the two types of fuel oil used - light diesel oil (LDO) and heavy fuel oil (HFO) - and provides details on their properties, storage, transfer, and boiler systems. It also outlines the drainage system for collecting and separating oil and water from the fuel systems.
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including the boiler, turbine, condenser, coal handling equipment, and other auxiliary systems. It also provides diagrams to illustrate the general layout and flow of energy conversion from coal to steam to mechanical power to electricity. Additionally, it briefly mentions some major thermal power plants located in the state of Rajasthan, India.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. The document describes the key components and processes in a thermal power plant, including:
1) Coal is pulverized and blown into boilers to produce high-pressure steam.
2) The steam powers turbines which spin generators to produce electricity.
3) After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed in condensers and recycled to the boilers using feed pumps.
4) The plant uses various components like economizers, superheaters, condensers, and cooling towers to improve efficiency of the steam cycle.
Panipat thermal power station training pptMohit Verma
This training report summarizes the Panipat Thermal Power Station, which has a total generation capacity of 1360MW constructed in 5 stages from 110MW units to 250MW units. It describes the basic process of electricity generation including coal feeding, pulverization, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, superheating, steam turbine generation, and condensing. It provides details on the key elements of the plant including the deaerator, boiler feed pump, economizer, air preheater, boiler, superheater, turbine, and condenser. It also summarizes the instrumentation used for temperature, pressure, and process control.
The document summarizes the key components and processes of a thermal power plant. It describes how coal is pulverized and mixed with preheated air before being combusted in the boiler to generate steam. The steam then powers turbines which drive generators to produce electricity. After passing through the turbines, the steam is condensed back into water in the condenser and deaerator before being pumped back into the boiler via various heat exchangers like the economizer to improve efficiency. The plant has 8 generating units with a total capacity of 1360 MW constructed in 4 stages.
This document provides information about an 8-unit coal-fired thermal power station located in Panipat, India. It details that the power station has a total capacity of 810MW generated across its 8 units, which were commissioned between 1979-2005. It requires 15,000 metric tons of coal daily and has cooling towers ranging in height from 123.5-143.5 meters. The document then proceeds to describe the various components and processes within the power station that enable the conversion of coal to electricity.
SUMMER INTERNSHIP(INDUSTRAIL REPORT) ON THERMAL POWER PLANT Amit Gupta
The document describes the key components and processes involved in a typical coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverizing, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, power generation in the turbine, and condensing spent steam. It also provides details on equipment like draft fans, superheaters, reheaters, the ash handling system, feedwater heaters, and installed capacity of thermal power plants in Rajasthan.
The document provides details about the Panipat Thermal Power Plant located in Panipat, India. It describes the plant's 5 construction stages and total generation capacity of 1,367.8 MW. The key components and processes of a thermal power plant are explained, including how coal is used to heat water and create steam to power the turbine and generate electricity. The plant receives coal, water, and fuel by rail, canal, and tankers which are stored and prepared before use in the boiler and generators.
The document provides an overview of a thermal power plant, including its key components and processes. It begins with an introduction to how thermal power plants convert heat energy from coal into electrical energy. It then describes the general layout of a typical coal-fired thermal power plant and lists its main equipment such as the coal handling plant, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, condenser and cooling towers. Each of these components are then explained in more detail. The document also lists some major thermal power plants located in Rajasthan and references used.
This document provides information about the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It discusses the essential equipment needed like the furnace, boiler, turbine, and piping system. It also describes the main circuits for feed water/steam, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists the common types of components used.
This document discusses the key components and processes involved in a steam power plant. It describes the essential equipment which includes a furnace, boiler, turbine, piping system, and circuits for feed water, coal/ash, air/gas, and cooling water. The document outlines the basic Rankine cycle used in steam power plants and lists different types of components like boilers, condensers, coal handling systems, and more. It also discusses classification of steam power plants and the functions of important equipment like superheaters, reheaters, soot blowers, condensers, and cooling towers.
Kota super thermal power plant,kstps ppt,RTUManohar Nagar
Rajasthan's first major coal-fired power plant, the KSTPS, was established in 1983 near Kota with a total installed capacity of 1240 MW across 7 units ranging from 110-210 MW each. Located on the left bank of the Chambal River, the KSTPS uses a steam turbine generator process utilizing a Rankine cycle to convert the heat from burning coal into electrical energy.
The Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) in Rajasthan, India has a total installed capacity of 1240MW. It was established in 1983 on the banks of the Chambal River near Kota. The document then describes the basic processes and components involved in a coal-fired thermal power plant, including coal handling, pulverization, combustion in the boiler, steam generation, superheating, power generation in the turbine and alternator, condensing spent steam, and ash handling. It emphasizes the importance of transitioning to more sustainable energy sources due to finite fossil fuel reserves.
The document provides information about Vikas Kr. Singh's summer training at the NTPC power plant in Dadri. It discusses the key details of the power plant, including its installed capacity of 2642 MW from thermal, gas, and solar sources. It describes the basic working of the thermal power generation process, from coal handling to power generation in the turbine and generator. It also summarizes the functions of important components in the plant like the boiler, turbine, condenser, cooling tower, and switchyard equipment.
A complete description of types of power plant, it's working.
Types of the turbine.It contains detail description of turbine, coal handling plant, ash handling plant, the layout of thermal power plant. Economizer, air pre heater, super heater etc. It also contains details description of thermal power plant in India.Also, describe boiler and its types.
Ntpc dadri thermal power plant & switchyardI.E.T. lucknow
The document provides information about a summer training program at the NTPC power plant in Dadri, India. It discusses the installed capacity of the plant, which includes 1820 MW of thermal capacity and 817 MW of gas capacity. It then describes the various components and processes within the thermal power station, including the coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, condenser, cooling tower, and electrical equipment. It also provides a brief overview of the switchyard station and some of its key electrical components.
INTRODUCTION
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF STEAM FLOW
RANKINE CYCLE (IDEAL , ACTUAL ,REHEAT)
LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT
MAJOR COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
ALTERNATOR
EXCITATION SYSTEM
GOVERNING SYSTEM
NTPC Dadri power plant has an installed capacity of 2642 MW including 1820 MW from thermal units and 817 MW from gas units. It sources coal from Piparwara mine in Jharkhand and water from Upper Ganga Canal. The basic processes include coal handling, combustion in boilers to produce steam, steam passing through turbines to generate electricity, and condensation of steam in condensers. Key components are coal handling plant, boilers, turbines, condensers, cooling towers, ESPs for emissions control, and chimney. Fly ash is a byproduct that is used in construction materials.
1) A boiler produces steam by heating water with a fuel source like coal, gas or oil. The steam is used to generate power via steam turbines or for industrial processes and building heating.
2) A typical thermal power plant has a coal handling plant to feed coal into the boiler furnace. Other key components include a pulverizing plant to grind coal, a draft system to circulate air, superheaters and reheaters to further heat steam, steam turbines to convert steam energy to mechanical energy, and a condenser to condense steam back into water.
3) Auxiliary components include an ash handling plant to remove ash residue from combustion, cooling towers or ponds to cool condenser water for reuse
The document provides information on key components and processes at a thermal power plant. It discusses three major inputs - water, fuel oil, and coal - and how they are transported and stored. It then describes key equipment like fans, boilers, turbines, generators, cooling towers, circuit breakers, and relays. Measurement of shaft voltage is also summarized.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Rabindra Kumar Guin on the topic of thermal power plants. It provides an overview of the major equipment used in thermal power plants, including boilers, turbines, condensers, pumps, and more. It also explains the basic working principle of the Rankine cycle used in thermal power generation, where heat is converted to mechanical work and then electrical energy. The report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants and concludes by discussing opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce emissions from these important sources of electricity.
Injection molding process & machine selectionsometech
Injection molding machines can fasten the molds in either a horizontal or vertical position. The majority of machines are horizontally oriented, but vertical machines are used in some niche applications such as insert molding, allowing the machine to take advantage of gravity. Some vertical machines also don't require the mold to be fastened. There are many ways to fasten the tools to the platens, the most common being manual clamps (both halves are bolted to the platens); however hydraulic clamps (chocks are used to hold the tool in place) and magnetic clamps are also used. The magnetic and hydraulic clamps are used where fast tool changes are required.
HMT Founded in 1953, with state-of-art technology as its key strength acquired from world leaders in machine tools, offers a wide array of high technology machine tools solutions to cater every manufacturing requirement. HMT ‘s wide marketing network & six manufacturing units spread across the country meets the highest customer expectation
In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine by a post processor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component might require the use of a number of different tools – drills, saws, etc., modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other installations, a number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD design.
The Northern Railways is one of the 16 zones and the northernmost zone of the Indian Railways. Its headquarter is New Delhi Railway Station.
Northern Railways is one of nine old zones of Indian Railways and also the biggest in terms of network having 6807 kilometre route.[1] It covers the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh and the Union territories of Delhi and Chandigarh.
