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Biodiversity of sikkim

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Sikkim is a biodiversity hotspot located in northeast India between Nepal and Bhutan. It has a wide variety of landscapes from snow-capped mountains to forests and lakes. Sikkim's biodiversity includes over 4,500 flowering plants, 550 orchid species, and 550 bird species. Some iconic species found in Sikkim are the red panda, which is the state animal, and rhododendrons, of which there are 24 species in the Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary. Kanchenjunga, the third tallest mountain in the world, and Yumthang Valley, known as the "Valley of Flowers", are two of Sikkim's most notable landscapes.

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BIODIVERSITY OF SIKKIM B Y V I N A Y A K S E T H U N A T H
ART INTEGRATED ACTIVITY IN SCIENCE I N T R O D U C T I O N
SIKKIM • Sikkim is a former Buddhist kingdom growing by the mountains shadow. • Tucked between Nepal and the kingdom of Bhutan in west and east, the Sikkimese landscape has a mixture of people from both regions apart from the original Lepchas and Bhutias. While the unhospitable landscape guards the province from sudden attacks, the valleys below in the Indian plains open up a lot of doors for its upcoming generation.
SIKKIM • Sikkim was adjudged as the cleanest state of India in the 2016 sanitation survey. • It became the first fully organic farming state in India. • It is one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world • With only 86 persons per sq.km it is also among the least populated states In India • One can easily come across a wide range of spectacular landscapes at different altitudes
SIKKIM • Sikkim has snow-capped mountains ,rivers ,water falls, sacred lakes ,verdant forests, exotic flora and fauna!
FLORAAND FAUNA OF SIKKIM
FLORA • Sikkim harbours over 4500 flowering plants,550 orchids,36 rhododendrons,16 conifers,28 Bamboos, 362 Ferns and its allies, 9 Tree Ferns, 30 Primulas, 11 Oaks, over 424 Medicinal plants,. • Most of the high altitude medicinal plants are rare and endangered species. • The Nobile Orchid has been declared as the State Flower of Sikkim. • The most popular orchids of Sikkim are Cymbidiums, Vanda, Cattaleya, Hookeriana, Farmeri, Dendrobium Amoenum. 7
SOME OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SIKKIM BOTONICAL NAME LOCAL NAME DISTRUBUTION TYPES PART USED AND USES • Abies Wabbiana • Gobre Salla Temperate and subalpine 5200- 13800 ft Tree Leaves and gum Tonic, tuberculosis. internal hemorrhage. Abrus precatorius Laigeri Lower hills 900- 4000 ft Climbing shrub Fruits roots Tonsil and pneumonia Acorus calamus Bojho Middle hill 3000- 6000ft Herbaceous plants Roots/rhizome vermifuge,fever antispasmodic, insect repellent Aegle marmelos Bael Lower hill forest up to 2000ft Thorny small and medium tree Fruits and roots Asparagus racemosus kurlo Tropical/sub- tropical/lower/med dle hill forest Woody climber under shrub Tuberous, root diabetes ,jaundice urinary, disorder
Fauna • The fauna of Sikkim include the snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan tar, red panda, Himalayan marmot, Himalayan serow, Himalayan goral, muntjac, common langur, Asian black bear, clouded leopard marbled cat, leopard cat, dhole, Tibetan wolf, hog badger, binturong, and Himalayan jungle cat. Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are yaks, mainly reared for their milk, meat, and as a beast of burden. • The avifauna of Sikkim include the impend pheasant, crimson horned pheasant, snow partridge, Tibetan snowcock, bearded vulture and griffon vulture, as well as golden eagles, quails, plovers, woodcocks, sand pipers, pigeons, Old World flycatchers, babblers and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared endangered. • Sikkim also has a rich diversity of arthropods, many of which remain unstudied. Some of the most understudied species are Sikkimese arthropods, specifically butterflies. Of the approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the Indian subcontinent, 695 have been recorded in Sikkim.[ These include the endangered Kaiser-i-hind, the Yellow Gorgon and the Bhutan Glory. 9
Landscapes of Sikkim
KANCHENJUNGA • Kanchenjunga the third highest peak in the world is located in Sikkim. • It is worshiped as the guardian deity of Sikkim • Kanchenjunga national park (KNP) with an area of 1784sqkm occupies a quarter of Sikkim's area! • In 2016 the UNESCO recognized the KNP as a world heritage site having both natural and cultural significance. 11
YUMTHANG VALLEY OF FLOWERS • Situated at a height of 11,800 feet, Yumthang is also known as the 'Valley of Flowers’. • It is considered as a paradise for nature lovers due to its magnificent blend of rich flora and rare fauna coupled with its breathtaking scenic beauty. • The best season to visit is spring, where the entire landscape is filled with colours of Primulas and Rhododendrons making Yumthang immensely popular • The Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary cannot be missed especially with its 24 species of Rhododendron flowers. • Apart from the beautiful landscape, the valley is surrounded by Silver Fir and Pine trees, as well as cascading waterfalls and streams.
