Associate Professor at Yasuda Women's University (Hiroshima, Japan) with research interests and consultancy experience in tourism, urban planning, regional development and spatial econometrics. PhD in Tourism (University of Algarve), MSc. in Economics and Management of Science and Technology and BA in Economics (both at University of Lisbon, Portugal). Co-chair of the cluster on Tourism, Leisure and Recreation within the Network on European Communications and Transport Activities Research (2016) and Founding member of the Regional Science Academy (2015)
My contribution for a debate promoted by the European Regional Science Association (ERSA). I spe... more My contribution for a debate promoted by the European Regional Science Association (ERSA). I speak about silence (of the European community of social scientists in the early pandemic months, when covid was already spreading fast in Asian countries) and noise (a crazy race for scientific publications afterwards). Then I discuss how covid-19 imposed a "no-tourism" world when we were discussing "over tourism" and climate change - and this will create a pressure for economic recovery, eventually neglecting environmental aspects. Finally I frame the new social inequalities emerging in the tourism system within a broader perspective of the impacts of the current economic recession on contemporary societies and democracies.
JR: Claiming that tourism should be regenerative implies that the allocation of tourism resources... more JR: Claiming that tourism should be regenerative implies that the allocation of tourism resources and related investments were far from Pareto optimality? Chat GPT: Yes, the assertion that tourism should be regenerative does imply that the allocation of tourism resources and related investments have historically been far from Pareto optimality.
The "15 minute city" recently emerged as an innovative approach to urban planning. However, these... more The "15 minute city" recently emerged as an innovative approach to urban planning. However, these ideas don't seem different to what the anarchist movement Provo proposed almost 60 years in their "White Plans" for Amsterdam. The robot said yes, the difference is mostly in the institutional positions: "While the underlying ideas of local living, reduced car dependence, and sustainability may share similarities between the Provos' white plans and the "15-minute city" concept, the context and the way these ideas are framed have evolved significantly. The "15-minute city" has adapted these ideas to fit within mainstream urban planning and policymaking, making it less countercultural and more accepted as a well-informed approach to urban development".
The future of tourism must be mindful of its impact, ensuring that while it caters to visitors, i... more The future of tourism must be mindful of its impact, ensuring that while it caters to visitors, it also preserves the integrity of local communities, their cultural assets, natural settings, and the essence of what makes places like Lisbon unique and liveable.
In 2019, there was a record number of international arrivals to airports, with 1.5 billion. Some ... more In 2019, there was a record number of international arrivals to airports, with 1.5 billion. Some people claim this represents a democratization of international tourism. But can you estimate how many people made an international travel by plane in 2019? Is it more than 5% of the world population? Robot was bit indecisive but finally agreed we are close to 5%. That's not a democratic phenomenon.
Traveling for the rich and Metaverse for the poor. Can this be a possible future solution for env... more Traveling for the rich and Metaverse for the poor. Can this be a possible future solution for environmentally sustainable tourism? Robots say yes!
The Tourism Area Life Cycle - review, Relevance and Revision, 2024
Describing economic specialization as a spatial and path dependent process is the starting point ... more Describing economic specialization as a spatial and path dependent process is the starting point for this analysis. It includes a general description of the conditions needed for the emergence of new economic activities and a discussion on different types of spatial agglomeration, concluding with a synthesis of the processes of agency and “bricolage” - with the related sources of path-dependence - that can be developed in each region. Next, tourism development is also presented as a spatial and path dependent process. Tourism is analyzed in terms of the types of relatedness, proximity and spatial agglomerations developed by this industry, concluding with a systematization of the relations between path dependence processes, the life cycle of destinations (Butler, 1980) and the types of proximity and variety in which tourism can be involved. The analysis continues with a discussion of the role of technologies in tourism and specialization processes, concluding with a systematization of the different roles and tasks of tourism planning along the life cycle of destinations.
This Special Issue offers a thematically and geographically diversified set of perspectives on th... more This Special Issue offers a thematically and geographically diversified set of perspectives on the relations between tourism activities, smart specialization strategies, and sustainable development. Following different methodologies, case studies developed in Asia, Europe, and Africa address these problems at different territorial scales, including the local, regional, national, and supranational, emphasizing how the different levels of governance are inter-related when looking at innovation processes and their implications for globalized activities like tourism. This issue includes valuable and original research works based on diverse quantitative and qualitative methods, supported by adequate conceptual and theoretical frameworks to discuss economic, social, and institutional aspects of innovation and sustainable development in relation to tourism dynamics.
João Romão Variety, Smart Specialization and Tourism Competitiveness
Smiljana Pivcevic ́, Lidija Petric and Ante Mandic Sustainability of Tourism Development in the Mediterranean — Interregional Similarities and Differences
Huiqin Li, Peter Nijkamp, Xuelian Xie and Jingjing Liu A New Livelihood Sustainability Index for Rural Revitalization Assessment—A Modelling Study on Smart Tourism Specialization in China
Leanard Otwori Juma, Izabella Ma ́ria Bakos and Aniko Khademi-Vidra Nature Interpretation and Visitor Management Objectives: A Survey of Tourist Attitudes at Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya
Maria Hełdak, Sultan Sevinc ̧ Kurt Konakoglu, Izabela Kurtyka-Marcak, Beata Raszka and Banu Cicek Kurdoglu Visitors’ Perceptions towards Traditional and Regional Products in Trabzon (Turkey) and Podhale (Poland)
Juan Carlos Martın, Carmen Orden-Cruz and Slimane Zergane Islamic Finance and Halal Tourism: An Unexplored Bridge for Smart Specialization
Chen-Kuo Pai, Yumeng Liu, Sangguk Kang and Anna Dai The Role of Perceived Smart Tourism Technology Experience for Tourist Satisfaction, Happiness and Revisit Intention
Lusha Huang and Newman Lau Enhancing the Smart Tourism Experience for People with Visual Impairments by Gamified Application Approach through Needs Analysis in Hong Kong
Ivan Paunovic, Marc Dressler, Tatjana Mamula Nikolic and Sanja Popovic Pantic Developing a Competitive and Sustainable Destination of the Future: Clusters and Predictors of Successful National-Level Destination Governance across Destination Life-Cycle
Jie Yin, Yahua Bi and Yingchao Ji Structure and Formation Mechanism of China-ASEAN Tourism Cooperation
Welfare rise, spatial mobility, and global information and communication channels (in particular,... more Welfare rise, spatial mobility, and global information and communication channels (in particular, social media) have prompted the emergence of a specific booming and rapidly growing mobility industry all over the world, namely tourism. The tourist sector (including recreation and leisure activities) has turned into a complex contemporaneous socio-economic and geographic phenomenon, with a multiplicity of travel motives (e.g., entertainment, culture, relaxed life style, wellness, nature, etc.) and with a wide variety of impacts (e.g., urban- and regional-economic effects, crowding phenomena, environmental decay, etc.).
