This article discusses the effect of the number and distribution of points and the coordinates tr... more This article discusses the effect of the number and distribution of points and the coordinates transformation on underground mine measurements using a handheld laser scanner. The main objective of the article is to investigate the impact of the distribution and number of reference points used for the transformation to the geodetic coordinate system on the point cloud data obtained using a hand-held laser scanner. The measurements of points within the mine were taken as reference using a total stationandthe transformation process was carried out on the same point cloud data by distributing the reference points in different numbers and heights within the mine. The article concludes that the use of a sufficient number of reference points, distributed in a homogeneous and heterogeneous manner, is necessary for accurate coordinate transformation in underground mine measurements.
ABSTRACT Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffo... more ABSTRACT Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffolds, groundworks, building conveying systems, and in the production of the constructional components such as roofs and walls because of a diverse range of its features such as its tractablity, natural outlook, lightness and being a heat-insulator. Wooden buildings are lighter and more durable than the buildings constructed with other techniques. Earthquake security is fully ensured in the buildings constructed with the wooden framing technology. This paper aims to determine and compare the displacements of plane tree resulting from the three point bending test by using image processing based methods and comparators. It also examines the strength properties of the oven dried woods under different moisture values. An increase in the strength of the wood and a decrease in its elasticity was observed with the removal of the moisture in the wood.
Deformasyonlarin analizinde, olasilik ve istatistik yontemlerini kullanan klasik yontemlerde buyu... more Deformasyonlarin analizinde, olasilik ve istatistik yontemlerini kullanan klasik yontemlerde buyuk hacimli veriler ile daha etkili sonuclar alinmaktadir. Ancak yeterli bilgi olmadigi durumlarda bu yontemler calismaz durumdadir. Bu yuzden, deformasyon analizinde sinirli sayida veri ile calisabilen sistemlere ihtiyac vardir. Gri Sistem teorisi, kucuk orneklemeye sahip ve herhangi bir dagilim ihtiyaci olmayan belirsizlikleri inceler. Bu makale, statik bir yuk altindaki celik kafes kopru uzerinde olusan deformasyonlari cok degiskenli gri tahmin yontemi kullanarak belirlemeyi amaclar. Cok degiskenli gri tahmin yontemi sistemin davranisi hakkinda yeterli deneyime sahip olmadigimizda ve sinirli sayida veriye ulastigimizda cok iyi sonuclar ureten bir yontemdir.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the multivariable grey predi... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the multivariable grey prediction model in deformation forecasting. Design/methodology/approach Deformation in a dam can be seen because of many factors but without any doubt, the most influential factor is the water level. In this study, the deformation level of a point in the Keban Dam crest has been tried to be forecasted depending on the water level by the multivariable grey model GM(1,N). Regression analysis was used to test the accuracy of the prediction results obtained using the grey prediction model. Findings The results show that there is a great consistency between the grey prediction values and the actual values, and that the GM(1,N) produces more reliable results than the regression analysis. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the GM(1,N) is a very reliable estimation model for limited data conditions. Originality/value Different from the other studies in the literature, this study investig...
Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffolds, grou... more Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffolds, groundworks, building conveying systems, and in the production of the constructional components such as roofs and walls because of a diverse range of its features such as its tractablity, natural outlook, lightness and being a heat-insulator. Wooden buildings are lighter and more durable than the buildings constructed with other techniques. Earthquake security is fully ensured in the buildings constructed with the wooden framing technology. This paper aims to determine and compare the displacements of plane tree resulting from the three point bending test by using image processing based methods and comparators. It also examines the strength properties of the oven dried woods under different moisture values. An increase in the strength of the wood and a decrease in its elasticity was observed with the removal of the moisture in the wood.
ABSTRACT The Solver is an Excel Add-in that is developed to solve mathematical equations and perf... more ABSTRACT The Solver is an Excel Add-in that is developed to solve mathematical equations and perform optimization solutions for modeled systems as well. In this study, Excel Solver Add-in that is developed by Frontline Systems is used to solve the adjustment problems by using least squares method. As case studies, adjustment of the closed and open traverses, leveling networks and GPS coordinates are selected Microsoft EXCEL SOLVER Kullanılarak Bazı Jeodezik Ağların Dengelenmesi Özet Solver modellenmiş sistemlerin optimizasyon problemlerinin çözümü ile matematiksel denklemleri çözmek için geliştirilmiş bir Excel eklentisidir. Bu çalışmada, Frontline Sistemleri tarafından geliştirilmiş Excel Solver eklentisi en küçük kareler yöntemi kullanılarak dengeleme problemlerini çözmek için kullanılmıştır. Çalışma olarak açık ve kapalı poligonlar ile nivelman ağı ve GPS koordinatlarının dengelenmesi seçilmiştir.