STATE SYMBOLS OF SIKKIM
Red panda
RED PANDA • The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a mammal species native to the eastern Himalayas and southwester n China. • It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression • Despite its name, it is not closely related to the giant panda. • The red panda has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat, though with a longer body. • It is arboreal and feeds mainly on bamboo, but also eats eggs, birds, and insects. • The red panda is the only living member of the genus Ailurus and the family Ailuridae. It has previously been placed in the raccoon and bear families, but the results of phylogenetic analysis provide strong support for its taxonomic classification in its own family, Ailuridae, which is part of the superfamily Musteloidea, along with the weasel, raccoon and skunk fami lies.
REPRODUCTION • Red pandas are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age, and are fully mature at two to three years. • A few days before birth, females begin to collect material, such as brushwood, grass, and leaves; to build a nest, which is normally located in a hollow tree or a rock crevice. • After a gestation period of 112 to 158 days, the female gives birth in mid-June to late July to one to four (usually 1–2) blind and deaf cubs weighing 110 to 130 g • The cubs start to open their eyes at about 18 days of age • By about 90 days, they achieve full adult fur and coloring, and begin to venture out of the nest. • They also start eating solid foods at this point, weaning at around six to eight months of age. • A red panda's lifespan ranges between eight and 10 years, but individuals have been known to reach 15 years
HABITAT • The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 m (7,200 and 15,700 ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 °C (50 and 77 °F) with little annual change. • It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.
EVIDENCE OF A FALSE THUMB IN A FOSSIL CARNIVORE CLARIFIES THE EVOLUTION OF PANDAS • The ‘‘false thumb’’ of pandas is a carpal bone, the radial sesamoid, which has been enlarged and functions as an opposable thumb. If the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) are not closely related, their sharing of this adaptation implies a remarkable convergence. The discovery of previously unknown postcranial remains of a Miocene red panda relative, Simocyon batalleri, from the Spanish site of Batallones-1 (Madrid), now shows that this animal had a false thumb. The radial sesamoid of S. batalleri shows similarities with that of the red panda, which supports a sister-group relationship and indicates independent evolution in both pandas. The fossils from Batallones-1 reveal S. batalleri as a puma-sized, semiarboreal carnivore with a moderately hypercarnivore diet. These data suggest that the false thumbs of S. batalleri and Ailurus fulgens were probably inherited from a primitive member of the red panda family (Ailuridae), which lacked the red panda’s specializations for herbivory but shared its arboreal adaptations. Thus, it seems that, whereas the false thumb of the giant panda probably evolved for manipulating bamboo, the false thumbs of the red panda and of S. batalleri more likely evolved as an aid for arboreal locomotion, with the red panda secondarily developing its ability for item manipulation and thus producing one of the most dramatic cases of convergence among vertebrates. Skeletal anatomy of S. batalleri.(A) Skeletal reconstruction of S. batalleri. The pelvis, femora, tibiae, fibulae, sacrum, and caudal vertebrae are not known and have been reconstructed on the basis of related taxa. (B) Articulated right carpus and metacarpus in palmar view, showing the position of the radial sesamoid (rs) in Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Left; 1) and S. batalleri (Right; 2) (not at scale). Art by M. Antón; manus of giant panda modified from ref.
Comparisons of left radial sesamoids of the three species of carnivores with false thumbs, represented at the same size. (Left) Internal face. (Right) External face. Am, Ailuropoda melanoleuca; Sb, Simocyon batalleri; Af, Ailurus fulgens; 1, abductor pollicis brevis muscle; 2, abductor pollicis longus muscle; 3, opponens pollicis muscle; a, articulation facet with scapholunar.