Time has now come to offer a synthesis of the analytical apparatus in tourism research, with particular attention for system-wide, socio-economic and environmental dimensions of this important global industry. Tourism has in the past been a largely neglected field in regional science research. And therefore, it is laudable that João Romão has taken the decision to compose a systematically designed and well crafted monograph on the socio-economic, environmental and spatial dimensions of modern tourism. It offers a wealth of analytical insights and quantitative research tools for advanced tourism studies. It also fills an important gap in the current regional science literature.
A competitividade dos destinos turísticos é um fenómeno amplamente estudado, sobretudo ao longo d... more A competitividade dos destinos turísticos é um fenómeno amplamente estudado, sobretudo ao longo das últimas duas décadas, quer a nível académico, quer a nível de organismos nacionais e internacionais vocacionados para a promoção, regulação e desenvolvimento do turismo. Em abordagens mais recentes, o conceito de competitividade surge claramente vinculado à ideia de sustentabilidade, tanto nas análises científicas do turismo como em orientações institucionais a nível internacional. De acordo com a generalidade destas abordagens, a sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento turístico pressupõe um processo de diferenciação dos produtos e serviços turísticos a nível local, através da integração das características culturais e naturais do território na oferta de cada destino, como é assumido nas recentes orientações políticas a nível internacional para o sector (Comissão Europeia, 2009, 2007c; UNESCO, 2008, 2005; UNWTO - Organização Mundial do Turismo, 2006; Fórum Económico Mundial, 2008; Conselho Mundial para as Viagens e Turismo, 2007, 2006). Este trabalho apresenta e discute estes desenvolvimentos teóricos e orientações políticas para o desenvolvimento do turismo, centrando-se na aplicação aos destinos turísticos dos conceitos de competitividade, sustentabilidade e diferenciação, com as suas implicações sobre os sistemas regionais de inovação e os processos de desenvolvimento regional do turismo e da economia. Estas relações conceptuais são testadas numa aplicação empírica baseada na criação de uma função de procura turística regional, utilizando um modelo de dados em painel.
This new book in the series Advances in Tourism Economics provides a series of interesting studie... more This new book in the series Advances in Tourism Economics provides a series of interesting studies on the socio-economic impacts of tourism, with a special focus on the determinants of tourism competitiveness at the destination level. The 16 chapters of the book offer a systematic perspective for these important questions, presenting relevant empirical studies from different parts of the world, based on modern theoretical approaches and adequate analysis tools, with a view to their policy or managerial implications. The book is organised in three parts. The first part is oriented to the analysis and assessment of quantitative tourism impacts on local economies, presenting ade- quate methodologies for different aspects of the tourism activities. Questions related to the identification of different patterns of propensity to travel among different tourism issuing markets, effects of seasonal fluctuations of demand, sectorial economic effects, impacts of the organisation of major cultural events and potential benefits of tourism for small rural communities will be analysed.
The second part of the book is focused on the role of innovation and human resources as crucial elements to increase the competitiveness of a tourism destina- tion and to maximize the benefits of tourism at the local level. This part starts with a discussion of the relation between the ability to innovate and tourism competitive- ness at national level, followed by the analysis of questions related to social capital, human capital, type of leadership and labour competences, analysed at local level. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of strategic management for innovation and human resources management at company level. The final part of the book zooms in on different dynamics often observed in tourism destinations, arising from the interaction between tourists and local com- munities. This part includes a discussion of the social legitimacy of tourism in the face of its positive and negative impacts, an analysis of intermodal processes of competition among transportation modes and a discussion on methods for loca- tional decisions in the hotel sector. The perceptions and evaluations of local communities regarding the classification of World Heritage Sites or the organisa- tion of major cultural events are also analysed at destination level and the book concludes with an original analysis of the role of tourism influencing the cultural and political values of tourists when operating in a different societal context.
Journal of Yasuda Women’s University, 53: 39-48., 2024
This work aims at identifying and measuring the spatial distribution of creative economic activi... more This work aims at identifying and measuring the spatial distribution of creative economic activities in Japanese Prefectures. Although they can be defined in different ways, creative industries correspond to new types of production processes, more flexible and supported by digital technologies, oriented to more personalized and experiential forms of consumption. By adopting a broad definition of creative economy and using global and local indicators of spatial association, this analysis of the Japanese case confirms a global tendency for the agglomeration of creative activities in large metropolitan areas, with a strong concentration around Tokyo and Kanagawa (mostly) and also Osaka and Kyoto (to a smaller extent). When observing the similarity of data from two different moments (2014 and 2021), it was observed that the emergence of this creative economy corresponds to a slow process of structural transformation. The most relevant finding of this work is the observation of the difficulties of peripheral regions to be attractive for these creative industries. Implications, limitations and further developments of this work are discussed, considering the importance of finding new development paths for all the territory.
Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2023
Despite generalised global recommendations, local communities are rarely involved in defining str... more Despite generalised global recommendations, local communities are rarely involved in defining strategic tourism development options. Similarly, methodologies to facilitate these processes of co-creation have not been adequately implemented, tested, and generalised. This study aims to contribute to this body of knowledge by assessing the potential of a participatory planning method centred on the strategic diversification of tourism products. Focusing on the Swedish island of Gotland, where tourism dynamics partly depend on the visits to the Hanseatic town of Visby by cruise ships, a workshop based on an Open Space Methodology (OSM) was implemented, involving local entrepreneurs, representatives of organisations, students, and international researchers in tourism (an original contribution). The results revealed that these "coopetition" processes can contribute to identifying problems and determining possible solutions. In our case, these options can be framed within the concept of "penetration" (modifications and increasing promotion of existing products to the existing markets) involving aspects related to physical and digital infrastructures, along with partnerships and collaborations amongst stakeholders. Overall, this study reveals that the interaction between members and non-members of the local community appears crucial for the emergence of innovative ideas.
