PhD Sociology from University of Peshawar, PakistanPost doctorate from University of Toronto, Canada Phone: +00923007303808 Address: Department of Sociology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary... more The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary education; to determine the role of families/parents in female primary education and to examine the lack of school facilities that creates hindrance in the school enrolment of the children. The study population of the study was all parents whose children were primary school age by using the interview schedule. The researcher used the stratified simple random sampling and selected the 300 respondents for the study. The researcher used the SPSS software and did the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The findings of the study show that majority 155 (51.7) percent of the respondents were uneducated; majority 85(23.3) percent of the respondents whose monthly income was <6000; majority 95 (31.7) percent of the respondents were laborers; culture is significantly and positively correlated with parental and school facilities with p-values .011 and .000 respectively; furthermore...
Objective: To determine the economic factors involved in tuberculosis (TB) growth in Multan, Paki... more Objective: To determine the economic factors involved in tuberculosis (TB) growth in Multan, Pakistan. Methodology: In this cross sectional study, data were collected from registered TB patients in two Tehsil Head Quarters (THQs) Hospitals, Jalalpur Pir Wala and Shujabad in district Multan from November 2018 to June 2019. Asample of 250 TB patients was selected (125 from each hospital) through convenient sampling technique. By using SPSS 25, bivariate analysis was applied to see the association between variables. Results: TB was very common among the poor people and was the eventual sign of death for the people who had not sufficient income, as 88.2% belonged to the poor economic status. Conclusion: TB is spreading rapidly due to low standard hospital on the basis of poor economic condition, insufficient income for treatment affordability, more dependent family members, unhealthy working environment, crowded sort of business and unaffordable medical expenses. Keywords: Tuberculosis, economic factors, communicable disease.
The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary... more The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary education; to determine the role of families/parents in female primary education and to examine the lack of school facilities that creates hindrance in the school enrolment of the children. The study population of the study was all parents whose children were primary school age by using the interview schedule. The researcher used the stratified simple random sampling and selected the 300 respondents for the study. The researcher used the SPSS software and did the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The findings of the study show that majority 155 (51.7) percent of the respondents were uneducated; majority 85(23.3) percent of the respondents whose monthly income was <6000; majority 95 (31.7) percent of the respondents were laborers; culture is significantly and positively correlated with parental and school facilities with p-values .011 and .000 respectively; furthermore...
The study was executed to know the sociology-economic impacts of TB on patients and their familie... more The study was executed to know the sociology-economic impacts of TB on patients and their families in rural areas of district Multan, Pakistan. It was a qualitative research conducted from February to September 2018. The data was collected through In-depth Interviews (IDIs) with 30 TB patients (aged ā„ 16 years) using an open-ended interview guide and five focus group discussions with the medical personnel who were dealing with TB. Thematic analysis was carried out to analyze data. The study resulted in the majority of TB patients and their family members being illiterate or less educated. Being unfamiliar with TB, its prevention, and treatment protocol, the majority of respondents were under great stress. They were facing various socioeconomic issues like deaths, denial in marriage proposals,divorce/separation, hatred, social isolation, social stigma, and increased economic burden due to long treatment duration. To resolve this life-threatening issue, awareness was found inevitable.
The objective of the present study was to examine the public opinion towards Punjab Emergency Ser... more The objective of the present study was to examine the public opinion towards Punjab Emergency Service Rescue 1122 among general community. A total number of 600 respondents including both males and females from six towns of Multan District participated in this study through convenient sampling. Structured interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection from respondents. A 5-point likert type scale very satisfied=1; somewhat satisfied=2; Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied=3; somewhat Dissatisfied=4; Dissatisfied=5 was used to gather responses from the general public. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the data in frequency distribution, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The data was analyzed through Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 24 version. Results indicated that majority 95% of the respondent swereaware about the services of Punjab emergency rescue 1122. Mostly 75% of the respondents reported that they were satisfied with the services pro...
Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to ... more Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to their conveyance, security, trust, and the ability to make transactions without the aid of formal institutions and governing bodies. However, the adoption of cryptocurrency remains low among stakeholders, including e-retailers. Thus, the current work explores the intentions of e-retailers in the Asia and Pacific region to adopt cryptocurrencies. This study considers the TAM-based SOR, with a combination of non-cognitive attributes (compatibility and convenience) proposed as stimuli for e-retailers to adopt the examined cryptocurrencies. The findings indicate that the proposed non-cognitive attributes are critical in determining e-retailersā technostress (emotional state). Moreover, it was found that technostress among e-retailers profoundly impacts their intentions to adopt cryptocurrency in business settings. Meanwhile, regulatory support communication can be used to help regulatory bod...
Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to ... more Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to their conveyance, security, trust, and the ability to make transactions without the aid of formal institutions and governing bodies. However, the adoption of cryptocurrency remains low among stakeholders, including e-retailers. Thus, the current work explores the intentions of e-retailers in the Asia and Pacific region to adopt cryptocurrencies. This study considers the TAM-based SOR, with a combination of non-cognitive attributes (compatibility and convenience) proposed as stimuli for e-retailers to adopt the examined cryptocurrencies. The findings indicate that the proposed non-cognitive attributes are critical in determining e-retailersā technostress (emotional state). Moreover, it was found that technostress among e-retailers profoundly impacts their intentions to adopt cryptocurrency in business settings. Meanwhile, regulatory support communication can be used to help regulatory bod...
The purpose of this study is to understand the mothers ā level of awareness regarding thalassemia... more The purpose of this study is to understand the mothers ā level of awareness regarding thalassemia and their experiences of having a thalassemic child. A total of (N=64) mothers are chosen as participants. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is carried out. Majority of the childrenās parents is cousins but they are not screened for thalassemia before marriage and despite of the birth of thalassemic child, they are unaware about prenatal diagnosis. The study highlights the need of implementing effective public educational programs and to make premarital screening compulsory for general public to reduce the prevalence rate of the disease.
Pakistan is an agricultural country and majority of the population are agrarian in its nature. It... more Pakistan is an agricultural country and majority of the population are agrarian in its nature. It is evident that due to climate changes the sector is strongly affected. Mainly the small landholders are more affected by these climate changes. The focus of the study is small landholders. To study the area holistically the objectives of the study were to find out means by which climate change affects small landholders' livelihoods, to study socioeconomic problems faced by small landholders and to know cultural beliefs of small landholders regarding climate change, to see adaptation techniques opted by small landholders to survive the harms of climate change. To accomplish the objectives, qualitative research approach was used in which thematic research design was followed. Data was gathered through focus group discussion. Purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents. In it interviews were conducted from 70 respondents. The study resulted that extensive floods, chang...
Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global econ- omy, owing t... more Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global econ- omy, owing to their conveyance, security, trust, and the ability to make transactions without the aid of formal institutions and governing bodies. However, the adoption of cryptocurrency remains low among stakeholders, including e-retailers. Thus, the current work explores the intentions of e-re- tailers in the Asia and Pacific region to adopt cryptocurrencies. This study considers the TAM-based SOR, with a combination of non-cognitive attributes (compatibility and convenience) proposed as stimuli for e-retailers to adopt the examined cryptocurrencies. The findings indicate that the pro- posed non-cognitive attributes are critical in determining e-retailersā technostress (emotional state). Moreover, it was found that technostress among e-retailers profoundly impacts their intentions to adopt cryptocurrency in business settings. Meanwhile, regulatory support communication can be used to help regulatory bodies and governing institutions control the future economy worldwide. The proposed study offers significant theoretical and practical contributions through its investiga- tion of e-retailersā intentions to adopt cryptocurrency for the first time in the particular context of technostress and regulatory support.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the nurses' attitude and belief toward evidence-based nursing (EBN) pra... more OBJECTIVES: To assess the nurses' attitude and belief toward evidence-based nursing (EBN) practices in tertiary care hospitals of Multan, Pakistan STUDY DESIGN: A descriptive study PLACE AND DURATION: The study was conducted in the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health (CH & ICH), Multan, and Nishtar Medical College Hospital (NMCH), Multan from June 10, 2015 to August 10, 2015. METHODOLOGY: The population comprised of head nurses and charge nurses of the two participating hospitals. The data collected on variables such as age, hours spend on direct patient care, and nurses' attitude and belief toward evidence based nursing which was assessed by asking a set of 17 statements on five point Likert type scale i.e., (1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= neither agree nor disagree, 4= agree, 5= strongly agree). RESULTS: Most of the nurses reported that EBN helps them make decisions about patient care (Mean = 4.20, SD= .775), it improves the quality of patient ...