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RHODODENDRON
Rhododendron • Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family Ericaceae, with as many as 1,024 species, (though estimates vary from 850 to 1000 and is morphologically diverse. Consequently, the taxonomy has been historically complex. • Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron. They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower. • They have frequently been divided based on the presence or absence of scales on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface). These scales, unique to subgenus Rhododendron, are modified hairs consisting of a polygonal scale attached by a stalk.
Ecology Diseases • Major diseases include Phytophthora root rot, stem and twig fungal dieback • Rhododendron bud blast, a fungal condition that causes buds to turn brown and dry, and not open, is caused by the fungus Pycnostysanus azaleae, which may be brought to the plant by the rhododendron leafhopper, Graphocephala fennahi • rhododendrons can easily be suffocated by other plants or evergreen trees that grow up around them and block sunlight. Insects • A number of insects either target rhododendrons or will opportunistically attack them. • Rhododendron borers and various weevils are major pests of rhododendrons, and many caterpillars will preferentially devour them. • Rhododendron species are used as food plants by the larvae (caterpillars) of some butterflies and moths
HABITAT • The 300 tropical species within the Vireya section of subgenus Rhododendron occupy the Malay archipelago from their presumed Southeast Asian origin to Northern Australia, with 55 known species in Borneo and 164 in New Guinea. • The species in New Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3,000 metres above sea level in the Central Highlands.
Hybrids • Rhododendrons are extensively hybridized in cultivation, and natural hybrids often occur in areas where species ranges overlap. • . Most have been bred for their flowers, but a few are of garden interest because of ornamental leaves and some for ornamental bark or stems. • Some hybrids have fragrant flowers such as the Loderi hybrids, created by crossing Rhododendron fortunei and R. griffithianum. • Other examples include the PJM hybrids, formed from a cross between Rhododendron carolinianum and R. dauricum
BLOOD PHEASANT
BLOOD PHEASANT • The blood pheasant has the size of a small fowl, about 17 inch (43 cm) in length with a short convex, very strong black bill, feathered between bill and eye, and a small crest of various coloured feathers • The tail consists of twelve sub-equal feathers, shafts white, rounded, the ends whitish, the coverts a rich crimson red. • Both males and females have red feet and a distinct ring of bare skin around the eye that typically is crimson colored, but is orange in a few subspecies. • Females are more uniformly colored, being overall dull brown and often with some gray to the nape.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT • Blood pheasants live in the mountains of Nepal, Sikkim, northern Myanmar, Tibet, and central and south-central China, where they prefer coniferous or mixed forests and scrub areas near the snowline. • They move their range depending on the seasons, and are found at higher elevations during the summer. With snow increasing in fall and winter they move to lower elevations.
DENDROBIUM NOBILE
DENDROBIUM NOBILE • Dendrobium, as the second largest genera of Orchidaceae, is wildly distributed all over the world and has higher ornamental and medicinal values • It has about 1000–1400 original species. • Dendrobium species is either epiphytic or lithophytic plant without or with few lateral branches in cylindrical or fl at-triangular prism stems
Vegetative propagation • The base of the pseudobulb has ability for tillering, which is determined by environmental conditions, ages of tuft, plant nutritional status and other factors. • Generally, tiller growth increases with age of tuft when nutritional status and other conditions are not limited. • In Dendrobium plants, pseudobulbs of different ages possess diverse functions varying among species as shown in table 2. • Dendrobium offi cinale has different characteristics of stems as shown in Table 2, compared with D. • There are two reserve buds on the base of pseudobulb in D. nobile, from which the current buds will sprout. • Usually, a pseudobulb and a bud together form tufted stems for growth and development. • Buds sprout from the beginning of mid-February each year,
THE CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS Of PSEUDOBULBS OF D.NOBLE.(TABLE 1) Ages Characteristics Functions 2 Green, withered and yellow leaves after summer, occasional falling leaves Sprouting buds and vegetative propagation 3 Yellow-green, with or without damaged leaves Sexual reproduction(flowering and fruiting) ≥4 Yellow-green, with abscission mark of peduncle and without leaves Supporting the whole plant and high bud breeding
THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS Ages Characteristics 1 Producing fibrous root, growth peak: spring,dormancy:autumn,without fallen leaves, evergreen life from plant 2 accumulating nutrients and fertilizing flowers, Generally no longer elongation growth, falling leaves after the second growth period 3 fl owing and fruiting, with or without leaves in blooming stem, without new leaves after falling leaves, naked stem 4 losing the tillering ability, becoming withered and then dying gradually
THANK YOU By Vinayak Sethunath Oasis international school

More Related Content

Biodiversity of sikkim

  • 1. BIODIVERSITY OF SIKKIM B Y V I N A Y A K S E T H U N A T H
  • 2. ART INTEGRATED ACTIVITY IN SCIENCE I N T R O D U C T I O N
  • 3. SIKKIM • Sikkim is a former Buddhist kingdom growing by the mountains shadow. • Tucked between Nepal and the kingdom of Bhutan in west and east, the Sikkimese landscape has a mixture of people from both regions apart from the original Lepchas and Bhutias. While the unhospitable landscape guards the province from sudden attacks, the valleys below in the Indian plains open up a lot of doors for its upcoming generation.