Wellness tourism is a fast-growing tourism industry segment and major wellness tourism destinatio... more Wellness tourism is a fast-growing tourism industry segment and major wellness tourism destinations are found in the Asia–Pacific region, including India. The region of Kerala in India has an abundant natural, cultural and entrepreneurial resources for the development of wellness tourism. These resources are centered on the unique and traditional Ayurveda treatment, complemented by impressive natural landscapes and rich cultures and history. Despite the abundance and quality of resources and services provided by a large number of stakeholders, Kerala lacks a branding strategy for differentiating Kerala as a wellness tourism destination to compete in international markets. A stakeholder-based participatory process was developed to co-create a branding strategy, involving a destination audit supported by an online conjoint analysis survey to discover the relative importance of ‘high-level’ attributes associated with Kerala’s wellness tourism resources. The most important attributes ar...
With the development of digital technologies, travel blogs have become increasingly important for... more With the development of digital technologies, travel blogs have become increasingly important for tourism activities, spreading information about and visitors' experiences of destinations. This information is crucial to supporting the travel decisions of other (potential) tourists and influencing the image and attractiveness of tourism services and destinations. Using netnographic methods to analyze the behavior of potential or existing Chinese tourists to Japan, this study identifies various preferences that influence tourists' choices of different types of travel blogs and changes in travel behaviors, as well as the interactions between these two aspects. Among other findings, this study suggests that tourists concerned with experiential aspects of travel tend to prefer literature blogs rather than informative blogs, revealing a link between the evolving character of travel motivations, digital tourism, and cocreation processes between tourism related businesses and international tourists for tourism marketing and service development.
Mediterranean Protected Areas in the Era of Overtourism, 2021
This perspective article takes into account several previous studies focusing on the relations be... more This perspective article takes into account several previous studies focusing on the relations between territorial resources, tourism dynamics, economic performance (both in terms of growth and resilience), sustainable development and smart specialization in a large number of European regions. Supported by different methodologies, the results of different international comparative analysis and an individual case-study are used in order to define and to investigate the particular relations between natural features of the territories and their utilization for tourism purposes, along with different types of impacts. Revealing that Southern European regions are mostly following strategies of cost-leadership based on the provision of mass tourism products and services with low value-added, the results of these works also show that the long-term economic benefits of this type of path-dependence evolution are limited, both in terms of economic growth and also in terms of the socioeconomic resilience of these regions when facing negative external shocks. In particular , the high importance of the tourism sector within regional processes of specialization makes them especially vulnerable both to the impacts of overtourism and no-tourism. Possible strategies for diversification of the regional economic structures are discussed, taking into account the current conditions of regional development.
Non-motorized forms of transportation are increasingly perceived as an option that can contribute... more Non-motorized forms of transportation are increasingly perceived as an option that can contribute to reducing the ecological impact of the transportation of tourists while offering satisfactory opportunities to appreciate the urban environment. Walking, bicycles, and other forms of non- motorized transport are increasingly used in urban contexts, both by residents and tourists. By looking into the characteristics and trip motivations of international tourists visiting the city of Barcelona, our analysis identifies the groups of tourists more oriented to these soft forms of mobility and also takes into consideration how they obtained previous information about the destination. Based on an extensive survey conducted in the city, the results of our multinomial logistic regressions reveal a slight generational divide when looking at sources of information (with retired tourists less oriented to digital tools) and a strong generational divide when observing transport choices (younger tourists more oriented to both soft or collective forms of mobility). Our results also show that tourists traveling in groups and/or with trips organized by travel companies and other organizations tend to prefer the utilization of private cars. These results can be used to promote the non-motorized mobility of tourists in other urban destinations.
My contribution for a debate promoted by the European Regional Science Association (ERSA). I spe... more My contribution for a debate promoted by the European Regional Science Association (ERSA). I speak about silence (of the European community of social scientists in the early pandemic months, when covid was already spreading fast in Asian countries) and noise (a crazy race for scientific publications afterwards). Then I discuss how covid-19 imposed a "no-tourism" world when we were discussing "over tourism" and climate change - and this will create a pressure for economic recovery, eventually neglecting environmental aspects. Finally I frame the new social inequalities emerging in the tourism system within a broader perspective of the impacts of the current economic recession on contemporary societies and democracies.
JR: Claiming that tourism should be regenerative implies that the allocation of tourism resources... more JR: Claiming that tourism should be regenerative implies that the allocation of tourism resources and related investments were far from Pareto optimality? Chat GPT: Yes, the assertion that tourism should be regenerative does imply that the allocation of tourism resources and related investments have historically been far from Pareto optimality.
The "15 minute city" recently emerged as an innovative approach to urban planning. However, these... more The "15 minute city" recently emerged as an innovative approach to urban planning. However, these ideas don't seem different to what the anarchist movement Provo proposed almost 60 years in their "White Plans" for Amsterdam. The robot said yes, the difference is mostly in the institutional positions: "While the underlying ideas of local living, reduced car dependence, and sustainability may share similarities between the Provos' white plans and the "15-minute city" concept, the context and the way these ideas are framed have evolved significantly. The "15-minute city" has adapted these ideas to fit within mainstream urban planning and policymaking, making it less countercultural and more accepted as a well-informed approach to urban development".
The future of tourism must be mindful of its impact, ensuring that while it caters to visitors, i... more The future of tourism must be mindful of its impact, ensuring that while it caters to visitors, it also preserves the integrity of local communities, their cultural assets, natural settings, and the essence of what makes places like Lisbon unique and liveable.
In 2019, there was a record number of international arrivals to airports, with 1.5 billion. Some ... more In 2019, there was a record number of international arrivals to airports, with 1.5 billion. Some people claim this represents a democratization of international tourism. But can you estimate how many people made an international travel by plane in 2019? Is it more than 5% of the world population? Robot was bit indecisive but finally agreed we are close to 5%. That's not a democratic phenomenon.
Traveling for the rich and Metaverse for the poor. Can this be a possible future solution for env... more Traveling for the rich and Metaverse for the poor. Can this be a possible future solution for environmentally sustainable tourism? Robots say yes!
The Tourism Area Life Cycle - review, Relevance and Revision, 2024
Describing economic specialization as a spatial and path dependent process is the starting point ... more Describing economic specialization as a spatial and path dependent process is the starting point for this analysis. It includes a general description of the conditions needed for the emergence of new economic activities and a discussion on different types of spatial agglomeration, concluding with a synthesis of the processes of agency and “bricolage” - with the related sources of path-dependence - that can be developed in each region. Next, tourism development is also presented as a spatial and path dependent process. Tourism is analyzed in terms of the types of relatedness, proximity and spatial agglomerations developed by this industry, concluding with a systematization of the relations between path dependence processes, the life cycle of destinations (Butler, 1980) and the types of proximity and variety in which tourism can be involved. The analysis continues with a discussion of the role of technologies in tourism and specialization processes, concluding with a systematization of the different roles and tasks of tourism planning along the life cycle of destinations.