Grey theory is one of the methods used to study uncertainty. The uncertain systems characterized ... more Grey theory is one of the methods used to study uncertainty. The uncertain systems characterized by small sample and poor information are the study object of grey system theory. Multivariable grey prediction models are part of grey forecasting system. They are presented if there are mutual relations among the factors in the system. They believe that all the influencing factors are not independent of each other and should be regarded as a whole. In multivariable grey forecasting models, the future value of a variable is tried to be forecasted considering the other influential factors in the system. In this study, deformation consisting on the crest of a Dam is aimed to determine by using multivariable grey prediction models.
Dams are important engineering structures, therefore dams should be constructed with the rigors o... more Dams are important engineering structures, therefore dams should be constructed with the rigors of safety in mind. In this paper, the vertical displacement of the crest of Keban Dam in Turkey, is determined using a grey prediction method. The grey prediction method is a method that produces satisfactory results when we do not have enough experience about a system behaviors. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the grey prediction method in systems where a limited amount of data is available or known. In this study the Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES) method; a very well-known prediction method is used for comparison. The results from our investigation indicate that the grey prediction method produces better results, more in-keeping with true values.
ABSTRACT Deformation measurements are performed periodically to prevent death and injuries in cas... more ABSTRACT Deformation measurements are performed periodically to prevent death and injuries in case of the damage or collapse of manmade structures such as dams, tunnels, bridges, high-rise buildings, and other natural landslide regions. Deformations and displacements in such structures can occur if structures are not built on solid ground and they are subjected to huge static loadings, which causes hazardous shaking due to the motion of the ground beneath. To reduce losses, it is very important to make continuous observations using various measurement methods to detect changes and to analyze the scales of these changes using various analysis techniques. The aim of this study is to determine the behavior of a steel arch bridge under a static load by measuring and analyzing potential deformations and displacements using four different measurement methods. The graphs depicting the result of each measurement method show that the results of the four different measurement methods coincide with each other.
This article discusses the effect of the number and distribution of points and the coordinates tr... more This article discusses the effect of the number and distribution of points and the coordinates transformation on underground mine measurements using a handheld laser scanner. The main objective of the article is to investigate the impact of the distribution and number of reference points used for the transformation to the geodetic coordinate system on the point cloud data obtained using a hand-held laser scanner. The measurements of points within the mine were taken as reference using a total stationandthe transformation process was carried out on the same point cloud data by distributing the reference points in different numbers and heights within the mine. The article concludes that the use of a sufficient number of reference points, distributed in a homogeneous and heterogeneous manner, is necessary for accurate coordinate transformation in underground mine measurements.
ABSTRACT Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffo... more ABSTRACT Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffolds, groundworks, building conveying systems, and in the production of the constructional components such as roofs and walls because of a diverse range of its features such as its tractablity, natural outlook, lightness and being a heat-insulator. Wooden buildings are lighter and more durable than the buildings constructed with other techniques. Earthquake security is fully ensured in the buildings constructed with the wooden framing technology. This paper aims to determine and compare the displacements of plane tree resulting from the three point bending test by using image processing based methods and comparators. It also examines the strength properties of the oven dried woods under different moisture values. An increase in the strength of the wood and a decrease in its elasticity was observed with the removal of the moisture in the wood.