  • 4. SIKKIM • Sikkim was adjudged as the cleanest state of India in the 2016 sanitation survey. • It became the first fully organic farming state in India. • It is one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world • With only 86 persons per sq.km it is also among the least populated states In India • One can easily come across a wide range of spectacular landscapes at different altitudes
  • 5. SIKKIM • Sikkim has snow-capped mountains ,rivers ,water falls, sacred lakes ,verdant forests, exotic flora and fauna!
  • 7. FLORA • Sikkim harbours over 4500 flowering plants,550 orchids,36 rhododendrons,16 conifers,28 Bamboos, 362 Ferns and its allies, 9 Tree Ferns, 30 Primulas, 11 Oaks, over 424 Medicinal plants,. • Most of the high altitude medicinal plants are rare and endangered species. • The Nobile Orchid has been declared as the State Flower of Sikkim. • The most popular orchids of Sikkim are Cymbidiums, Vanda, Cattaleya, Hookeriana, Farmeri, Dendrobium Amoenum. 7
  • 8. SOME OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SIKKIM BOTONICAL NAME LOCAL NAME DISTRUBUTION TYPES PART USED AND USES • Abies Wabbiana • Gobre Salla Temperate and subalpine 5200- 13800 ft Tree Leaves and gum Tonic, tuberculosis. internal hemorrhage. Abrus precatorius Laigeri Lower hills 900- 4000 ft Climbing shrub Fruits roots Tonsil and pneumonia Acorus calamus Bojho Middle hill 3000- 6000ft Herbaceous plants Roots/rhizome vermifuge,fever antispasmodic, insect repellent Aegle marmelos Bael Lower hill forest up to 2000ft Thorny small and medium tree Fruits and roots Asparagus racemosus kurlo Tropical/sub- tropical/lower/med dle hill forest Woody climber under shrub Tuberous, root diabetes ,jaundice urinary, disorder
  • 9. Fauna • The fauna of Sikkim include the snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan tar, red panda, Himalayan marmot, Himalayan serow, Himalayan goral, muntjac, common langur, Asian black bear, clouded leopard marbled cat, leopard cat, dhole, Tibetan wolf, hog badger, binturong, and Himalayan jungle cat. Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are yaks, mainly reared for their milk, meat, and as a beast of burden. • The avifauna of Sikkim include the impend pheasant, crimson horned pheasant, snow partridge, Tibetan snowcock, bearded vulture and griffon vulture, as well as golden eagles, quails, plovers, woodcocks, sand pipers, pigeons, Old World flycatchers, babblers and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared endangered. • Sikkim also has a rich diversity of arthropods, many of which remain unstudied. Some of the most understudied species are Sikkimese arthropods, specifically butterflies. Of the approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the Indian subcontinent, 695 have been recorded in Sikkim.[ These include the endangered Kaiser-i-hind, the Yellow Gorgon and the Bhutan Glory. 9
  • 11. KANCHENJUNGA • Kanchenjunga the third highest peak in the world is located in Sikkim. • It is worshiped as the guardian deity of Sikkim • Kanchenjunga national park (KNP) with an area of 1784sqkm occupies a quarter of Sikkim's area! • In 2016 the UNESCO recognized the KNP as a world heritage site having both natural and cultural significance. 11
  • 12. YUMTHANG VALLEY OF FLOWERS • Situated at a height of 11,800 feet, Yumthang is also known as the 'Valley of Flowers’. • It is considered as a paradise for nature lovers due to its magnificent blend of rich flora and rare fauna coupled with its breathtaking scenic beauty. • The best season to visit is spring, where the entire landscape is filled with colours of Primulas and Rhododendrons making Yumthang immensely popular • The Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary cannot be missed especially with its 24 species of Rhododendron flowers. • Apart from the beautiful landscape, the valley is surrounded by Silver Fir and Pine trees, as well as cascading waterfalls and streams.