This Special Issue offers a thematically and geographically diversified set of perspectives on th... more This Special Issue offers a thematically and geographically diversified set of perspectives on the relations between tourism activities, smart specialization strategies, and sustainable development. Following different methodologies, case studies developed in Asia, Europe, and Africa address these problems at different territorial scales, including the local, regional, national, and supranational, emphasizing how the different levels of governance are inter-related when looking at innovation processes and their implications for globalized activities like tourism. This issue includes valuable and original research works based on diverse quantitative and qualitative methods, supported by adequate conceptual and theoretical frameworks to discuss economic, social, and institutional aspects of innovation and sustainable development in relation to tourism dynamics.
João Romão Variety, Smart Specialization and Tourism Competitiveness
Smiljana Pivcevic ́, Lidija Petric and Ante Mandic Sustainability of Tourism Development in the Mediterranean — Interregional Similarities and Differences
Huiqin Li, Peter Nijkamp, Xuelian Xie and Jingjing Liu A New Livelihood Sustainability Index for Rural Revitalization Assessment—A Modelling Study on Smart Tourism Specialization in China
Leanard Otwori Juma, Izabella Ma ́ria Bakos and Aniko Khademi-Vidra Nature Interpretation and Visitor Management Objectives: A Survey of Tourist Attitudes at Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya
Maria Hełdak, Sultan Sevinc ̧ Kurt Konakoglu, Izabela Kurtyka-Marcak, Beata Raszka and Banu Cicek Kurdoglu Visitors’ Perceptions towards Traditional and Regional Products in Trabzon (Turkey) and Podhale (Poland)
Juan Carlos Martın, Carmen Orden-Cruz and Slimane Zergane Islamic Finance and Halal Tourism: An Unexplored Bridge for Smart Specialization
Chen-Kuo Pai, Yumeng Liu, Sangguk Kang and Anna Dai The Role of Perceived Smart Tourism Technology Experience for Tourist Satisfaction, Happiness and Revisit Intention
Lusha Huang and Newman Lau Enhancing the Smart Tourism Experience for People with Visual Impairments by Gamified Application Approach through Needs Analysis in Hong Kong
Ivan Paunovic, Marc Dressler, Tatjana Mamula Nikolic and Sanja Popovic Pantic Developing a Competitive and Sustainable Destination of the Future: Clusters and Predictors of Successful National-Level Destination Governance across Destination Life-Cycle
Jie Yin, Yahua Bi and Yingchao Ji Structure and Formation Mechanism of China-ASEAN Tourism Cooperation
Welfare rise, spatial mobility, and global information and communication channels (in particular,... more Welfare rise, spatial mobility, and global information and communication channels (in particular, social media) have prompted the emergence of a specific booming and rapidly growing mobility industry all over the world, namely tourism. The tourist sector (including recreation and leisure activities) has turned into a complex contemporaneous socio-economic and geographic phenomenon, with a multiplicity of travel motives (e.g., entertainment, culture, relaxed life style, wellness, nature, etc.) and with a wide variety of impacts (e.g., urban- and regional-economic effects, crowding phenomena, environmental decay, etc.).
Time has now come to offer a synthesis of the analytical apparatus in tourism research, with particular attention for system-wide, socio-economic and environmental dimensions of this important global industry. Tourism has in the past been a largely neglected field in regional science research. And therefore, it is laudable that João Romão has taken the decision to compose a systematically designed and well crafted monograph on the socio-economic, environmental and spatial dimensions of modern tourism. It offers a wealth of analytical insights and quantitative research tools for advanced tourism studies. It also fills an important gap in the current regional science literature.
A competitividade dos destinos turísticos é um fenómeno amplamente estudado, sobretudo ao longo d... more A competitividade dos destinos turísticos é um fenómeno amplamente estudado, sobretudo ao longo das últimas duas décadas, quer a nível académico, quer a nível de organismos nacionais e internacionais vocacionados para a promoção, regulação e desenvolvimento do turismo. Em abordagens mais recentes, o conceito de competitividade surge claramente vinculado à ideia de sustentabilidade, tanto nas análises científicas do turismo como em orientações institucionais a nível internacional. De acordo com a generalidade destas abordagens, a sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento turístico pressupõe um processo de diferenciação dos produtos e serviços turísticos a nível local, através da integração das características culturais e naturais do território na oferta de cada destino, como é assumido nas recentes orientações políticas a nível internacional para o sector (Comissão Europeia, 2009, 2007c; UNESCO, 2008, 2005; UNWTO - Organização Mundial do Turismo, 2006; Fórum Económico Mundial, 2008; Conselho Mundial para as Viagens e Turismo, 2007, 2006). Este trabalho apresenta e discute estes desenvolvimentos teóricos e orientações políticas para o desenvolvimento do turismo, centrando-se na aplicação aos destinos turísticos dos conceitos de competitividade, sustentabilidade e diferenciação, com as suas implicações sobre os sistemas regionais de inovação e os processos de desenvolvimento regional do turismo e da economia. Estas relações conceptuais são testadas numa aplicação empírica baseada na criação de uma função de procura turística regional, utilizando um modelo de dados em painel.
This new book in the series Advances in Tourism Economics provides a series of interesting studie... more This new book in the series Advances in Tourism Economics provides a series of interesting studies on the socio-economic impacts of tourism, with a special focus on the determinants of tourism competitiveness at the destination level. The 16 chapters of the book offer a systematic perspective for these important questions, presenting relevant empirical studies from different parts of the world, based on modern theoretical approaches and adequate analysis tools, with a view to their policy or managerial implications. The book is organised in three parts. The first part is oriented to the analysis and assessment of quantitative tourism impacts on local economies, presenting ade- quate methodologies for different aspects of the tourism activities. Questions related to the identification of different patterns of propensity to travel among different tourism issuing markets, effects of seasonal fluctuations of demand, sectorial economic effects, impacts of the organisation of major cultural events and potential benefits of tourism for small rural communities will be analysed.