a Visiting Lecturer (Department of Sociology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Ema... more a Visiting Lecturer (Department of Sociology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Email: ranazahidzulfiqar@gmail.com b Associate Professor (Department of Sociology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Email: dr.kamran@bzu.edu.pk c M.Phil. Scholar (Texla Institute of Asian Civilization), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad Email: ashas.soomro@gmail.com d Visiting Lecturer (Department of Anthropology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan shakirmalik.anthro@gmail.com
Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 2018
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, ... more The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative and permissive) and Big-five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness) among the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total number of 281 students from different faculties (Natural and social sciences) were selected through systematic sampling technique and the respondents responded to parenting authority questionnaire (PAQ) by Buri (1991) and Big-five inventory (BFI) john and Srivastava (1999). Data were analyzed by using SPSS-21 version, and Pearson correlation (r=0.01) was applied to find out the relationship, direction and consistency between predictor and criterion variable. Results indicated a directly proportional relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative & permissive) and big five personality traits.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the level of awareness of the parents re... more Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the level of awareness of the parents regarding Thalassemia Major; the cost of treatment of Thalassemia Major Patients and the sufferings it brings to the families; the social problems faced by patients' families; to identify the barriers patients' families face in the treatment of Thalassemia child. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Four Thalassemic Centers (i) Thalassemia / Hemophilia Centre, The Children's Hospital & the Institute of Child Health Multan (ii) Fatimid Foundation Multan (iii) Amna Blood Foundation (iv) Minhajul Quran Multan. Period: January-2013 to June-2013. Methods: A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the total population and structured interview schedule was administrated. Data were analyzed and interpreted by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 19.0 version software. The structured interview was discussed with two experts of the Sociology Department and two Senio...
The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of Thalassemia major on patients' f... more The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of Thalassemia major on patients' families in Pakistan; to describe the awareness among the parents regarding Thalassemia Major; the cost of treatment of Thalassemia Major and the sufferings it brings to the families; the social problems faced by patients' families; to identify the barriers patients' families face in the treatment of Thalassemia child. Population of the study was parents of Thalassemia major children, visited for blood transfusions at the Thalassemia / Hemophilia Centers of The Children's Hospital & the Institute of Child Health Multan, Minhaj ul Quran, Amina Blood Foundation, Fatimid Blood Foundation Multan. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the total population and structured interview was administrated. Data were analyzed and interpreted by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 19.0 version software. A structured interview was conducted for data collection. Interview...
The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary... more The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary education; to determine the role of families/parents in female primary education and to examine the lack of school facilities that creates hindrance in the school enrolment of the children. The study population of the study was all parents whose children were primary school age by using the interview schedule. The researcher used the stratified simple random sampling and selected the 300 respondents for the study. The researcher used the SPSS software and did the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The findings of the study show that majority 155 (51.7) percent of the respondents were uneducated; majority 85(23.3) percent of the respondents whose monthly income was <6000; majority 95 (31.7) percent of the respondents were laborers; culture is significantly and positively correlated with parental and school facilities with p-values .011 and .000 respectively; furthermore...
Objective: To determine the economic factors involved in tuberculosis (TB) growth in Multan, Paki... more Objective: To determine the economic factors involved in tuberculosis (TB) growth in Multan, Pakistan. Methodology: In this cross sectional study, data were collected from registered TB patients in two Tehsil Head Quarters (THQs) Hospitals, Jalalpur Pir Wala and Shujabad in district Multan from November 2018 to June 2019. Asample of 250 TB patients was selected (125 from each hospital) through convenient sampling technique. By using SPSS 25, bivariate analysis was applied to see the association between variables. Results: TB was very common among the poor people and was the eventual sign of death for the people who had not sufficient income, as 88.2% belonged to the poor economic status. Conclusion: TB is spreading rapidly due to low standard hospital on the basis of poor economic condition, insufficient income for treatment affordability, more dependent family members, unhealthy working environment, crowded sort of business and unaffordable medical expenses. Keywords: Tuberculosis, economic factors, communicable disease.
The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary... more The study attempted to examine the socio-cultural factors which create problems in female primary education; to determine the role of families/parents in female primary education and to examine the lack of school facilities that creates hindrance in the school enrolment of the children. The study population of the study was all parents whose children were primary school age by using the interview schedule. The researcher used the stratified simple random sampling and selected the 300 respondents for the study. The researcher used the SPSS software and did the descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The findings of the study show that majority 155 (51.7) percent of the respondents were uneducated; majority 85(23.3) percent of the respondents whose monthly income was <6000; majority 95 (31.7) percent of the respondents were laborers; culture is significantly and positively correlated with parental and school facilities with p-values .011 and .000 respectively; furthermore...