The document provides an introduction to PHP basics including:
- PHP code is embedded in HTML using tags and the server executes the PHP code and substitutes output into the HTML page.
- PHP supports variables, data types, operators, control structures like if/else statements and loops. Useful built-in functions allow working with forms, cookies, files, time and date.
- Server-side programming alternatives like CGI, ASP, Java Servlets, and PHP are discussed. PHP was created in 1995 and is now widely used as a free, open-source scripting language for server-side web development.
A sugar cane mill can refer to a factory that processes sugar cane to produce raw or white sugar. It can also mean the piece of equipment that crushes the sticks of sugar cane to extract the juice.
To design a project that could be used to utilize the waste heat energy into electricity for multipurpose use in various applications and household purposes. This system should be economical, easy to implement and does not produce any kind of pollution, it is silent and does not require any kind of fuel to work. The main feature of this project is that it converts direct temperature difference into electricity. It is based upon thermoelectric energy generation concept and has many applications in electricity generation from automobile waste heat, heat liberated from household items, electricity generation from glaciers (ice) and a lot of similar applications where temperature difference from environment is converted into electricity. This concept is very useful in terms that it adds up to other renewable sources of energy and can be used in place of other non-conventional sources of energy like wind, solar, tides, geothermal heat, etc. This is a new concept for electricity generation using temperature difference between junctions of a peltier element to be used in our project. The complete Thermo Electric Generator would be based on Seebeck Effect that is reverse of peltier effect. The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice-versa
1. DEE 1203 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DRAWING.pdfAsiimweJulius2
This lecture will equip students with basic electrical engineering knowledge on various types of electrical and electronics drawings, different types of drawing papers, different ways of producing a good drawing and the importance of electrical engineering drawing to both engineers and the users.
By the end of this lecture, students will be to differentiate between different electrical diagrams like, block diagrams, schematic diagrams, circuit diagrams among others.
Distillation basic knowledge is given in this PPT for the vapour liquid equilibrium in which we can understand the basic knowledge for the separation of the two miscible liquid which is being separation by the vapour temperature is it separated by the more related to this again the structure of structure
If we're running two pumps, why aren't we getting twice as much flow? v.17Brian Gongol
A single pump operating at a time is easy to figure out. Adding a second pump (or more) makes things a bit more complicated. That complication can deliver a whole lot of additional flow -- or it can become an exercise in futility.
Slides from my talk at MinneAnalytics 2024 - June 7, 2024
https://datatech2024.sched.com/event/1eO0m/time-state-analytics-a-new-paradigm
Across many domains, we see a growing need for complex analytics to track precise metrics at Internet scale to detect issues, identify mitigations, and analyze patterns. Think about delays in airlines (Logistics), food delivery tracking (Apps), detect fraudulent transactions (Fintech), flagging computers for intrusion (Cybersecurity), device health (IoT), and many more.
For instance, at Conviva, our customers want to analyze the buffering that users on some types of devices suffer, when using a specific CDN.
We refer to such problems as Multidimensional Time-State Analytics. Time-State here refers to the stateful context-sensitive analysis over event streams needed to capture metrics of interest, in contrast to simple aggregations. Multidimensional refers to the need to run ad hoc queries to drill down into subpopulations of interest. Furthermore, we need both real-time streaming and offline retrospective analysis capabilities.
In this talk, we will share our experiences to explain why state-of-art systems offer poor abstractions to tackle such workloads and why they suffer from poor cost-performance tradeoffs and significant complexity.
We will also describe Conviva’s architectural and algorithmic efforts to tackle these challenges. We present early evidence on how raising the level of abstraction can reduce developer effort, bugs, and cloud costs by (up to) an order of magnitude, and offer a unified framework to support both streaming and retrospective analysis. We will also discuss how our ideas can be plugged into existing pipelines and how our new ``visual'' abstraction can democratize analytics across many domains and to non-programmers.
FINE-TUNING OF SMALL/MEDIUM LLMS FOR BUSINESS QA ON STRUCTURED DATAkevig
Enabling business users to directly query their data sources is a significant advantage for organisations.