The second part of the book is focused on the role of innovation and human resources as crucial elements to increase the competitiveness of a tourism destina- tion and to maximize the benefits of tourism at the local level. This part starts with a discussion of the relation between the ability to innovate and tourism competitive- ness at national level, followed by the analysis of questions related to social capital, human capital, type of leadership and labour competences, analysed at local level. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of strategic management for innovation and human resources management at company level. The final part of the book zooms in on different dynamics often observed in tourism destinations, arising from the interaction between tourists and local com- munities. This part includes a discussion of the social legitimacy of tourism in the face of its positive and negative impacts, an analysis of intermodal processes of competition among transportation modes and a discussion on methods for loca- tional decisions in the hotel sector. The perceptions and evaluations of local communities regarding the classification of World Heritage Sites or the organisa- tion of major cultural events are also analysed at destination level and the book concludes with an original analysis of the role of tourism influencing the cultural and political values of tourists when operating in a different societal context.
Journal of Yasuda Women’s University, 53: 39-48., 2024
This work aims at identifying and measuring the spatial distribution of creative economic activi... more This work aims at identifying and measuring the spatial distribution of creative economic activities in Japanese Prefectures. Although they can be defined in different ways, creative industries correspond to new types of production processes, more flexible and supported by digital technologies, oriented to more personalized and experiential forms of consumption. By adopting a broad definition of creative economy and using global and local indicators of spatial association, this analysis of the Japanese case confirms a global tendency for the agglomeration of creative activities in large metropolitan areas, with a strong concentration around Tokyo and Kanagawa (mostly) and also Osaka and Kyoto (to a smaller extent). When observing the similarity of data from two different moments (2014 and 2021), it was observed that the emergence of this creative economy corresponds to a slow process of structural transformation. The most relevant finding of this work is the observation of the difficulties of peripheral regions to be attractive for these creative industries. Implications, limitations and further developments of this work are discussed, considering the importance of finding new development paths for all the territory.
Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2023
Despite generalised global recommendations, local communities are rarely involved in defining str... more Despite generalised global recommendations, local communities are rarely involved in defining strategic tourism development options. Similarly, methodologies to facilitate these processes of co-creation have not been adequately implemented, tested, and generalised. This study aims to contribute to this body of knowledge by assessing the potential of a participatory planning method centred on the strategic diversification of tourism products. Focusing on the Swedish island of Gotland, where tourism dynamics partly depend on the visits to the Hanseatic town of Visby by cruise ships, a workshop based on an Open Space Methodology (OSM) was implemented, involving local entrepreneurs, representatives of organisations, students, and international researchers in tourism (an original contribution). The results revealed that these "coopetition" processes can contribute to identifying problems and determining possible solutions. In our case, these options can be framed within the concept of "penetration" (modifications and increasing promotion of existing products to the existing markets) involving aspects related to physical and digital infrastructures, along with partnerships and collaborations amongst stakeholders. Overall, this study reveals that the interaction between members and non-members of the local community appears crucial for the emergence of innovative ideas.
Wellness tourism is a fast-growing tourism industry segment and major wellness tourism destinatio... more Wellness tourism is a fast-growing tourism industry segment and major wellness tourism destinations are found in the Asia–Pacific region, including India. The region of Kerala in India has an abundant natural, cultural and entrepreneurial resources for the development of wellness tourism. These resources are centered on the unique and traditional Ayurveda treatment, complemented by impressive natural landscapes and rich cultures and history. Despite the abundance and quality of resources and services provided by a large number of stakeholders, Kerala lacks a branding strategy for differentiating Kerala as a wellness tourism destination to compete in international markets. A stakeholder-based participatory process was developed to co-create a branding strategy, involving a destination audit supported by an online conjoint analysis survey to discover the relative importance of ‘high-level’ attributes associated with Kerala’s wellness tourism resources. The most important attributes ar...
With the development of digital technologies, travel blogs have become increasingly important for... more With the development of digital technologies, travel blogs have become increasingly important for tourism activities, spreading information about and visitors' experiences of destinations. This information is crucial to supporting the travel decisions of other (potential) tourists and influencing the image and attractiveness of tourism services and destinations. Using netnographic methods to analyze the behavior of potential or existing Chinese tourists to Japan, this study identifies various preferences that influence tourists' choices of different types of travel blogs and changes in travel behaviors, as well as the interactions between these two aspects. Among other findings, this study suggests that tourists concerned with experiential aspects of travel tend to prefer literature blogs rather than informative blogs, revealing a link between the evolving character of travel motivations, digital tourism, and cocreation processes between tourism related businesses and international tourists for tourism marketing and service development.
Mediterranean Protected Areas in the Era of Overtourism, 2021
This perspective article takes into account several previous studies focusing on the relations be... more This perspective article takes into account several previous studies focusing on the relations between territorial resources, tourism dynamics, economic performance (both in terms of growth and resilience), sustainable development and smart specialization in a large number of European regions. Supported by different methodologies, the results of different international comparative analysis and an individual case-study are used in order to define and to investigate the particular relations between natural features of the territories and their utilization for tourism purposes, along with different types of impacts. Revealing that Southern European regions are mostly following strategies of cost-leadership based on the provision of mass tourism products and services with low value-added, the results of these works also show that the long-term economic benefits of this type of path-dependence evolution are limited, both in terms of economic growth and also in terms of the socioeconomic resilience of these regions when facing negative external shocks. In particular , the high importance of the tourism sector within regional processes of specialization makes them especially vulnerable both to the impacts of overtourism and no-tourism. Possible strategies for diversification of the regional economic structures are discussed, taking into account the current conditions of regional development.
Non-motorized forms of transportation are increasingly perceived as an option that can contribute... more Non-motorized forms of transportation are increasingly perceived as an option that can contribute to reducing the ecological impact of the transportation of tourists while offering satisfactory opportunities to appreciate the urban environment. Walking, bicycles, and other forms of non- motorized transport are increasingly used in urban contexts, both by residents and tourists. By looking into the characteristics and trip motivations of international tourists visiting the city of Barcelona, our analysis identifies the groups of tourists more oriented to these soft forms of mobility and also takes into consideration how they obtained previous information about the destination. Based on an extensive survey conducted in the city, the results of our multinomial logistic regressions reveal a slight generational divide when looking at sources of information (with retired tourists less oriented to digital tools) and a strong generational divide when observing transport choices (younger tourists more oriented to both soft or collective forms of mobility). Our results also show that tourists traveling in groups and/or with trips organized by travel companies and other organizations tend to prefer the utilization of private cars. These results can be used to promote the non-motorized mobility of tourists in other urban destinations.
