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Pigeon pea

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Varsha Gayatonde
Varsha Gayatonde

Pigeon pea is an important crop that originated in India. It is grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein, and its leaves, shoots and fodder which are used for animal feed. The major growing regions are India, East Africa, and the Caribbean. Pigeon pea has a taproot system and trifoliate leaves. Its flowers form in axillary racemes and are self-pollinated. The pods contain 2-5 seeds that vary in size, shape and color. Traditional self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques involve emasculating flowers and manually transferring pollen.

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Pigeon pea
INTRODUCTION  Common Name: Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Red Gram, Arhar.  Botanical Name: Cajanus cajan syn. Cajanus indicus  Family: Fabaceae
IMPORTANCE  Uses:  Food; seeds are 25% protein, can be eaten fresh or as split dried peas, are used for dhal in India, contain 5 times more Vitamin A and C than green peas. The leaves and young shoots can be eaten cooked, they are fibrous and have a strong spicy odour.  Animal Fodder; an excellent feed for cattle, pigs and poultry.  Green Manure; incorporate the plants as they flower.  Mulch production; can be cut many times in a season.  Alley cropping; provides nitrogen, habitat and soil stabilisation.  Windbreaks; suitable as a shelterbelt around vegetable
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION  The major countries growing pegeonpea are India, Uganda, Kenya, West Indies, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic in Caribban region and Burma.  In India, main region cultivated in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
ORIGIN  PIGEON PEA ORGINATED IN INDIA AS IS MADE LIKELY BYTHE PRESENCE OF WILDE RELATIVES,THE LARGEDIVERSITY OF THE GENE POOL, AMPLE LINGUITIC EVIDENCE, A FEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AND WIDE HOME CONSUMPTION USAGE.  SOME AUTHERS FAVOUR AN AFRICAN ORIGIN.  AUSTRALIA WITH 15 WILD SPECIES OF WHICH 13 ARE ENDEMIC, IS ANOTHER CENTER OF DIVERSITY
species  Cajanus species( Van Der Maesen, 1990) has 32 species:(belowing is 6 main species)  Species Most common Synonym  Cajanus acutifolius Rhynchosia acutifolia  C. albicans Atylosia albicans  C. cromaticus -----------  C. cajan C. idicus  C. cajanifolius A.caranifolia  C. cinereus A. cinerea
BOTANY  Root system  Root system of pigeon pea consists of a central tap root with numerous lateral and secondary branches. The length of the lateral roots differs with the variety; usually tall, upright varieties produce longer and more deeply penetrating roots, whereas spreading types produce shallower, more spreading and deeper roots.
BOTA..  Leaves  Leaves are trifoliately compound; central leaflet longer than lateral ones. The leaflets are entire and densely silky on the lower surface. Stipules are small; lamina hairy with the under surface grayish due to dense hairs. The intensity of the green color of the leaves differs with the variety. The total length of the leaf, as also the size, shape and texture of leaflets also differ with the varieties.
BOTA..  Inflorescence  The inflorescence is an axillary raceme often forming a terminal panicle. The size of inflorescence varies in different types. The flowers are distinctly papallionaceous. In the late maturing varieties, the flowers are usually grouped together at the ends of the branches, but in early maturing varieties, the flowers are produced at several points along the branches. Usually flowers open at a time on the same inflorescence, but the process of flowering continuous in each plant almost up to the time of harvest. The flowers are self pollinated, pollination takes place before the flowers open. Cross fertilization may also occur to some extent.
BOTA..  Pods  The fruit of pigeon pea is a pod. These vary in length, width and nature of markings. The length varies from 5 to 10 centimeter, width from 0.6 to 0.9 centimeter. The pods vary in color from green to dark brown. In some types, they are broad and pendant with their tips pointing downwards while in others they are quiet erect. The seed with in the pod may vary in number, but there are usually four to five in each pod in late maturing varieties and two to three in early maturing varieties.
BOTA..  Seeds  Seeds are differing in great deal in size, shape and color. Seeds are round or lens shaped, the color of the seeds coat being dirty white to silver white, light brown to chestnut brown, dark mottled brown and pinkish black and the cotyledons yellow colored.
Floral Characteristics  Flower is the similar in structure to that of other legums
Inflorescence  Size of the inflorescence varies in different types and there may be many as 10 flowers in each inflorescence  Usually two flowers open at the a time on the same inflorescence
Flower  Individual flower consist of acalyx with five sepals and coralla with a standard petal, two wings petals, and a keel petals.  There are 10 statements: 9 fused in a column and 1 free.  One stigma was coverd of central 9 stamens in column.
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea
ANTHESIS  Flower start opening early in the morning in the summer and by noon during winter,continuous opening throughout the day. The lengt of time flowers remain open is influenced by the weather.
pollination  Stigma is receptive pollen before anthesis and pollination can be done immediately after emasculation.  Pollen in buds remained viable up to 42 hours at room temprate (25-28oc, 50.6% humidity) and up to 11 days in the refrigerator( 10o c, 37.5% humidity).
Selfing techniques  Bagging of young bud  Manual transfer of freshly collected pollen on stigmas of flowers of the same plant
Crossing techniques Includes Hand emasculation Pollen collection Artificial pollination
Emasculation  Removal of anthers from flower  Use hand eliminate a half of bud  Use forcep remove the anther in stamens
Pollen collection & pollination  Collect pollen from the male parent during early morning.  Pollinate on the stigma of emasculated flower  Bag the pollinated flower to prevent out crossing
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea
Pigeon pea