The majority of enterprise data is housed within databases, requiring extensive procedures that involve
intermediary layers for reporting and its related customization. The concept of enabling natural language
queries, where a chatbot can interpret user questions into database queries and promptly return results,
holds promise for expediting decision-making and enhancing business responsiveness. This approach
empowers experienced users to swiftly obtain data-driven insights. The integration of Text-to-SQL and
Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities represents a solution to this challenge, offering businesses a
powerful tool for query automation. However, security concerns prevent organizations from granting direct
database access akin to platforms like OpenAI. To address this limitation, this Paper proposes developing
fine-tuned small/medium LLMs tailored to specific domains like retail and supply chain.These models
would be trained on domain-specific questions and Queries that answer these questions based on the
database table structures to ensure efficacy and security. A pilot study is undertaken to bridge this gap by
fine-tuning selected LLMs to handle business-related queries and associated database structures, focusing
on sales and supply chain domains. The research endeavours to experiment with zero-shot and fine-tuning
techniques to identify the optimal model. Notably, a new dataset is curated for fine-tuning, comprising
business-specific questions pertinent to the sales and supply chain sectors. This experimental framework
aims to evaluate the readiness of LLMs to meet the demands for business query automation within these
specific domains. The study contributes to the progression of natural language query processing and
database interaction within the realm of business intelligence applications.
2. Basic Idea of Electricity Generation
•Coal is unloaded by electric traction system at Coal Yard
•Coal is crushed to finer pieces of order 20 mm
•Pulverization of Coal
•Coal is send to furnace with the help of FD fan
•Steam is generated at 540°C and 135 kg/sq.m
•Steam is send to Super heater
•Superheated steam is send to turbine
•Production of Electricity by the generator
5. Elements Of Thermal Power Station
DM PLANT
DEAERATOR
BOILER FEED PUMP
ECONOMIZER
AIR PRE-HEATER
BOILER
SUPER HEATER
TURBINE
CONDENSER
6. COAL FEEDING SYSTEM
Coal is conveyed through rail wagon from out
side of plant and through conveyor system
collected in hopper and ground to a very fine
powder by large metal spheres in the pulverised
fuel mill.
Wagon Tippler Conveyor Coal Hopper
Pulverised Mill
7. COAL FEEDING SYSTEM
Air Pre-heater Forced Draft Fan
Then it is mixed with preheated air driven by the forced draught fan.
The hot air-fuel mixture is forced at high pressure into the boiler.
8. BOILER
A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam
by applying heat energy to water.
Boiler is a device used for producing steam. There are two types of
boilers:
a). Fire tube boiler
b). Water tube boiler
Here, boiler used is of water tube type. In the boiler, heat energy
transfer takes place through tube walls and drum. The gases lose
their heat to water in the boiler or superheated. The escape heat
is used to heat the water through economizer.
ID and FD fans are used to produce artificial draught. The fuel oil is
used to ignite the boiler and pulverized coal is lifted from the coal
mills by PA fans.
10. ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
At the bottom of the furnace, there is a
hopper for collection of bottom ash. This
hopper is always filled with water to
quench the ash and clinkers falling down
from the furnace. Some arrangement is
included to crush the clinkers and for
conveying the crushed clinkers and
bottom ash to a storage site.
It is very import to control the ash coming
from the furnace.
1. WET ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
2. DRY ASH HANDLING SYSTEM
11. SUPER HEATER
Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than water's
boiling point. If saturated stream is heated at constant pressure, it
increases toward 100% Dry Saturated Steam. Continued heat input will
then generate superheated steam. This will occur if saturated steam
contacts a surface with a higher temperature. The steam is then
described as superheated by the number of degrees it has been
heated above saturation temperature
In a power plant, after the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment
inside the steam drum, it is piped from the upper drum area into tubes
inside an area of the furnace known as the super heater, which has an
elaborate set up of tubing where the steam vapor picks up more energy
from hot flue gases outside the tubing and its temperature is now
superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam
is then piped through the main steam lines to the valves before the high
pressure turbine.
12. STEAM TURBINE
The Steam Turbine is a prime mover that converts the stored
mechanical energy in steam into rotational mechanical energy. A
turbine pair consists of a ring of fixed blade and a ring of moving
blades. The blades are so designed that the steam glides overt eh
blade surface without striking it. As the steam floes over the covered
surface of blade, it exerts a pressure on the blade along its
whole length owing to its centrifugal force. The motive force on the
blade will be the resultant of the centrifugal pressures on the blade
length plus the effect of change of the steam as it flows over the
blade.
Steam Turbine Theory:
A turbine, being a form of engine, requires in order functioning a suitable working fluid, a
source of high-grade energy. When the fluid flows through the turbine, apart of the energy
content is continuously extracted and converted into useful mechanical work. Steam and gas
turbines use heat energy. While water turbines use pressure energy.