The continuous growth of tourism has important environmental impacts and transports account for a... more The continuous growth of tourism has important environmental impacts and transports account for a large proportion of the CO 2 emissions generated by tourists. Understanding the motivations and characteristics of collective transport users in contemporary cities may contribute to promote more sustainable forms of tourism. Based on an extensive questionnaire to international tourists in Barcelona, this study employs a multinomial logistic regression to explore the links among visitors' characteristics, motivations, and means of transportation, while an ordinal logistic regression is applied to investigate whether the preference for collective transport has an impact on the satisfaction with the trip. The novelty of our approach is testing the hypothesis that the choice of collective transports is more related to trip motivations (professional, leisure, or personal) than to sociodemographic or personal characteristics of tourists. The results show that professional travelers are more oriented to the use of private cars, but they prefer collective transports when the length of stay is higher and combined with other trip motivations. Also, using collective transports is linked to high satisfaction with the visit for the tourists using this form of transportation. This study puts forward policy implications and suggestions for future research directions, in particular regarding the utilization of non-motorized forms of transportation cities.
New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives 47 A Broad View of Regional Science Essays in Honor of Peter Nijkamp, 2021
Different types of contributions from regional science emerged as useful tools for the study of t... more Different types of contributions from regional science emerged as useful tools for the study of tourism in a wide spectrum of perspectives, since the analysis of physical geographical attributes of destinations to the study of immaterial aspects influencing their socio-economic performance. These theoretical, conceptual or methodological influences may focus on different aspects of tourism activities, planning and management, being supported by diverse quantitative and qualitative approaches. With an extensive work in regional science and tourism studies, Peter Nijkamp has largely contributed for the symbiotic interactions between these fields of research over the last decades. Assuming the multidisciplinary character of research in both fields, this perspective article discusses how different academic disciplines contribute for the creation of synergies between tourism studies and regional science, by analysing objectives, methodologies and approaches developed or applied by Peter Nijkamp and his extensive global network of collaborators. The importance of institutional aspects for the creation and consolidation of these networks is also addressed.
This study combines three interconnected streams in tourism literature: analysis of the utilisati... more This study combines three interconnected streams in tourism literature: analysis of the utilisation of common pool resources (CPR) in tourism, studies on sustainable tourism development and theoretical contributions to the articulation of roles, missions and strategies of a destination management organisation (DMO). Starting from an integrative literature review, our aim is to explore the symbiotic relationships between these approaches in order to design a conceptual framework for opening new research opportunities. The operational application of such a conceptual model depends on the resources of each destination, the type of tourism dynamics observed, the specific stakeholders involved and the power balance between them. Our objective is to define and to discuss the critical conditions for the integration of sustainable development principles into the strategic role of a DMO through the management of CPR via participatory processes of destination management. An exploratory illustration of this framework for the rural destination of Kushiro-Akan (Hokkaido, Japan) is presented. Policy and managerial implications as well as the needs for further research are discussed.
Assuming a central role within contemporary creative economies, tourism activities registered a s... more Assuming a central role within contemporary creative economies, tourism activities registered a significant growth over the last decades, despite the concerns often raised regarding environmental impacts and sustainability, in particular when observing problems of "overtourism". This growth implied the emergence of new and highly qualified jobs in the tourism sector, regarding the design and management of services and facilities, business and territorial planning, advanced marketing and communication techniques or the integration of digital technologies into different aspects of tourism activities, in particular those related to cultural heritage and creativity. However, problems and concerns with global impact, like those related to climate change or the recent covid-19 pandemics, clearly question this process of continuous growth. This work frames these new problems within the evolution of tourism activities, education and research in the last decades, suggesting that tourism will keep a significant socioeconomic importance, even if there is a shift from international to domestic travels. A more clear focus on high value added rather than on mass demand and the importance of creativity, health and safety in tourism provision imply the development and training of high-skilled labor for different tasks in the tourism sector, both at the private and public levels.
This work analyses the implications of tourism dynamics and smart specialisation strategies on gr... more This work analyses the implications of tourism dynamics and smart specialisation strategies on growth and socioeconomic resilience of European regions where tourism is a regional priority. By using a panel data model for 2006–2017, phases of growth, recession, and recovery are scrutinised. A convergence process is identified, with higher growth rates for less-developed regions; however, the most developed regions are more resilient. Tourism demand is positively correlated with growth and resilience but a high share of tourism within regional employment has negative impacts on both. Specialisation patterns combining tourism with agriculture have positive effects in both cases. Diversification strategies including unrelated sectors contribute to increased resilience in these regions, and a prioritisation of construction reduces regional resilience.
This work analyzes how regional tourism dynamics (demand, supply and specialization) and innovati... more This work analyzes how regional tourism dynamics (demand, supply and specialization) and innovation performance may influence tourism competitiveness. The novelty and originality of the analysis is the inclusion of aspects related to the sectorial priority options defined within smart specialization strategies in European regions as potential explanatory factors. By using a panel data model and focusing on regions where tourism is one of the priority sectors for Regional Innovation Strategies (RIS3, 2014-2020), the results reveal positive impacts of tourism demand, supply and specialization on the value added produced by tourism activities. Moreover, immaterial aspects related to the qualification of the regional labor force and innovation dynamics (investment in research in development) also exert a positive impact on tourism competitiveness. The novel results obtained regarding the impacts of smart specialization strategies show a high potential of the tourism sector to benefit from geographical, cultural and institutional forms of proximity. The results also suggest that knowledge externalities arising from interactions with both related or unrelated sectors-by exploiting interactions and connectivity with sectors with both low and high cognitive distances-may emerge.
Gursoy and Nunkoo [Eds.] The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Impacts. Routledge, London, 2019
This book chapter is focused on the analysis of methodologies to assess the economic importance o... more This book chapter is focused on the analysis of methodologies to assess the economic importance of tourism (including immaterial and non-market tourism resources) and to evaluate its economic impacts (both positive and negative) on regional economic structures, specialization patterns and long-term processes of economic growth. This discussion considers the evolving character of tourism destinations along their life-cycles, the fragmented and decentralized character of the value-chain of tourism supply in each destination and the different territorial characteristics constraining the possibilities for tourism and economic development. For these purposes, theoretical and conceptual developments related to the Evolutionary Economic Geography recently applied to tourism studies are used. Finally, opportunities for improving tourism performance based on innovative practices and systematic interrelations with other economic activities within the context of contemporary creative economies are discussed, exploring the potential role of tourism to be a central element for regional innovation strategies, by reinforcing the relations and spillovers with related sectors. The importance of cities and urban tourism in this context (along with new related problems) are also analyzed.