  • 15. RED PANDA • The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a mammal species native to the eastern Himalayas and southwester n China. • It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression • Despite its name, it is not closely related to the giant panda. • The red panda has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat, though with a longer body. • It is arboreal and feeds mainly on bamboo, but also eats eggs, birds, and insects. • The red panda is the only living member of the genus Ailurus and the family Ailuridae. It has previously been placed in the raccoon and bear families, but the results of phylogenetic analysis provide strong support for its taxonomic classification in its own family, Ailuridae, which is part of the superfamily Musteloidea, along with the weasel, raccoon and skunk fami lies.
  • 16. REPRODUCTION • Red pandas are able to reproduce at around 18 months of age, and are fully mature at two to three years. • A few days before birth, females begin to collect material, such as brushwood, grass, and leaves; to build a nest, which is normally located in a hollow tree or a rock crevice. • After a gestation period of 112 to 158 days, the female gives birth in mid-June to late July to one to four (usually 1–2) blind and deaf cubs weighing 110 to 130 g • The cubs start to open their eyes at about 18 days of age • By about 90 days, they achieve full adult fur and coloring, and begin to venture out of the nest. • They also start eating solid foods at this point, weaning at around six to eight months of age. • A red panda's lifespan ranges between eight and 10 years, but individuals have been known to reach 15 years
  • 17. HABITAT • The red panda lives between 2,200 and 4,800 m (7,200 and 15,700 ft) altitude, inhabiting areas of moderate temperature between 10 and 25 °C (50 and 77 °F) with little annual change. • It prefers mountainous mixed deciduous and conifer forests, especially with old trees and dense understories of bamboo.
  • 18. EVIDENCE OF A FALSE THUMB IN A FOSSIL CARNIVORE CLARIFIES THE EVOLUTION OF PANDAS • The ‘‘false thumb’’ of pandas is a carpal bone, the radial sesamoid, which has been enlarged and functions as an opposable thumb. If the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) are not closely related, their sharing of this adaptation implies a remarkable convergence. The discovery of previously unknown postcranial remains of a Miocene red panda relative, Simocyon batalleri, from the Spanish site of Batallones-1 (Madrid), now shows that this animal had a false thumb. The radial sesamoid of S. batalleri shows similarities with that of the red panda, which supports a sister-group relationship and indicates independent evolution in both pandas. The fossils from Batallones-1 reveal S. batalleri as a puma-sized, semiarboreal carnivore with a moderately hypercarnivore diet. These data suggest that the false thumbs of S. batalleri and Ailurus fulgens were probably inherited from a primitive member of the red panda family (Ailuridae), which lacked the red panda’s specializations for herbivory but shared its arboreal adaptations. Thus, it seems that, whereas the false thumb of the giant panda probably evolved for manipulating bamboo, the false thumbs of the red panda and of S. batalleri more likely evolved as an aid for arboreal locomotion, with the red panda secondarily developing its ability for item manipulation and thus producing one of the most dramatic cases of convergence among vertebrates. Skeletal anatomy of S. batalleri.(A) Skeletal reconstruction of S. batalleri. The pelvis, femora, tibiae, fibulae, sacrum, and caudal vertebrae are not known and have been reconstructed on the basis of related taxa. (B) Articulated right carpus and metacarpus in palmar view, showing the position of the radial sesamoid (rs) in Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Left; 1) and S. batalleri (Right; 2) (not at scale). Art by M. Antón; manus of giant panda modified from ref.
  • 19. Comparisons of left radial sesamoids of the three species of carnivores with false thumbs, represented at the same size. (Left) Internal face. (Right) External face. Am, Ailuropoda melanoleuca; Sb, Simocyon batalleri; Af, Ailurus fulgens; 1, abductor pollicis brevis muscle; 2, abductor pollicis longus muscle; 3, opponens pollicis muscle; a, articulation facet with scapholunar.
  • 20. “
  • 22. Rhododendron • Rhododendron is the largest genus in the family Ericaceae, with as many as 1,024 species, (though estimates vary from 850 to 1000 and is morphologically diverse. Consequently, the taxonomy has been historically complex. • Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron. They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower. • They have frequently been divided based on the presence or absence of scales on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface). These scales, unique to subgenus Rhododendron, are modified hairs consisting of a polygonal scale attached by a stalk.
