Dr. Michael Damian Audley Profile

Dr. Michael Damian Audley

Instrument Scientist at SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Area of Expertise:

Cryogenics , Detector Development , X-Ray Astronomy , Data Analysis , Calibration , Project Management

Websites:

Personal Website | Company Website

Publications (32)

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2024 Presentation

The X-IFU focal plane assembly development model: microvibrations characterization

Emanuele Taralli, Roland den Hartog, Geert Keizer, Johannes Dercksen, Brian Jackson, Henk van Weers, Jan-Willem den Herder, Pourya Khosropanah, Peter Roelfsema, Damian Audley

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130930Z (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3018372

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Poster + Paper

The X-IFU focal plane assembly development model: evaluation of the global magnetic shielding factor

E. Taralli, R. den Hartog, J. Dercksen, H. van Weers, P. Khosropanah, J. Van der Kuur, W. Vreeling, M. Audley, G. Keizer, B. Jackson, L. Ferrari, P. Roelfsema, J. W. den Herder

Proceedings Volume 13093, 1309349 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3018368

KEYWORDS: Superconducting detectors, Sensors, Detector arrays, Superconductors, X-rays, Cryostats

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This work describes the evaluation of the global shielding factor of the Development Model (DM) of the X-ray Integral Field Unit Focal Plane Assembly (X-IFU FPA) for the Athena X-ray observatory. The main task of the FPA is to provide an environment for the X-ray transition-edge sensors (TESs) microcalorimeter in which they can reach optimal performance, with stringent requirements on the thermal, electro-magnetic, mechanical, and electronic aspects of the environment. Within the FPA a two-stage thermal suspension system will isolate the detectors, operating at nominally 50 mK (T0 stage) from the FPA mechanical interfaces at 2 K (T2 stage). An intermediate temperature stage (T1 stage) operated at nominally 300 mK is implemented as a heat intercept.

The required magnetic shielding attenuation is obtained combining a cryogenic mu-metal (CMM) shield and a superconducting Niobium (Nb) shield. From a finite element model (FEM), the CMM shield alone should suppress the static field (for example Earth magnetic field) at the detector location with a factor 50; while the combination of the two has the goal of suppressing variable fields with a shielding factor of ∼10⁶, defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the external field relative to the maximum field perpendicular to the sensor array. These numbers are referring to the component normal to the plane of the sensor array. In plane with sensor array the shielding factor can be a 10⁴ times larger.

We use the TES detectors as very sensitive magnetometers. The TES critical current I_c exhibits oscillatory Fraunhofer-like behaviour, when magnetic field perpendicular is applied to it. Whether the variable external magnetic field perpendicular to the detectors penetrates the shields, the operating current I_TESthrough the TES, which is stabilised in temperature and biased in a sensitive point in transition, may change and this variation can be used as witness for the shielding factor evaluation.

In this work we discuss the difficulties in performing such a measurement, where a Helmholtz coil outside the cryostat were used to apply an external magnetic field (< 200 μH) in order to avoid any permanent magnetisation of the CMM shield. Both AC and DC external magnetic field have been applied with different orientation respect to the detector plane. This improves the statistic of a very sensitive measurement, but also serves to maximise the signal measured by a number of TESs spread over the south-quadrant (closer to the Nb shield) of the array, where the field lines show different intensity. Preliminary results set a lower limit in the evaluation of the global FPA shielding factor of ∼10⁵. Improvement in the measurement setup and in the analysis will be discussed in view of the future models of the FPA.

Proceedings Article | 16 August 2024 Poster + Paper

Johnson-noise calibration of a TES bolometer array using FDM readout with baseband feedback

Guang Yang, Michael Audley, Gert de Lange, Jan van der Kuur

Proceedings Volume 13102, 1310215 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3018757

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Bolometers, Sensors, Detector arrays

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Poster + Paper

Optical measurements of ultra-sensitive far-infrared TES bolometers with FDM readout

Michael Audley, Glenn Huijser, Gert de Lange, Angiola Orlando

Proceedings Volume 12190, 121901L (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2629201

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Bolometers, Optical testing, Fused deposition modeling, Prototyping, Multiplexing, Spectroscopy, Detector arrays, Calibration, Fourier transforms