Deformasyonlarin analizinde, olasilik ve istatistik yontemlerini kullanan klasik yontemlerde buyu... more Deformasyonlarin analizinde, olasilik ve istatistik yontemlerini kullanan klasik yontemlerde buyuk hacimli veriler ile daha etkili sonuclar alinmaktadir. Ancak yeterli bilgi olmadigi durumlarda bu yontemler calismaz durumdadir. Bu yuzden, deformasyon analizinde sinirli sayida veri ile calisabilen sistemlere ihtiyac vardir. Gri Sistem teorisi, kucuk orneklemeye sahip ve herhangi bir dagilim ihtiyaci olmayan belirsizlikleri inceler. Bu makale, statik bir yuk altindaki celik kafes kopru uzerinde olusan deformasyonlari cok degiskenli gri tahmin yontemi kullanarak belirlemeyi amaclar. Cok degiskenli gri tahmin yontemi sistemin davranisi hakkinda yeterli deneyime sahip olmadigimizda ve sinirli sayida veriye ulastigimizda cok iyi sonuclar ureten bir yontemdir.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the multivariable grey predi... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the multivariable grey prediction model in deformation forecasting. Design/methodology/approach Deformation in a dam can be seen because of many factors but without any doubt, the most influential factor is the water level. In this study, the deformation level of a point in the Keban Dam crest has been tried to be forecasted depending on the water level by the multivariable grey model GM(1,N). Regression analysis was used to test the accuracy of the prediction results obtained using the grey prediction model. Findings The results show that there is a great consistency between the grey prediction values and the actual values, and that the GM(1,N) produces more reliable results than the regression analysis. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the GM(1,N) is a very reliable estimation model for limited data conditions. Originality/value Different from the other studies in the literature, this study investig...
Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffolds, grou... more Wood is used in the building sector, in the construction of gangways and bridges, scaffolds, groundworks, building conveying systems, and in the production of the constructional components such as roofs and walls because of a diverse range of its features such as its tractablity, natural outlook, lightness and being a heat-insulator. Wooden buildings are lighter and more durable than the buildings constructed with other techniques. Earthquake security is fully ensured in the buildings constructed with the wooden framing technology. This paper aims to determine and compare the displacements of plane tree resulting from the three point bending test by using image processing based methods and comparators. It also examines the strength properties of the oven dried woods under different moisture values. An increase in the strength of the wood and a decrease in its elasticity was observed with the removal of the moisture in the wood.
ABSTRACT The Solver is an Excel Add-in that is developed to solve mathematical equations and perf... more ABSTRACT The Solver is an Excel Add-in that is developed to solve mathematical equations and perform optimization solutions for modeled systems as well. In this study, Excel Solver Add-in that is developed by Frontline Systems is used to solve the adjustment problems by using least squares method. As case studies, adjustment of the closed and open traverses, leveling networks and GPS coordinates are selected Microsoft EXCEL SOLVER Kullanılarak Bazı Jeodezik Ağların Dengelenmesi Özet Solver modellenmiş sistemlerin optimizasyon problemlerinin çözümü ile matematiksel denklemleri çözmek için geliştirilmiş bir Excel eklentisidir. Bu çalışmada, Frontline Sistemleri tarafından geliştirilmiş Excel Solver eklentisi en küçük kareler yöntemi kullanılarak dengeleme problemlerini çözmek için kullanılmıştır. Çalışma olarak açık ve kapalı poligonlar ile nivelman ağı ve GPS koordinatlarının dengelenmesi seçilmiştir.
Grey theory is one of the methods used to study uncertainty. The uncertain systems characterized ... more Grey theory is one of the methods used to study uncertainty. The uncertain systems characterized by small sample and poor information are the study object of grey system theory. Multivariable grey prediction models are part of grey forecasting system. They are presented if there are mutual relations among the factors in the system. They believe that all the influencing factors are not independent of each other and should be regarded as a whole. In multivariable grey forecasting models, the future value of a variable is tried to be forecasted considering the other influential factors in the system. In this study, deformation consisting on the crest of a Dam is aimed to determine by using multivariable grey prediction models.
Dams are important engineering structures, therefore dams should be constructed with the rigors o... more Dams are important engineering structures, therefore dams should be constructed with the rigors of safety in mind. In this paper, the vertical displacement of the crest of Keban Dam in Turkey, is determined using a grey prediction method. The grey prediction method is a method that produces satisfactory results when we do not have enough experience about a system behaviors. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the grey prediction method in systems where a limited amount of data is available or known. In this study the Simple Exponential Smoothing (SES) method; a very well-known prediction method is used for comparison. The results from our investigation indicate that the grey prediction method produces better results, more in-keeping with true values.