  • 23. Ecology Diseases • Major diseases include Phytophthora root rot, stem and twig fungal dieback • Rhododendron bud blast, a fungal condition that causes buds to turn brown and dry, and not open, is caused by the fungus Pycnostysanus azaleae, which may be brought to the plant by the rhododendron leafhopper, Graphocephala fennahi • rhododendrons can easily be suffocated by other plants or evergreen trees that grow up around them and block sunlight. Insects • A number of insects either target rhododendrons or will opportunistically attack them. • Rhododendron borers and various weevils are major pests of rhododendrons, and many caterpillars will preferentially devour them. • Rhododendron species are used as food plants by the larvae (caterpillars) of some butterflies and moths
  • 24. HABITAT • The 300 tropical species within the Vireya section of subgenus Rhododendron occupy the Malay archipelago from their presumed Southeast Asian origin to Northern Australia, with 55 known species in Borneo and 164 in New Guinea. • The species in New Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3,000 metres above sea level in the Central Highlands.
  • 25. Hybrids • Rhododendrons are extensively hybridized in cultivation, and natural hybrids often occur in areas where species ranges overlap. • . Most have been bred for their flowers, but a few are of garden interest because of ornamental leaves and some for ornamental bark or stems. • Some hybrids have fragrant flowers such as the Loderi hybrids, created by crossing Rhododendron fortunei and R. griffithianum. • Other examples include the PJM hybrids, formed from a cross between Rhododendron carolinianum and R. dauricum
  • 27. BLOOD PHEASANT • The blood pheasant has the size of a small fowl, about 17 inch (43 cm) in length with a short convex, very strong black bill, feathered between bill and eye, and a small crest of various coloured feathers • The tail consists of twelve sub-equal feathers, shafts white, rounded, the ends whitish, the coverts a rich crimson red. • Both males and females have red feet and a distinct ring of bare skin around the eye that typically is crimson colored, but is orange in a few subspecies. • Females are more uniformly colored, being overall dull brown and often with some gray to the nape.
  • 28. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT • Blood pheasants live in the mountains of Nepal, Sikkim, northern Myanmar, Tibet, and central and south-central China, where they prefer coniferous or mixed forests and scrub areas near the snowline. • They move their range depending on the seasons, and are found at higher elevations during the summer. With snow increasing in fall and winter they move to lower elevations.
  • 30. DENDROBIUM NOBILE • Dendrobium, as the second largest genera of Orchidaceae, is wildly distributed all over the world and has higher ornamental and medicinal values • It has about 1000–1400 original species. • Dendrobium species is either epiphytic or lithophytic plant without or with few lateral branches in cylindrical or fl at-triangular prism stems
  • 31. Vegetative propagation • The base of the pseudobulb has ability for tillering, which is determined by environmental conditions, ages of tuft, plant nutritional status and other factors. • Generally, tiller growth increases with age of tuft when nutritional status and other conditions are not limited. • In Dendrobium plants, pseudobulbs of different ages possess diverse functions varying among species as shown in table 2. • Dendrobium offi cinale has different characteristics of stems as shown in Table 2, compared with D. • There are two reserve buds on the base of pseudobulb in D. nobile, from which the current buds will sprout. • Usually, a pseudobulb and a bud together form tufted stems for growth and development. • Buds sprout from the beginning of mid-February each year,
  • 32. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS Of PSEUDOBULBS OF D.NOBLE.(TABLE 1) Ages Characteristics Functions 2 Green, withered and yellow leaves after summer, occasional falling leaves Sprouting buds and vegetative propagation 3 Yellow-green, with or without damaged leaves Sexual reproduction(flowering and fruiting) ≥4 Yellow-green, with abscission mark of peduncle and without leaves Supporting the whole plant and high bud breeding
  • 33. THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS Ages Characteristics 1 Producing fibrous root, growth peak: spring,dormancy:autumn,without fallen leaves, evergreen life from plant 2 accumulating nutrients and fertilizing flowers, Generally no longer elongation growth, falling leaves after the second growth period 3 fl owing and fruiting, with or without leaves in blooming stem, without new leaves after falling leaves, naked stem 4 losing the tillering ability, becoming withered and then dying gradually
  • 34. THANK YOU By Vinayak Sethunath Oasis international school