14. Rotor Coupling and Bearings
The rotating elements consisting of three mono block rotors
of HP, IP and LP turbines coupled together solidly by means
of internally forged flanges thus in effect forming a single
shaft system. The critical speed of the HP and IP rotors are
designed to run above the normal rated speed. Each rotor
is subjected to 20% over speed test. The Hp rotor is carried
on tow bearings, a simple journal and thrust bearing at the
other end directly adjacent to the coupling of the IP rotor.
All the bearings are independently supported on separate
bearing pedestals
16. CONDENSER
Condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid
state, typically by cooling it.
The steam after working in the turbine is
condensed in condenser in each unit installed below
the LP exhaust. The condenser is of surface type
made of fabricated construction in single shell. The
tube is of divided type double pass arrangement,
having two independent cooling water inlet, outlet
and reserve and water boxes. The condenser is
provided with integral air-cooling zone at the centre
from where air and non-condensable gases are
continuously drawn out with the help of mechanical
vacuum pump.
18. COOLING TOWER
Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to
transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling
towers either use the evaporation of water to remove
process heat and cool the working fluid or in the case of
closed circuit dry cooling towers rely solely on air to cool
the working fluid.
It is a structure of height 110m designed to cool the
water by natural draught. The cross sectional area is less
at the center just to create low pressure so that the air
can lift up due to natural draught and can carry heat
from spherical drops. The upper portion is also diverging
for increasing the efficiency of cooling tower. Hence it is
named as natural draught cooling tower.
19. DE AREATOR
A Deaerator is a device that is widely used for
the removal of air and other dissolved gases
from the feed water to steam-generating boiler.
The condensed water is then passed by a feed
pump through a deaerater.
20. ECONOMISER
Economizer are mechanical devices intended to reduce energy
consumption, or to perform another useful function like
preheating a fluid.
Pre-warmed water first enter in a feed heater powered by steam
drawn from the high pressure set, and then in the economiser
Economizer is a flue gas to water heat exchanger. Usually it is
located below the LPSH in the boiler and above Air pre heater.
Outside surface of the economizer tubes are heated by flue
gases leaving the superheater and reheater which subsequently
transfer heat to feed water flowing inside the tubes.
Advantages of Economizer include
1) Fuel economy: – used to save fuel and increase overall efficiency of boiler plant.
2) Reducing size of boiler: – as the feed water is preheated in the economizer and enter boiler tube at
elevated temperature. The heat transfer area required for evaporation reduced considerably.
21. CHIMNEY
A chimney is a structure for venting hot gases or smoke from a
boiler, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere.
A chimney is a vertical structure for venting hot flue gases or
smoke from a boiler to the outside atmosphere by means of the
stack effect. The space inside a chimney is called aflue. The
height of chimneys plays a role in their ability to transfer flue
gases using stack effect. The dispersion of pollutants at higher
altitude helps to ease down its influence on surroundings and
reduces their concentrations in compliance with regulatory
limits.
The height of chimney is designed with respect to the boiler
layout. The temp. is also maintained in the chimney. It is not
more than 120 c. If it more than 120 c, then boiler will be
corrupt..
22. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) is equipment,
which utilizes an intense electric force to separate
the suspended particle from the flue gases. In India
coal is widely used to generate power. The exhaust
gases from the furnace contains large amount of
smoke and dust. If these gases are emitted directly
into the atmosphere, it will cause great
environmental problems. So it is necessary to extract
this dust and smoke before emitting the exhaust
gases into atmosphere. There are various methods of
extracting dust but electrostatic precipitator is the
most widely used. It involves electric changing of
suspended particles, collection of charge particles
and removal of charged particles from collecting
electrodes.
23. ADVANTAGES OF ESP
Ability to cope with the corrosive atmosphere
It has high efficiency i.e. about 99%
It requires less maintenance
It offers low resistance to the flow of gases
Ability to treat large volume of gases at high temperature
24. SWITCHYARD
A Switch yard is a part of an
electrical generation, transmission,
system.
Switchyard transform voltage from high
to low,
or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions
25. CONTROL ROOM
A Control room is a room serving as a centre where a large physical facility or physically
dispersed service can be monitored and controlled.
26. Instrumentation In Thermal Power Plant
• To measure and indicate the amount of deviation.INSTRUMENTS
• To correct the deviation and bring back system to normal.AUTOMATIC CONTROL
• To warn about the excessive deviations, if any.ANNUNCIATION
• To isolate the equipments process from dangerous operating
conditions cause due to such excessive deviations.PROTECTION
When the balance is disturbed, all the process variables deviate from their normal values
thus creating the necessity for the following:-