Egyptology Faculty of Archaeology

The purpose of this work is to tackle the appearance usage of the participles in the Late Egyptian. That the Participle as a grammatical condition has a very important status in the Egyptian Grammar; indeed, because of its appearance in several texts, in addition to its special synthetic condition that is derived from the origin of the verb and used as adjective. This Work is divided into three main chapters: I. The morphology and uses of active and passive participles in Middle Egyptian II. The morphology of active and passive participles in Late Egyptian III. The uses of active and passive participles in Late Egyptian

The word ins is related to the red color in general, ins which means the "Red Linen/Cloth" is derived from it, expressing a material/garment in the texts, it gives the meanings of red linen, red cloth, red garment/ fabric, and red bandage/mummifying bandage, also it happened that it was used in different positions related to divine names/ titles (such as: nb-ins, nbt-ins, jmj-ins.f, and insjtj), each of them is related to a specific God (Osiris, Re, Hathor, Mut, Sekhmet, Bastet, and Sekhmet-Bastet-Rat); also there is a feast related to ins (HAb-ins). Also the word inst which is a plant, which could be with red flower could be derived from ins. This paper is dealing with the word ins, its different writings in different positions, each gives a special meaning, and it is importance to be participated in several divine names in Ancient Egypt until the end of the late period and before the Greco-Roman period.

This article publishes three stelae belong to Imeny, who held the titles of Hereditary Prince, Sealbearer of the King of Lower Egypt, and  Distributor of Commissions during the Middle Kingdom. All three stelae were found in the north necropolis in Abydos and are preserved now in the Cairo Museum as CG 20015, CG 20101, and CG 20562.They are on display on the ground floor of the Egyptian Museum (Room R22). The three stelae are dated to the early 13th Dynasty, and created in the order CG 20015, CG 20101, and CG 20562. Depending on the detailed information in the stelae, Imeny's family tree is now configurable.

The title wa wrw Spntjw is well known from 4 th dynasty wall decoration. At that time, the bearer was functioned mainly as "the unique of great of the Spntjw". It has been an attested title since the old Kingdom. The wa wrw Spntjw is a person acting as a unique person from Wadi Natroun. Moreover, it was established that the importance of that person depends on the administration employing him and the hierarchical level occupied. In this study, the author establishes that this title can be employed according to a specific scheme in which the title refers to a person. Relying on all the reachable examples, the author proves the ambivalence of the Spntjw, both substitute and leader, and proposes to translate the term by "Truchsesse" in the cases corresponding to that scheme. His hypotheses are confirmed by the study of several particular cases. The aim of this paper is to examine the social standing of the wa wrw Spntjw by concentrating on known tombs and objects of this title's bearers (e. g. the tomb of Ra-Htp), specifically tombs that contain a complete list of titles.

The monastic groups that settled in Thebes during the sixth and eighth centuries CE contributed to the prosperity of many aspects of life in Thebes, including education. The Theban region provides us with many documents related to writing exercises, which reveal the development of education levels; there were many levels of writing and scripts, where the student would practice an entire course of literary education, with the goal of teaching the student to read and write properly. This course differed depending on the student's level: beginner, intermediate, or professional. This study aims to track Coptic education levels by publishing three ostraca: the first ostracon is being published for the first time, bears alphabetical exercise, and is preserved in the Metropolitan Museum's excavation storehouse in Qurna; the photo of the second ostracon was previously published in a catalogue of the Graeco-Roman Museum, bearing biblical extracts, and is preserved in the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria; and the third ostracon, which bears epistolary exercise and is preserved in the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization (NMEC) in Cairo, is being published for the first time as well.

This thesis composed of three main chapters, each titled the first chapter of "Throwing tools", and the second to "Fishing tools", and the third to "Stabbing tools" With respect to:
- Chapter I:
Which holds the title of "Throwing tools": researcher has been divided into three basic tools so that each element of which is a tool of chucking tools, namely: - Bows and arrows: - Shooting sticks (Boomerang): - Fishing Ropes (lassos): With regard to
- Chapter II,
Which bears the title: "Fishing Tools": The researcher has  been divided into three basic tools as well, so that each element of which is a tool of the Fishing as following: - Nets and Catches: - Traps and decoy: - Baskets and funds: Finally came
- Chapter III:
Which carries the title: "StabbingTools" are divided into three main tools, so that represents each of its elements tool of appeal following tools: - Spears: - Bayonet and Harpoons: - Fish hooks and hooks: The researcher exposed in every season of the three chapters to study each tool of those tools on each end, and addressed by the study of many aspects divided into a number of items, as follows:-
* The first element: Name and Meaning linguist: and it had been a researcher for the names of the language and idiom that each tool of those tools is known in the dictionaries of various ancient Egyptian languages.