ABSTRACT Deformation measurements are performed periodically to prevent death and injuries in cas... more ABSTRACT Deformation measurements are performed periodically to prevent death and injuries in case of the damage or collapse of manmade structures such as dams, tunnels, bridges, high-rise buildings, and other natural landslide regions. Deformations and displacements in such structures can occur if structures are not built on solid ground and they are subjected to huge static loadings, which causes hazardous shaking due to the motion of the ground beneath. To reduce losses, it is very important to make continuous observations using various measurement methods to detect changes and to analyze the scales of these changes using various analysis techniques. The aim of this study is to determine the behavior of a steel arch bridge under a static load by measuring and analyzing potential deformations and displacements using four different measurement methods. The graphs depicting the result of each measurement method show that the results of the four different measurement methods coincide with each other.
SUMMARY Turkish Active Fault Map published in 1992 by General Directorate of Mineral Research and... more SUMMARY Turkish Active Fault Map published in 1992 by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration provided a template for various research studies. However, a comprehensive revision study was initiated in view of the developments in earth sciences in the last 20 years and it was completed and published in 2012 and 2013 successively. The revised active fault map involves twice as many active faults as the previous active fault map. The revised fault map shows that there are 500 active faults in Turkey. In order to understand the earthquake potential of these faults, it is needed to determine the slip rates. Although many regional and local studies were performed in the past, the slip rates of the active faults in covering whole Turkey have not been determined. In this study, the block modeling, which is the most common method to produce slip rates, is used. GPS velocities required for block modeling is being compiled from the published studies and the raw data provided, then velocity field is combined. To form a homogeneous velocity field, different stochastic models will be used and the optimal velocity field will be achieved. In literature, GPS site velocities, which are computed for different purposes and published, are combined globally and this combined velocity field are used in the analysis of strain accumulation. It is also aimed to develop optimal stochastic models to combine the velocity data. We also perform new GPS observations. Real time, survey mode and published GPS observations is being combined in this study. Furthermore, micro blocks and main fault zones from Active Fault Map Turkey are being determined and homogeneous velocity field is used to infer slip rates of these active faults. Here, we present the result of first two years of the study.
Moscone South Poster Hall While the GPSbased crustal deformation studies in Turkey date back t... more Moscone South Poster Hall While the GPSbased crustal deformation studies in Turkey date back to early 1990s, a homogenous velocity field utilizing all the available data is still missing. Regional studies employing different site distributions, observation plans, processing software and methodology not only create reference frame variations but also heterogeneous stochastic models. While the reference frame effect between different velocity fields could easily be removed by estimating a set of rotations, the homogenization of the stochastic models of the individual velocity fields requires a more detailed analysis. Using a rigorous Variance Component Estimation (VCE) methodology, we estimated the variance factors for each of the contributing velocity fields and combined them into a single homogenous velocity field covering whole Turkey. Results show that variance factors between velocity fields including the survey mode and continuous observations can vary a few orders of magnitude. In this study, we present the most complete velocity field in Turkey rigorously combined from 20 individual velocity fields including the 146 station CORS network with 8 years continuous stations. In addition, two GPS campaigns were performed at 35 stations along the North Anatolian Fault to fill the gap between existing velocity fields. The homogenously combined new velocity field is nearly complete in terms of geographic coverage, and will serve as the basis for further analyses such as the estimation of the deformation rates and the determination of the slip rates across main fault zones. As the Active Fault Map of Turkey was recently revised and 500 faults were tagged as having the potential of generating destructive earthquakes, the new velocity field is also expected to have a direct impact on the earthquake hazard studies.
Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the multivariable grey predi... more Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the multivariable grey prediction model in deformation forecasting. Design/methodology/approach-Deformation in a dam can be seen because of many factors but without any doubt, the most influential factor is the water level. In this study, the deformation level of a point in the Keban Dam crest has been tried to be forecasted depending on the water level by the multivariable grey model GM(1,N). Regression analysis was used to test the accuracy of the prediction results obtained using the grey prediction model. Findings-The results show that there is a great consistency between the grey prediction values and the actual values, and that the GM(1,N) produces more reliable results than the regression analysis. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the GM(1,N) is a very reliable estimation model for limited data conditions. Originality/value-Different from the other studies in the literature, this study investigates deformation in a dam subject to the water level in the dam reservoir. The main contribution of the study to the literature is to suggest a relatively new procedure for estimating the deformation in the dams based on the water level.
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