An attractive cultural heritage is an important magnet for visitors to many cities nowadays. The ... more An attractive cultural heritage is an important magnet for visitors to many cities nowadays. The present paper aims to trace the constituents of the destination attractiveness of 40 global cities from the perspective of historical-cultural amenities, based on a merger of extensive systematic databases on these cities. The concept of cultural heritage buzz is introduced to highlight: (i) the importance of a varied collection of urban cultural amenities; (ii) the influence of urban cultural magnetism on foreign visitors, residents and artists; and (iii) the appreciation for a large set of local historical-cultural amenities by travelers collected from a systematic big data set (emerging from the global TripAdvisor platform). A multivariate and econometric analysis is undertaken to validate and test the quantitative picture of the above conceptual framework, with a view to assess the significance of historical-cultural assets and socio-cultural diversity in large urban agglomerations in the world as attraction factors for visitors. The results confirm our proposition on the significance of urban cultural heritage as a gravity factor for destination choices in international tourism in relation to a high appreciation for historical-cultural amenities.
Serralves em Festa! is a festival of contemporary artistic expression held annually in the city o... more Serralves em Festa! is a festival of contemporary artistic expression held annually in the city of Porto attracting a large number of national and international tourists. As there is no entrance fee, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the perceived value through the attendee’s willingness to pay for the event. The authors also describe the respondents (the “cheap talkers”) who indicated that they are willing to pay for a festival but when compared to other groups their opinion is different. Considering the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of visitors, their segmentation and satisfaction level, a regression model was created, based on combination of a double hurdle approach with a contingent valuation (CV) analysis. The results show that gender and age above 53 years old are more likely to decide to pay for the event, while place of residence, satisfaction, repeated visits and intention to revisit influence the amount of the event’s payment. The cheap talkers are the respondents residing in Portugal. Possible options for the implementation of an entrance fee or a system of donations are discussed taking into consideration the segmentation of demand. The authors concluded that an organized system of donations, combined with institutional sponsors, limited advertising (also with negative impacts on the perceived authenticity) and merchandising related to the event could contribute for an increment of the revenues related to the festival. Other implications related to the cultural and economic impacts on the city are also addressed. It was combined a double hurdle approach with a CV method based on a segmentation of the public, which influences the propensity to pay for the event. This paper makes a contribution to the literature by seeking to deal with the cheap talk problem in CV methods by observing the comparison of the amount of the event’s payment between groups.
Economic growth, tourism dynamics and territorial capital in European regions are analysed during... more Economic growth, tourism dynamics and territorial capital in European regions are analysed during a period comprising a first stage of economic growth, negative impacts of the crisis of 2008, and recovery. A spatial econometric model inspired by the endogenous growth approach shows positive spatial spillovers, convergence between regions, positive impacts on growth from innovation related characteristics, and gross value added by tourism, while no relevant impacts from tourism demand or employment and a negative correlation with the endowment in natural resources are found. The discussion is framed by an evolutionary economic-geography conceptualization with a view on smart specialization strategies.
A framework model for wellness tourism development in rural areas is developed in this paper, com... more A framework model for wellness tourism development in rural areas is developed in this paper, combining the concepts of integrative diversification, tourism product development and an endogenous approach to innovation dynamics. Three spatial levels of wellness services are considered (establishment, destination and the region where they are located) in order to identify the required resources, services to develop, stakeholders to involve, and a process to match the supply and demand in wellness tourism. The article concludes with an exploratory application to the case of East Hokkaido (Japan), identifying crucial challenges for a diversification of wellness services based on the traditional onsen practices.
This study quantifies the impact of peak demand and seasonality on regional 3 productivity in the... more This study quantifies the impact of peak demand and seasonality on regional 3 productivity in the Spanish accommodation sector. We then identify factors affecting seasonal 4 fluctuations and their relative contributions to regional variations in seasonality. The results 5 show that demand for accommodation in the peak season mainly determines productivity. Thus, 6 improving a region's attractiveness as a tourist destination is most effective for tourism-based 7 regional development. In addition, reducing seasonal variations has a non-negligible impact on 8 productivity. A decomposition analysis reveals that providing climate-independent tourist 9 attractions and attracting business travelers are effective in reducing seasonality.
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Chat GPT: Yes, the assertion that tourism should be regenerative does imply that the allocation of tourism resources and related investments have historically been far from Pareto optimality.
Next, tourism development is also presented as a spatial and path dependent process. Tourism is analyzed in terms of the types of relatedness, proximity and spatial agglomerations developed by this industry, concluding with a systematization of the relations between path dependence processes, the life cycle of destinations (Butler, 1980) and the types of proximity and variety in which tourism can be involved.
The analysis continues with a discussion of the role of technologies in tourism and specialization processes, concluding with a systematization of the different roles and tasks of tourism planning along the life cycle of destinations.
João Romão
Variety, Smart Specialization and Tourism Competitiveness
Smiljana Pivcevic ́, Lidija Petric and Ante Mandic
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the Mediterranean — Interregional Similarities and Differences
Huiqin Li, Peter Nijkamp, Xuelian Xie and Jingjing Liu
A New Livelihood Sustainability Index for Rural Revitalization Assessment—A Modelling Study on Smart Tourism Specialization in China
Leanard Otwori Juma, Izabella Ma ́ria Bakos and Aniko Khademi-Vidra
Nature Interpretation and Visitor Management Objectives: A Survey of Tourist Attitudes at Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya
Maria Hełdak, Sultan Sevinc ̧ Kurt Konakoglu, Izabela Kurtyka-Marcak, Beata Raszka and Banu Cicek Kurdoglu
Visitors’ Perceptions towards Traditional and Regional Products in Trabzon (Turkey) and Podhale (Poland)
Juan Carlos Martın, Carmen Orden-Cruz and Slimane Zergane
Islamic Finance and Halal Tourism: An Unexplored Bridge for Smart Specialization
Chen-Kuo Pai, Yumeng Liu, Sangguk Kang and Anna Dai
The Role of Perceived Smart Tourism Technology Experience for Tourist Satisfaction, Happiness and Revisit Intention
Lusha Huang and Newman Lau
Enhancing the Smart Tourism Experience for People with Visual Impairments by Gamified Application Approach through Needs Analysis in Hong Kong
Ivan Paunovic, Marc Dressler, Tatjana Mamula Nikolic and Sanja Popovic Pantic
Developing a Competitive and Sustainable Destination of the Future: Clusters and Predictors of Successful National-Level Destination Governance across Destination Life-Cycle
Jie Yin, Yahua Bi and Yingchao Ji
Structure and Formation Mechanism of China-ASEAN Tourism Cooperation
Time has now come to offer a synthesis of the analytical apparatus in tourism research, with particular attention for system-wide, socio-economic and environmental dimensions of this important global industry. Tourism has in the past been a largely neglected field in regional science research. And therefore, it is laudable that João Romão has taken the decision to compose a systematically designed and well crafted monograph on the socio-economic, environmental and spatial dimensions of modern tourism. It offers a wealth of analytical insights and quantitative research tools for advanced tourism studies. It also fills an important gap in the current regional science literature.