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Pigeon pea

  • 2. INTRODUCTION  Common Name: Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Red Gram, Arhar.  Botanical Name: Cajanus cajan syn. Cajanus indicus  Family: Fabaceae
  • 3. IMPORTANCE  Uses:  Food; seeds are 25% protein, can be eaten fresh or as split dried peas, are used for dhal in India, contain 5 times more Vitamin A and C than green peas. The leaves and young shoots can be eaten cooked, they are fibrous and have a strong spicy odour.  Animal Fodder; an excellent feed for cattle, pigs and poultry.  Green Manure; incorporate the plants as they flower.  Mulch production; can be cut many times in a season.  Alley cropping; provides nitrogen, habitat and soil stabilisation.  Windbreaks; suitable as a shelterbelt around vegetable
  • 4. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION  The major countries growing pegeonpea are India, Uganda, Kenya, West Indies, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic in Caribban region and Burma.  In India, main region cultivated in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
  • 5. ORIGIN  PIGEON PEA ORGINATED IN INDIA AS IS MADE LIKELY BYTHE PRESENCE OF WILDE RELATIVES,THE LARGEDIVERSITY OF THE GENE POOL, AMPLE LINGUITIC EVIDENCE, A FEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AND WIDE HOME CONSUMPTION USAGE.  SOME AUTHERS FAVOUR AN AFRICAN ORIGIN.  AUSTRALIA WITH 15 WILD SPECIES OF WHICH 13 ARE ENDEMIC, IS ANOTHER CENTER OF DIVERSITY
  • 6. species  Cajanus species( Van Der Maesen, 1990) has 32 species:(belowing is 6 main species)  Species Most common Synonym  Cajanus acutifolius Rhynchosia acutifolia  C. albicans Atylosia albicans  C. cromaticus -----------  C. cajan C. idicus  C. cajanifolius A.caranifolia  C. cinereus A. cinerea
  • 7. BOTANY  Root system  Root system of pigeon pea consists of a central tap root with numerous lateral and secondary branches. The length of the lateral roots differs with the variety; usually tall, upright varieties produce longer and more deeply penetrating roots, whereas spreading types produce shallower, more spreading and deeper roots.
  • 8. BOTA..  Leaves  Leaves are trifoliately compound; central leaflet longer than lateral ones. The leaflets are entire and densely silky on the lower surface. Stipules are small; lamina hairy with the under surface grayish due to dense hairs. The intensity of the green color of the leaves differs with the variety. The total length of the leaf, as also the size, shape and texture of leaflets also differ with the varieties.
  • 9. BOTA..  Inflorescence  The inflorescence is an axillary raceme often forming a terminal panicle. The size of inflorescence varies in different types. The flowers are distinctly papallionaceous. In the late maturing varieties, the flowers are usually grouped together at the ends of the branches, but in early maturing varieties, the flowers are produced at several points along the branches. Usually flowers open at a time on the same inflorescence, but the process of flowering continuous in each plant almost up to the time of harvest. The flowers are self pollinated, pollination takes place before the flowers open. Cross fertilization may also occur to some extent.
  • 10. BOTA..  Pods  The fruit of pigeon pea is a pod. These vary in length, width and nature of markings. The length varies from 5 to 10 centimeter, width from 0.6 to 0.9 centimeter. The pods vary in color from green to dark brown. In some types, they are broad and pendant with their tips pointing downwards while in others they are quiet erect. The seed with in the pod may vary in number, but there are usually four to five in each pod in late maturing varieties and two to three in early maturing varieties.
  • 11. BOTA..  Seeds  Seeds are differing in great deal in size, shape and color. Seeds are round or lens shaped, the color of the seeds coat being dirty white to silver white, light brown to chestnut brown, dark mottled brown and pinkish black and the cotyledons yellow colored.
  • 12. Floral Characteristics  Flower is the similar in structure to that of other legums
  • 13. Inflorescence  Size of the inflorescence varies in different types and there may be many as 10 flowers in each inflorescence  Usually two flowers open at the a time on the same inflorescence
  • 14. Flower  Individual flower consist of acalyx with five sepals and coralla with a standard petal, two wings petals, and a keel petals.  There are 10 statements: 9 fused in a column and 1 free.  One stigma was coverd of central 9 stamens in column.
  • 17. ANTHESIS  Flower start opening early in the morning in the summer and by noon during winter,continuous opening throughout the day. The lengt of time flowers remain open is influenced by the weather.
  • 18. pollination  Stigma is receptive pollen before anthesis and pollination can be done immediately after emasculation.  Pollen in buds remained viable up to 42 hours at room temprate (25-28oc, 50.6% humidity) and up to 11 days in the refrigerator( 10o c, 37.5% humidity).
  • 19. Selfing techniques  Bagging of young bud  Manual transfer of freshly collected pollen on stigmas of flowers of the same plant
  • 21. Emasculation  Removal of anthers from flower  Use hand eliminate a half of bud  Use forcep remove the anther in stamens
  • 22. Pollen collection & pollination  Collect pollen from the male parent during early morning.  Pollinate on the stigma of emasculated flower  Bag the pollinated flower to prevent out crossing