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Proceedings Article | 26 August 2022 Presentation

The X-IFU focal plane assembly design progress and development model feedback

Henk van Weers, Brian Jackson, Damian Audley, Dennis van Loon, Geert Keizer, Johannes P. Dercksen, Marcel A. van Litsenburg, Nathalie Q. Gorter, Rob Wolfs, Roland den Hartog, Sander van Loon

Proceedings Volume 12181, 121810N (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2631450

KEYWORDS: Fused deposition modeling, Staring arrays, Sensors, X-rays, Thermometry, Thermal modeling, Performance modeling, Observatories, Multiplexing, Magnetism

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Proceedings Article | 15 December 2020 Presentation

Ultra-low noise TES bolometer arrays for the US SAFARI contribution

Roger O'Brient, Charles Bradford, Matthew Kenyon, Hien Nguyen, Howard Hui, Pierre Echternach, Gert de Lange, Damian Audley, Jan van der Kuur

Proceedings Volume 11453, 114531L (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2563116

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Silicon, Optical fabrication, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation

Noise and cross-talk measurements of SAFARI FDM readout

Pourya Khosropanah, Q. Wang, M. D. Audley, J. van der Kuur, S. Ilyas, M .L. Ridder, A. Aminaei, R. Hijmering, A. J. van der Linden, M. P. Bruijn, H. Akamatsu, G. de Lange, J.R. Gao

Proceedings Volume 11453, 114530Y (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562663

KEYWORDS: Fused deposition modeling, Sensors, Bolometers, Diffraction gratings, Fourier transforms, Spectroscopy, Space observatories, Optical design, Frequency division multiplexing, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Optical measurements of SAFARI TES bolometer arrays with a 176-pixel FDM readout system (Conference Presentation)

R. Hijmering, Damian Audley, Marcel Ridder, Ton van der Linde, Gert de Lange, Jian-Rong Gao, Brian Jackson

Proceedings Volume 10708, 107081A (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313715

KEYWORDS: Fused deposition modeling, Bolometers, Optical testing, Signal detection, Cryogenics, S band, L band, Multiplexing, X-rays, Lithography

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SAFARI is one of the focal-plane instruments for the European/ Japanese far-IR SPICA mission proposed for the ESA M5 selection. It is based on three arrays with in total 3550 TES-based bolometers with noise-equivalent powers (NEP) of 2∙10-19 W/Hz. The arrays are operated in three wavelength bands: S-band for 30-60 µm, M-band for 60-110 µm and L-band for 110-210 µm, and have high optical efficiency. SRON is developing Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) for readout of large AC biased TES arrays for both the SAFARI instrument, and the XIFU instrument on the X-ray Athena mission. In FDM for SAFARI, the TES bolometers are AC biased and read out using 24 channels. Each channel contains 160 pixels of which the resonance frequencies are defined by in-house developed cryogenic lithographic LC filters. FDM is based on the amplitude modulation of a carrier signal, which also provides the AC voltage bias, with the signal detected by the TES. To overcome the dynamic range limitations of the SQUID pre-amplifier, baseband feedback (BBFB) is applied. BBFB attempts to cancel the error signal in the sum-point, at the input coil of the SQUID, by feeding back a remodulated signal to the sum-point, and therefore improving the dynamic range of the SQUID pre-amplifier. Previously we have reported on a detailed study of the effects of electrical crosstalk using our first iteration of a prototype of the full 160 pixel FDM experiment and the successful readout of 132 pixels using our 176 pixel FDM system. After the demonstration it is important to perform more detailed measurements to consolidate the system. For instance, one of the important next steps is to expose the FDM system to an optical infrared source. The cold part of the FDM system consists of a detector chip with 176 pixels with a designed NEP of 7∙10-19 W/Hz and two matching LC filter chips, each of which contains 88 carefully placed high-Q resonators, with a total of 176 different resonance frequencies, and a single-stage SQUID. The warm electronics consist of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a digital board on which the generation of the bias carriers, the demodulation of the signal and remodulation of the feedback signal are performed. The optical experiment will be conducted in a Leiden Cryogenics dilution refrigerator with a cooling power of about 200µW at 100 mK. This system contains multiple optical sources. These include a conical black body radiator which can be operated in the range of 3-34K and a light pipe through which the experiment can be illuminated from outside the cryostat. Dark measurements are conducted in a Janis ADR system with a base temperature of 50mK. In this paper we describe the experimental tests and results of the more detailed testing of our 176 pixel TES bolometer system.