Peter Nijkamp, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam
The second part of the book is focused on the role of innovation and human resources as crucial elements to increase the competitiveness of a tourism destina- tion and to maximize the benefits of tourism at the local level. This part starts with a discussion of the relation between the ability to innovate and tourism competitive- ness at national level, followed by the analysis of questions related to social capital, human capital, type of leadership and labour competences, analysed at local level. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of strategic management for innovation and human resources management at company level. The final part of the book zooms in on different dynamics often observed in tourism destinations, arising from the interaction between tourists and local com- munities. This part includes a discussion of the social legitimacy of tourism in the face of its positive and negative impacts, an analysis of intermodal processes of competition among transportation modes and a discussion on methods for loca- tional decisions in the hotel sector. The perceptions and evaluations of local communities regarding the classification of World Heritage Sites or the organisa- tion of major cultural events are also analysed at destination level and the book concludes with an original analysis of the role of tourism influencing the cultural and political values of tourists when operating in a different societal context.
Chat GPT: Yes, the assertion that tourism should be regenerative does imply that the allocation of tourism resources and related investments have historically been far from Pareto optimality.
Next, tourism development is also presented as a spatial and path dependent process. Tourism is analyzed in terms of the types of relatedness, proximity and spatial agglomerations developed by this industry, concluding with a systematization of the relations between path dependence processes, the life cycle of destinations (Butler, 1980) and the types of proximity and variety in which tourism can be involved.
The analysis continues with a discussion of the role of technologies in tourism and specialization processes, concluding with a systematization of the different roles and tasks of tourism planning along the life cycle of destinations.
João Romão
Variety, Smart Specialization and Tourism Competitiveness
Smiljana Pivcevic ́, Lidija Petric and Ante Mandic
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the Mediterranean — Interregional Similarities and Differences
Huiqin Li, Peter Nijkamp, Xuelian Xie and Jingjing Liu
A New Livelihood Sustainability Index for Rural Revitalization Assessment—A Modelling Study on Smart Tourism Specialization in China
Leanard Otwori Juma, Izabella Ma ́ria Bakos and Aniko Khademi-Vidra
Nature Interpretation and Visitor Management Objectives: A Survey of Tourist Attitudes at Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya
Maria Hełdak, Sultan Sevinc ̧ Kurt Konakoglu, Izabela Kurtyka-Marcak, Beata Raszka and Banu Cicek Kurdoglu
Visitors’ Perceptions towards Traditional and Regional Products in Trabzon (Turkey) and Podhale (Poland)
Juan Carlos Martın, Carmen Orden-Cruz and Slimane Zergane
Islamic Finance and Halal Tourism: An Unexplored Bridge for Smart Specialization
Chen-Kuo Pai, Yumeng Liu, Sangguk Kang and Anna Dai
The Role of Perceived Smart Tourism Technology Experience for Tourist Satisfaction, Happiness and Revisit Intention
Lusha Huang and Newman Lau
Enhancing the Smart Tourism Experience for People with Visual Impairments by Gamified Application Approach through Needs Analysis in Hong Kong
Ivan Paunovic, Marc Dressler, Tatjana Mamula Nikolic and Sanja Popovic Pantic
Developing a Competitive and Sustainable Destination of the Future: Clusters and Predictors of Successful National-Level Destination Governance across Destination Life-Cycle
Jie Yin, Yahua Bi and Yingchao Ji
Structure and Formation Mechanism of China-ASEAN Tourism Cooperation
Time has now come to offer a synthesis of the analytical apparatus in tourism research, with particular attention for system-wide, socio-economic and environmental dimensions of this important global industry. Tourism has in the past been a largely neglected field in regional science research. And therefore, it is laudable that João Romão has taken the decision to compose a systematically designed and well crafted monograph on the socio-economic, environmental and spatial dimensions of modern tourism. It offers a wealth of analytical insights and quantitative research tools for advanced tourism studies. It also fills an important gap in the current regional science literature.
Peter Nijkamp, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam
The second part of the book is focused on the role of innovation and human resources as crucial elements to increase the competitiveness of a tourism destina- tion and to maximize the benefits of tourism at the local level. This part starts with a discussion of the relation between the ability to innovate and tourism competitive- ness at national level, followed by the analysis of questions related to social capital, human capital, type of leadership and labour competences, analysed at local level. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of strategic management for innovation and human resources management at company level. The final part of the book zooms in on different dynamics often observed in tourism destinations, arising from the interaction between tourists and local com- munities. This part includes a discussion of the social legitimacy of tourism in the face of its positive and negative impacts, an analysis of intermodal processes of competition among transportation modes and a discussion on methods for loca- tional decisions in the hotel sector. The perceptions and evaluations of local communities regarding the classification of World Heritage Sites or the organisa- tion of major cultural events are also analysed at destination level and the book concludes with an original analysis of the role of tourism influencing the cultural and political values of tourists when operating in a different societal context.
The results show that gender and age above 53 years old are more likely to decide to pay for the event, while place of residence, satisfaction, repeated visits and intention to revisit influence the amount of the event’s payment. The cheap talkers are the respondents residing in Portugal.
Possible options for the implementation of an entrance fee or a system of donations are discussed taking into consideration the segmentation of demand. The authors concluded that an organized system of donations, combined with institutional sponsors, limited advertising (also with negative impacts on the perceived authenticity) and merchandising related to the event could contribute for an increment of the revenues related to the festival. Other implications related to the cultural and economic impacts on the city are also addressed.
It was combined a double hurdle approach with a CV method based on a segmentation of the public, which influences the propensity to pay for the event. This paper makes a contribution to the literature by seeking to deal with the cheap talk problem in CV methods by observing the comparison of the amount of the event’s payment between groups.