* The second element: Growing and stages of development: And it dealt with the researcher origination tool in this life, and the stages of its development and its transition in the various religious books.

* The third element: the tool in landscapes and ancient Egyptian texts: And it had been a researcher for the emergence of the tool in terms of form, in various religious books, was also hit _ well _ to mention in ancient Egyptian texts from the texts of the Old Kingdom and its end in the texts of the Late Period, and the Greek and Roman, if it's found.

* The fourth element: uses: And it dealt with various aspects of the researcher uses a tool to punish sinners and other world of slaughter and to restrict and grab the spirits, and the amputation of members, and the separation of the capital, and the slaughter of necks... etc.

* The Fifth Element: the gods punish them: And it came researcher gods and goddesses entrusted to them to use this tool or that the punishment of sinners and other world of reality portrayed in the landscape or mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts. Then the researcher inflicted by the end of the message finale, which offered the most important results that have been able to reach them through the study, also reported many supplements including:

# Appendix (1): contains a succession of time drags incoming message.
# Appendix (2): Tools for incoming message by appearing in religious texts and  books.
# Appendix (3): For the names of the tools by the emergence of the texts from the start of the texts of the Old Kingdom and even the modern Greek and Roman.

# Appendix (4): It contains a list of the names of gods and goddesses, which received the message.

Finally, the researcher has supported the mission of many landscapes, illustrations and shapes that have influenced the subject of the letter, also adopted a researcher on many sources and references scientific niche in the field of Egyptology in general, and Religion Ancient Egyptian, in particular, also adopted a researcher on the many published articles in folders and  periodicals scientific specializing in Egyptology in particular, as well as the history of religions, ancient history, beyond the 1100 scientific reference specialist.

The division of this thesis into two sections is appropriate for the nature of these two flats. The first part, Which is entitled: "Lakes of Fire", contained two chapters, which were addressed in the first chapter, which is entitled: "Lakes of Fire in ancient Egyptian illusturation and texts" - types of fire bodies that fall under the "lakes of fire" of various types such as: First: Lakes "S", Second: "Channels and fire sewers "mr", third: fire circles "Snit", pyrotechnics "H3dw", and fire wells "X3st", in addition to basins, boilers, furnaces, stoves and fire pots differently, their forms, the diversity of their names, and their linguistic significance, which I consider some Scientists are another variation on the same tone as the "Lake of Fire".

Through this chapter, I also addressed the name of each of them in the shadow of three frames: first: lakes, second: canals and sewers, and third: circles, pits, wells and boilers of fire, according to the pictorial form recorded on the tracks of each of those flats, as well as its linguistic significance, and special texts.  Its, which appears to accompany him according to their appearance in different texts, and according to their chronological sequence, as well as the role played by each of them within the framework of those texts.

In the second chapter, entitled "An analytical study of the characteristics and the characteristics of the lakes of fire" - it dealt with an analytical study of these lakes in terms of their geographical nature in the other world, through several axes: first: their location, through the various textual sources. Second: what is its content, and I relied on some opinions of scientists and researchers. Third: its roles, in which it relied on some scientific references that dealt with the other world and its different sanctions, which corresponded to the sanctions of the "lakes of fire". Fourth: its guards, in which I relied on explaining the roles of some creatures, gods and animals guarding those those flats and match them with the nature of their role in those areas. Fifth: its relationship with the gods, sixth: its relation to some other topographic sites such as roads, gates, fields and others. Which was extracted through the accompanying texts, in addition to some published research in some scientific periodicals. These references and articles include.

The second part, entitled "The Islands of Flames", contains two chapters, which are dealt with in the first chapter, which is entitled: "The Islands of Flame in ancient Egyptian landscapes and texts" - types of fire bodies that fall within the framework of the "Flame Islands" of both types.