The study was executed to know the sociology-economic impacts of TB on patients and their familie... more The study was executed to know the sociology-economic impacts of TB on patients and their families in rural areas of district Multan, Pakistan. It was a qualitative research conducted from February to September 2018. The data was collected through In-depth Interviews (IDIs) with 30 TB patients (aged ā„ 16 years) using an open-ended interview guide and five focus group discussions with the medical personnel who were dealing with TB. Thematic analysis was carried out to analyze data. The study resulted in the majority of TB patients and their family members being illiterate or less educated. Being unfamiliar with TB, its prevention, and treatment protocol, the majority of respondents were under great stress. They were facing various socioeconomic issues like deaths, denial in marriage proposals,divorce/separation, hatred, social isolation, social stigma, and increased economic burden due to long treatment duration. To resolve this life-threatening issue, awareness was found inevitable.
The objective of the present study was to examine the public opinion towards Punjab Emergency Ser... more The objective of the present study was to examine the public opinion towards Punjab Emergency Service Rescue 1122 among general community. A total number of 600 respondents including both males and females from six towns of Multan District participated in this study through convenient sampling. Structured interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection from respondents. A 5-point likert type scale very satisfied=1; somewhat satisfied=2; Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied=3; somewhat Dissatisfied=4; Dissatisfied=5 was used to gather responses from the general public. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the data in frequency distribution, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The data was analyzed through Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 24 version. Results indicated that majority 95% of the respondent swereaware about the services of Punjab emergency rescue 1122. Mostly 75% of the respondents reported that they were satisfied with the services pro...
Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to ... more Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to their conveyance, security, trust, and the ability to make transactions without the aid of formal institutions and governing bodies. However, the adoption of cryptocurrency remains low among stakeholders, including e-retailers. Thus, the current work explores the intentions of e-retailers in the Asia and Pacific region to adopt cryptocurrencies. This study considers the TAM-based SOR, with a combination of non-cognitive attributes (compatibility and convenience) proposed as stimuli for e-retailers to adopt the examined cryptocurrencies. The findings indicate that the proposed non-cognitive attributes are critical in determining e-retailersā technostress (emotional state). Moreover, it was found that technostress among e-retailers profoundly impacts their intentions to adopt cryptocurrency in business settings. Meanwhile, regulatory support communication can be used to help regulatory bod...
Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to ... more Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global economy, owing to their conveyance, security, trust, and the ability to make transactions without the aid of formal institutions and governing bodies. However, the adoption of cryptocurrency remains low among stakeholders, including e-retailers. Thus, the current work explores the intentions of e-retailers in the Asia and Pacific region to adopt cryptocurrencies. This study considers the TAM-based SOR, with a combination of non-cognitive attributes (compatibility and convenience) proposed as stimuli for e-retailers to adopt the examined cryptocurrencies. The findings indicate that the proposed non-cognitive attributes are critical in determining e-retailersā technostress (emotional state). Moreover, it was found that technostress among e-retailers profoundly impacts their intentions to adopt cryptocurrency in business settings. Meanwhile, regulatory support communication can be used to help regulatory bod...
The purpose of this study is to understand the mothers ā level of awareness regarding thalassemia... more The purpose of this study is to understand the mothers ā level of awareness regarding thalassemia and their experiences of having a thalassemic child. A total of (N=64) mothers are chosen as participants. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is carried out. Majority of the childrenās parents is cousins but they are not screened for thalassemia before marriage and despite of the birth of thalassemic child, they are unaware about prenatal diagnosis. The study highlights the need of implementing effective public educational programs and to make premarital screening compulsory for general public to reduce the prevalence rate of the disease.
Pakistan is an agricultural country and majority of the population are agrarian in its nature. It... more Pakistan is an agricultural country and majority of the population are agrarian in its nature. It is evident that due to climate changes the sector is strongly affected. Mainly the small landholders are more affected by these climate changes. The focus of the study is small landholders. To study the area holistically the objectives of the study were to find out means by which climate change affects small landholders' livelihoods, to study socioeconomic problems faced by small landholders and to know cultural beliefs of small landholders regarding climate change, to see adaptation techniques opted by small landholders to survive the harms of climate change. To accomplish the objectives, qualitative research approach was used in which thematic research design was followed. Data was gathered through focus group discussion. Purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents. In it interviews were conducted from 70 respondents. The study resulted that extensive floods, chang...
Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global econ- omy, owing t... more Cryptocurrencies have transgressed ever-changing economic trends in the global econ- omy, owing to their conveyance, security, trust, and the ability to make transactions without the aid of formal institutions and governing bodies. However, the adoption of cryptocurrency remains low among stakeholders, including e-retailers. Thus, the current work explores the intentions of e-re- tailers in the Asia and Pacific region to adopt cryptocurrencies. This study considers the TAM-based SOR, with a combination of non-cognitive attributes (compatibility and convenience) proposed as stimuli for e-retailers to adopt the examined cryptocurrencies. The findings indicate that the pro- posed non-cognitive attributes are critical in determining e-retailersā technostress (emotional state). Moreover, it was found that technostress among e-retailers profoundly impacts their intentions to adopt cryptocurrency in business settings. Meanwhile, regulatory support communication can be used to help regulatory bodies and governing institutions control the future economy worldwide. The proposed study offers significant theoretical and practical contributions through its investiga- tion of e-retailersā intentions to adopt cryptocurrency for the first time in the particular context of technostress and regulatory support.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the nurses' attitude and belief toward evidence-based nursing (EBN) pra... more OBJECTIVES: To assess the nurses' attitude and belief toward evidence-based nursing (EBN) practices in tertiary care hospitals of Multan, Pakistan STUDY DESIGN: A descriptive study PLACE AND DURATION: The study was conducted in the Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health (CH & ICH), Multan, and Nishtar Medical College Hospital (NMCH), Multan from June 10, 2015 to August 10, 2015. METHODOLOGY: The population comprised of head nurses and charge nurses of the two participating hospitals. The data collected on variables such as age, hours spend on direct patient care, and nurses' attitude and belief toward evidence based nursing which was assessed by asking a set of 17 statements on five point Likert type scale i.e., (1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= neither agree nor disagree, 4= agree, 5= strongly agree). RESULTS: Most of the nurses reported that EBN helps them make decisions about patient care (Mean = 4.20, SD= .775), it improves the quality of patient ...
a Visiting Lecturer (Department of Sociology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Ema... more a Visiting Lecturer (Department of Sociology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Email: ranazahidzulfiqar@gmail.com b Associate Professor (Department of Sociology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Email: dr.kamran@bzu.edu.pk c M.Phil. Scholar (Texla Institute of Asian Civilization), Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad Email: ashas.soomro@gmail.com d Visiting Lecturer (Department of Anthropology), Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan shakirmalik.anthro@gmail.com
Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 2018
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, ... more The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative and permissive) and Big-five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness) among the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total number of 281 students from different faculties (Natural and social sciences) were selected through systematic sampling technique and the respondents responded to parenting authority questionnaire (PAQ) by Buri (1991) and Big-five inventory (BFI) john and Srivastava (1999). Data were analyzed by using SPSS-21 version, and Pearson correlation (r=0.01) was applied to find out the relationship, direction and consistency between predictor and criterion variable. Results indicated a directly proportional relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative & permissive) and big five personality traits.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the level of awareness of the parents re... more Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the level of awareness of the parents regarding Thalassemia Major; the cost of treatment of Thalassemia Major Patients and the sufferings it brings to the families; the social problems faced by patients' families; to identify the barriers patients' families face in the treatment of Thalassemia child. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Four Thalassemic Centers (i) Thalassemia / Hemophilia Centre, The Children's Hospital & the Institute of Child Health Multan (ii) Fatimid Foundation Multan (iii) Amna Blood Foundation (iv) Minhajul Quran Multan. Period: January-2013 to June-2013. Methods: A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the total population and structured interview schedule was administrated. Data were analyzed and interpreted by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 19.0 version software. The structured interview was discussed with two experts of the Sociology Department and two Senio...
The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of Thalassemia major on patients' f... more The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of Thalassemia major on patients' families in Pakistan; to describe the awareness among the parents regarding Thalassemia Major; the cost of treatment of Thalassemia Major and the sufferings it brings to the families; the social problems faced by patients' families; to identify the barriers patients' families face in the treatment of Thalassemia child. Population of the study was parents of Thalassemia major children, visited for blood transfusions at the Thalassemia / Hemophilia Centers of The Children's Hospital & the Institute of Child Health Multan, Minhaj ul Quran, Amina Blood Foundation, Fatimid Blood Foundation Multan. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the total population and structured interview was administrated. Data were analyzed and interpreted by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 19.0 version software. A structured interview was conducted for data collection. Interview...
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