Proceedings Article | 9 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

The SAFARI detector system

Michael Audley, Gert de Lange, Jian-Rong Gao, Brian Jackson, Richard Hijmering, Marcel Ridder, Marcel Bruijn, Peter Roelfsema, Peter A. Ade, Stafford Withington, Charles Bradford, Neal Trappe

Proceedings Volume 10708, 107080K (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313361

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Bolometers, Spectroscopy, Multiplexing, Space telescopes, Spectroscopes, Spectral resolution, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2016 Paper

SAFARI optical system architecture and design concept

Carmen Pastor, Willem Jellema, Pablo Zuluaga-Ramírez, David Arrazola, M. Fernández-Rodriguez, Tomás Belenguer, Luis González Fernández, Michael Audley, Jaap Evers, Martin Eggens, Josefina Torres Redondo, Francisco Najarro, Peter Roelfsema

Proceedings Volume 9904, 99043U (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232786

KEYWORDS: Spectral resolution, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Optical design, Space telescopes, Mirrors, Diffraction gratings, Interferometers, Sensors, Lawrencium, Polarization

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2016 Paper

Optical performance of prototype horn-coupled TES bolometer arrays for SAFARI

Michael Audley, Gert de Lange, Jian-Rong Gao, Pourya Khosropanah, Richard Hijmering, Marcel Ridder

Proceedings Volume 9914, 991408 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231088

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Optical testing, Prototyping, Bolometers, Fiber optic illuminators, Mirrors, Camera shutters, Superconductors, Detector arrays, Optical calibration

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2016 Paper

Optical characterisation and analysis of multi-mode pixels for use in future far infrared telescopes

Darragh McCarthy, Neil Trappe, J. Anthony Murphy, Stephen Doherty, Marcin Gradziel, Créidhe O'Sullivan, Michael Audley, Gert de Lange, Maarten van der Vorst

Proceedings Volume 9914, 991413 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2231710

KEYWORDS: Far infrared, Far infrared, Sensors, Free space, Waveguides, Waveguide modes, Matrices, Wave propagation, Scattering, Modeling, Systems modeling

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In this paper we present the development and verification of feed horn simulation code based on the mode- matching technique to simulate the electromagnetic performance of waveguide based structures of rectangular cross-section. This code is required to model multi-mode pyramidal horns which may be required for future far infrared (far IR) space missions where wavelengths in the range of 30 to 200 µm will be analysed. Multi-mode pyramidal horns can be used effectively to couple radiation to sensitive superconducting devices like Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) or Transition Edge Sensor (TES) detectors. These detectors could be placed in integrating cavities (to further increase the efficiency) with an absorbing layer used to couple to the radiation. The developed code is capable of modelling each of these elements, and so will allow full optical characterisation of such pixels and allow an optical efficiency to be calculated effectively. As the signals being measured at these short wavelengths are at an extremely low level, the throughput of the system must be maximised and so multi-mode systems are proposed. To this end, the focal planes of future far IR missions may consist of an array of multi-mode rectangular feed horns feeding an array of, for example, TES devices contained in individual integrating cavities. Such TES arrays have been fabricated by SRON Groningen and are currently undergoing comprehensive optical, electrical and thermal verification. In order to fully understand and validate the optical performance of the receiver system, it is necessary to develop comprehensive and robust optical models in parallel. We outline the development and verification of this optical modelling software by means of applying it to a representative multi-mode system operating at 150 GHz in order to obtain sufficiently short execution times so as to comprehensively test the code. SAFARI (SPICA FAR infrared Instrument) is a far infrared imaging grating spectrometer, to be proposed as an ESA M5 mission. It is planned for this mission to be launched on board the proposed SPICA (SPace Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics) mission, in collaboration with JAXA. SAFARI is planned to operate in the 1.5-10 THz band, focussing on the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars and planetary systems. The pixel that drove the development of the techniques presented in this paper is typical of one option that could be implemented in the SAFARI focal plane, and so the ability to accurately understand and characterise such pixels is critical in the design phase of the next generation of far IR telescopes.