Despite their different types, forms and names, and the diversity of their linguistic connotations, the similarity of their custom (&) on the one hand, and the geographical nature of each other on the other, in addition to the similarity of their roles on the third hand, made me consider it another synonym for the "flame islands".

So I classified it as "flame islands." Based on this on their text and pictorial sources contained in the texts and books of the other world from the texts of the old state to the texts of the last era, in addition to some important scientific references and articles.

This is in addition to some of the late-afternoon colds mentioned by Piankoff and Rambova, in their book "Legendary Papyrus", which I relied on in bringing the forms of these islands and the hills of these papyrus, and the forms of some types of "lakes of fire" depicted in some funerary books. E is the same shape, accompanied by the same punishment as in these islands and those hills.

In the second chapter, entitled "An analytical study of the characteristics and the characteristics of the flame islands", an analytical study of these islands in terms of their characteristics and characteristics, and the nature of their role in the other world, through the same axes through which I studied the characteristics of the characteristics of the "lakes of fire". They are: first: their location, through the various textual sources. Secondly, the nature of its composition, and i relied on the description of the texts, and what appeared in its own scenes. Third: its roles, fourth: its guards, fifth: its relationship with the gods, sixth: its relationship with some of the topographic sites, whether local, such as: cities and religious capitals, or legendary such as: "Lake of The Knife", and "Flame Channel", And the "sky water channel X3", in addition to its connection to the design of Egyptian temples. Which has been studied, and the extraction of its features and characteristics through the texts accompanying each of the islands and hills of the other world, in addition to some references, scientific articles published in some periodicals.

In conclusion and results, it dealt with similarities and similarities between the characteristics and the characteristics of the "lakes of fire" on the one hand, and "flame islands" on the other, which appeared clear through some texts, in addition to the conclusions of what was addressed in the analytical study of the frame and ranges of each of the flats.

Many previous studies have dealt with the tool "Was" in various types and forms of specialized scientific studies. While Daressy and Malaise were treated as a trail of wands on the one hand, Fischer and Hassan, treated them as a type of sticks and batons on the other, while Schwabe and Gordon treated them as one of the means of animal care and agriculture based on their more modern types of A third party, while Schwabe and Gordon, in another study, treated it as a type of animal drug derived from bulls in particular, where in his study he linked "ankh", "grandfather" and "w3s" to the cervical vertebrae of the bull on the fourth side, ... And other studies. The current study attempts to prove that the tool "w3s" is not a "stick or scepter or truncheon", but rather a "harpoon" where the study will address it from a different perspective based on some scenes and texts, which are inferred as a three-tool war, and that its tools are multi-use, as The study referred to the fact that it is one of the tools of other punishment for the guilty and the condemned of the other world.

- Keywords: -
Was- w3s - scepter - harpoon - bayonet - authority - stability - punishment - another world.
The Dam, msn, mcbt, mct3, i33.t, their counterparts and synonyms in general, and the "w3s" tool in particular, are not only one of the symbols of royal and divine authority formally 1/2), but also one of the "w3s" On the one hand, hunting and sea fishing tools, one of the tools of war and fighting on the other hand (figure 5), and one of the tools of fighting and fighting between bickering individuals in the world on the third  hand

Although the names of the "harpoons" are generally numerous in the dictionaries of the ancient Egyptian language on the one hand, and their names are mixed from the names "harpoons" and "spears" because of the similarity of their pictorial marks and allocations on the other, the "Haroun al-Wass" has been easily distinguished in ancient Egyptian sources illustrated and written on the one hand, and scientific references on the other. The Harpoon is distinguished from the "harpoon" by having two blades that often resemble a fork, And a rope that is sometimes fixed, and is used to attract the "harpoon" of the archer again, whether or not he hit the target.

- Abstract:
              Water skin in ancient Egypt is considered one of the important topics which do not find a famous between Egyptology Scientifics and researcher, because it is considered one of the needed topics in more of studies and searches. Especially, of its names and linguistic connotation, its appearance and development, the type of its animal’s skin, which made of and the ways of it’s made, the different ways of its carrying, hanging and transport, the different usages of the water skin, the different subjects which store in it, And its world and religion roles in ancient Egypt.