Proceedings Article | 23 July 2014 Paper

Optical characterization of ultra-sensitive TES bolometers for SAFARI

Michael Audley, Gerhard de Lange, Jian-Rong Gao, Pourya Khosropanah, Philip Mauskopf, Dmitry Morozov, Neil Trappe, Stephen Doherty, Stafford Withington

Proceedings Volume 9153, 91530E (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056037

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Fiber optic illuminators, Bolometers, Prototyping, Camera shutters, Optical testing, Fourier transforms, Tantalum, Spectroscopy, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2012 Paper

Measurements of the optical performance of bolometers for SPICA/SAFARI

Michael Audley, Gert de Lange, Jian-Rong Gao, Pourya Khosropanah, Marcel Ridder, Lorenza Ferrari, Wouter Laauwen, Manisha Ranjan, Philip Mauskopf, Dmitry Morozov, Neil Trappe

Proceedings Volume 8452, 84520B (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925234

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Fiber optic illuminators, Optical testing, Resistance, Temperature metrology, Bolometers, Spherical lenses, Tantalum, Magnetic sensors, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2012 Paper

Frequency division multiplexed readout of TES detectors with baseband feedback

R. den Hartog, M. Audley, J. Beyer, M. Bruijn, P. de Korte, L. Gottardi, R. Hijmering, B. Jackson, A. Nieuwenhuizen, J. van der Kuur, B.-J. van Leeuwen, D. Van Loon

Proceedings Volume 8452, 84520F (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925741

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Bolometers, Resistance, Multiplexing, Modulation, Temperature metrology, Radon, Interference (communication), Signal detection, Resistors

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2012 Paper

TES arrays for the short wavelength band of the SAFARI instrument on SPICA

P. Khosropanah, R. Hijmering, M. Ridder, J. Gao, D. Morozov, P. Mauskopf, N. Trappe, C. O'Sullivan, A. Murphy, D. Griffin, D. Goldie, D. Glowacka, S. Withington, B. Jackson, M. Audley, G. de Lange

Proceedings Volume 8452, 845209 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925334

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Black bodies, Optical testing, Temperature metrology, Measurement devices, Copper, Silicon, Technetium, Detector arrays, Optical fabrication

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 2008 Paper

Dielectric constant reduction using porous substrates in finline millimetre and submillimetre detectors

Chris North, Michael Audley, Dorota Glowacka, David Goldie, Paul Grimes, Bradley Johnson, Bruno Maffei, Simon Melhuish, Lucio Piccirillo, Giampaolo Pisano, Vassilka Tsaneva, Stafford Withington, Ghassan Yassin

Proceedings Volume 7020, 70202G (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788479

KEYWORDS: Dielectrics, Waveguides, Sensors, Silicon, Transformers, Solids, Manufacturing, Copper, Polarimetry, Deep reactive ion etching

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2008 Paper

Modelling and reduction of noise in transition edge sensor detectors

D. Goldie, M. Audley, D. Glowacka, V. Tsaneva, S. Withington

Proceedings Volume 7020, 70200K (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787764

KEYWORDS: Thermal modeling, Sensors, Tellurium, Data modeling, Modeling, Temperature metrology, Magnetism, Superconductors, Resistors, Instrument modeling

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2008 Paper

Performance of microstrip-coupled TES bolometers with finline transitions

Michael Audley, Dorota Glowacka, David Goldie, Vassilka Tsaneva, Stafford Withington, Paul Grimes, Chris North, Ghassan Yassin, Lucio Piccirillo, Peter Ade, Rashmi Sudiwala

Proceedings Volume 7020, 70200M (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789076

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Waveguides, Prototyping, Bolometers, Silicon, Multiplexers, Optical testing, Polarization, Resistors, Copper