- Key words:
Water skin, Skin, Bladders, Leather, Container, Bota-bags, Colambre

The emergence of society and its history in the land of Egypt is closely related to the factors of the natural environment, it has established in the Valley of the Nile the oldest civilization of the world, and conducted on its land a human story of the finest stories, followed by its events in a way that seems to relate human to the environment and geographical location, that those who searched in The history of ancient Egyptian society has been divided into two groups: a team thanks primarily to the natural and geographical environment, the fact that Egypt is the gift of the Nile (they are geographers), and a team that believes that the environment was only a scene of events used by the ancient Egyptian and exploited (historians and sociologists).
Through this study, we will realize the impact of the ancient Egyptian environment on the emergence of the society of lords, where the study will be divided into two topics, where the first topic will address the impact of the sky and its elements on the emergence of the community of lords, while the second topic will address the impact of the earth and its elements on the emergence of the community of Gods.

Since the old Egyptian environment was divided in some point of view into three main sections: " pt" (sky), "t3" (earth), and "dw3t" (underworld), So each section dealt in detail, including its various elements, where the research dealt with the role of:
1- The sky with its various elements of heavenly ocean, sun, moon, stars, planets, ... And so on.

2- The earth with its various elements of: Nile River, soil, animals, plants, highlands, birds, insects, reptiles... And so on.

3- The other world with its elements: gods, punishment beings, watery places, land and balance... And so on.

In order to know the extent to which each element of the Egyptian environment affects the emergence of the society of Egyptian gods and goddess on the different types and names of their species and names.

The inscriptions on the rocks show that the purpose of the primitive Egyptians is not only for the purpose of entertaining, but in self-defense, or as a means of obtaining the tools they have (ostrich feathers), or to get what they intend to eat. To me that the ancient Egyptian has worked hard to appeal to birds of large size such as ostrich. Which appeared heavily photographed on pottery from the era of the civilization of his second critics, which probably the Egyptian was able to use its feathers in that early period, where the use of feathers since the deep eras was known in most of the ancient times He flew, and in Egypt, which did not deviate from this rule, can be traced back to the periods of Tasa and Bada Re, where a bird feather was found next to a dead head from the era of the civilization of The Tasa.

Perhaps a little earlier, where large quantities of ostrich egg shells were found, the ancient Egyptian succeeded in using it in the manufacture of ornaments, decorations and cutlery in the era of the Fayoum civilization (a). It is possible to confirm that the ancient Egyptian has used bird feathers in general and ostrich feathers in particular since the earliest ages. Because of the link of that bird to the sun where they noticed that they are performing a liturgical dance in the salute of the sunrise
.

The research dealt with:
- The names and linguistic states of the feather in ancient Egypt
- The beginning of knowing the ancient Egyptian to use it.
- Types of feathers
- Sources of access to feathers
- Stages of use of feathers
- Different areas for the use of feathers: as in:

* First: Worldly fields:-
    --------------------
1- Social fields: such as the manufacture of furniture, cushions, pillows, mattresses, carpets, fans and mattresses, decoration of clothes, head decorations and crowns of all kindsز

2- In the political fields: as in: Symbols and decals of the provinces and regions of Upper and Lower Egypt, Badges of kings and queens, Royal titles, Badges of the country's foreign peoples.

3- In the military fields: as in: the campaign of brigades and military flags, decoration of the war-horses's heads, decoration of the rear of arrows, badges of Egyptian army teams and foreign armies

4- In the economic fields: such as the sale and purchase of feathers in the markets, feathers within the views of the Tax, feathers in the views of offerings and advances of kings.

5- In the literary fields: as in the use of feathers as a tool for writing, feathers appear as a custom in many ancient Egyptian vocabulary,

6- In the fields of entertainment, games and entertainment

7- In the artistic fields: such as playing with a feather on string musical instruments, in the decoration of musical instruments.

8- In the medical and therapeutic fields: such as the use of feathers in the treatment of diseases of the eyes and skin.

* Second: The religious fields:-
          ------------------------
1- In the insignia of gods and gods.
2- In the decoration of the clothes of the gods and the divine wings.
3- In the divine titles
4- In religious symbols and insignia.
5- In religious texts and spells.
6- In gin furniture
7. In processions of religious ceremonies