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2008 Paper

The CLOVER experiment

L. Piccirillo, P. Ade, M. Audley, C. Baines, R. Battye, M. Brown, P. Calisse, A. Challinor, W. Duncan, P. Ferreira, W. Gear, D. Glowacka, D. Goldie, P. Grimes, M. Halpern, V. Haynes, G. Hilton, K. Irwin, B. Johnson, M. Jones, A. Lasenby, P. Leahy, J. Leech, S. Lewis, B. Maffei, L. Martinis, P. Mauskopf, S. Melhuish, C. North, D. O'Dea, S. Parsley, G. Pisano, C. Reintsema, G. Savini, R. Sudiwala, D. Sutton, A. Taylor, G. Teleberg, D. Titterington, V. Tsaneva, C. Tucker, R. Watson, S. Withington, G. Yassin, J. Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7020, 70201E (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788927

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Polarization, Mirrors, Polarimetry, Cryogenics, Waveguides, Physics, Staring arrays, Astronomy, Microwave radiation

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Proceedings Article | 27 June 2006 Paper

Finite-element modeling of magnetic shielding for SCUBA-2

Matthew Hollister, Michael Audley, William Duncan, Wayne Holland

Proceedings Volume 6275, 627522 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671209

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Superconductors, 3D modeling, Sensors, Signal attenuation, Modeling, Cryogenics, Multiplexers, Computer aided design, Detector arrays

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Proceedings Article | 16 June 2006 Paper

TES imaging array technology for C_ℓOVER

Michael Audley, Robert Barker, Michael Crane, Roger Dace, Dorota Glowacka, David Goldie, Anthony Lasenby, Howard Stevenson, Vassilka Tsaneva, Stafford Withington, Paul Grimes, Bradley Johnson, Ghassan Yassin, Lucio Piccirillo, Giampaolo Pisano, William Duncan, Gene Hilton, Kent Irwin, Carl Reintsema, Mark Halpern

Proceedings Volume 6275, 627524 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.670792

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Telescopes, Multiplexers, Polarimetry, Waveguides, Polarization, Bolometers, Prototyping, Copper, Multiplexing

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Proceedings Article | 8 October 2004 Paper

Modeling the electromagnetic properties of the SCUBA-2 detectors

Michael Audley, Giampaolo Pisano, Wayne Holland, William Duncan, William Parkes, Peter Ade

Proceedings Volume 5498, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551200

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Absorption, Electromagnetism, Semiconducting wafers, Reflection, Astronomy, Bolometers, 3D modeling, Mechanical efficiency

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Proceedings Article | 8 October 2004 Paper

An update on the SCUBA-2 project

Michael Audley, Wayne Holland, Trevor Hodson, Michael MacIntosh, Ian Robson, Kent Irwin, Gene Hilton, William Duncan, Carl Reintsema, Anthony Walton, William Parkes, Peter Ade, Ian Walker, Mike Fich, Jan Kycia, Mark Halpern, David Naylor, George Mitchell, Pierre Bastien

Proceedings Volume 5498, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551259

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Semiconducting wafers, Multiplexers, Magnetism, Bolometers, Silicon, Prototyping, Telescopes, Superconductors, Niobium

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Proceedings Article | 17 February 2003 Paper

SCUBA-2: developing the detectors

William Duncan, Wayne Holland, Michael Audley, M. Cliffe, T. Hodson, B. Kelly, Xiaofeng Gao, David Gostick, M. MacIntosh, Helen McGregor, Tully Peacocke, Kent Irwin, Gene Hilton, Steven Deiker, J. Beier, Carl Reintsema, Anthony Walton, W. Parkes, Tom Stevenson, Alan Gundlach, Camelia Dunare, Peter Ade

Proceedings Volume 4855, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.459107

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Multiplexers, Semiconducting wafers, Wafer bonding, Astronomy, Telescopes, Etching, Galactic astronomy, Standards development

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2000 Paper

Laboratory astrophysics using a spare XRS microcalorimeter

Frederick Porter, Michael Audley, Peter Beiersdorfer, Kevin Boyce, Regis Brekosky, Gregory Brown, Keith Gendreau, John Gygax, Steven Kahn, Richard Kelley, Caroline Stahle, Andrew Szymkowiak

Proceedings Volume 4140, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.409137

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Iron, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Ions, Plasmas, Electron beams, Crystals, Ionization, Calibration

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