Previous research provides evidence that sport team fandom is marked by behavior such as overt em... more Previous research provides evidence that sport team fandom is marked by behavior such as overt emotional responses to viewed performances;1 however, previous definitions and models also recognize team fandom as a psychological construct, including notions of involvement (for example, the Psychological Continuum Model)2 and sport team identification (STI).3 The manner(s) in which fans come to identify with their favorite teams influences connectedness to the team, which then has direct association with emotional outcomes and psychological effects.4 In essence, the development of a fan’s interest in a team (including but not limited to family socialization, geography, team characteristics, athletic performance, or media) drives how and whether they think about, attend, and react to their favorite team’s performance. Thus, this manuscript proposes to examine the convergence of team identity formation and self-disclosure via social media during live sport broadcasts. Essentially, the major factors involve identity formation, spectatorship motives, psychological commitment and investment, self-esteem, and self-disclosure via social media and we will attempt to shed light on the question of what types of sport fans use social media during consumption of sport and whether and what types of disclosures they typically make.
Tests for autocorrelation need to be conducted when communication researchers use time-series dat... more Tests for autocorrelation need to be conducted when communication researchers use time-series data that include stationary variables. This case is even more pertinent when dealing with various physiological measures. For instance, heart rate (HR) and respiration are more stationary while other variables can change more quickly (such as electrodermal response). We tested a series of autoregressive models in which HR was monitored over time periods as a function of students watching video clips of their football team’s highlights and lowlights. The physiological measure as captured through average beats per minute (bpm) showed four crucial variations during the viewing of the videos representing changes in affect. These variations were divided into four intervals, and latent growth curve models were estimated to assess the extent that average bpm was changing over time. The models were estimated with and without sex as a time-invariant predictor of change. The analysis revealed that HR did change significantly in each of the four intervals and that there were strong inter individual differences in the initial bpm and in their rates of change over the duration of the intervals.
A consensually-agreed position among scholars of communication and aging is that while psychologi... more A consensually-agreed position among scholars of communication and aging is that while psychological and physical health mutually impact each other, the quality of language to and from older adult individuals shape each of these—and are shaped by them. Encounters with others inside and outside of one’s age ingroup involve stereotyped expectations with regard to language and other speech behaviors, resulting in reinforcement of age-based stereotypes and changes in social interaction, personal control, and self-esteem. These outcomes interfere with the quality of care an older adult receives from medical practitioners as older patients simply enjoy more communication satisfaction with supportive physicians than those who utilize negative age stereotypes and language. Many studies have been language-oriented as evident in attention to patronizing talk, painful self-disclosures, and stereotypes. We overview some of the major findings arising from the study of language and aging, with a view to articulating a more cohesive, integrative model that can coalesce previous theoretical and empirical efforts.
This study has three main goals: (1) to test an instrument designed to measure first language met... more This study has three main goals: (1) to test an instrument designed to measure first language metacognitive listening strategies in other cultural contexts, (2) to refine and revise the scale if necessary, and (3) to discern whether the notion that first language listeners use intuitive strategies to make meaning regardless of language is supported. Toward these goals, authors developed the Intercultural Metacognitive Listening Strategies Instrument, which displays evidence of validity in four populations and three distinct cultures: the United States, Germany, and Japan. Ultimately, this study supports the notion that there are intuitive strategies that listeners use to make meaning regardless of language.
This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their
subsequent r... more This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their
subsequent responses affects communicative response styles of initial message senders
in supportive contexts. A sample of 415 college students participated in an experiment.
Each participant was asked to recall a recently upsetting event, to imagine that they
disclosed to a close friend or family member who was attributed with each of four different
listening goals, and to indicate how they were likely to respond. Results suggest
that listening goals affect situational communicator responses when controlling for trait
communicator styles. Relational goals increase the likelihood of interpersonal communicator
responses but decrease the prospect of linguistic-styled disclosures. Analytical
listener goals do not elicit linguistic or logical responses nor do critical listener goals
influence linguistic or logical disclosures. Only relational listener goals influence communicator
responses in these data, and only for interpersonal- (increased) and linguistic-
(decreased) type responses. Listener effectiveness did not increase with a wider
variety of listening skills; relational listening was the only goal that significantly affected
response preference. This study moves work on supportive listening toward a model
that theorizes the reciprocal nature of supportive encounters: Listening is interactive.
Research in psychoacoustics and public health reveals that individuals respond differently to noi... more Research in psychoacoustics and public health reveals that individuals respond differently to noise, with some being more sensitive to noise than others. Given the prevalence of mobile technology and that noise sensitivity appears to be a relatively stable individual difference, it is possible that noise sensitivity may distinguish individual mobile phone use. This study investigates the relationship between noise sensitivity and mobile phone attitudes and behaviors. Study results suggest that noise sensitive bystanders find mobile phone conversations more annoying, that they differ in their assessment of the distraction level of ambient noise when making and receiving calls, are more likely to report mobile phones as distracting, and are more likely to seek privacy from others when receiving a call.
This research is a comparison of identification and motivation factors between sports with team a... more This research is a comparison of identification and motivation factors between sports with team as a point of attachment (college football) and sports with an individual athlete as a point of attachment (NASCAR). The results contribute to advancing our understanding of identity formation and spectator motivation. Geography and family were found to be important antecedents of college football team identification, while media influence drove consumer identification with NASCAR drivers. NASCAR sport consumers were prone to watch their sport casually, while college football sport consumers were influenced to watch their sport by the aesthetics of the game, and a relationship to other recreational activities such as tailgating. Findings help us to understand what specific factors play a role in individuals connecting with different types of sport symbols, but also have implications for the management, marketing, communications, and selling of sport and sport related products.
Using data from 485 college student participants, this study investigated relations among mental ... more Using data from 485 college student participants, this study investigated relations among mental representations of conversations and listening behaviors. Results showed low usage of Imagined Interactions (IIs) for rehearsal and self-understanding and high usage of IIs as compensation for interaction were associated with lower reported scores on active-empathic responding. In describing IIs, low levels of proactivity and variety were associated with low reported levels of AEL processing and responding behaviors, suggesting individuals who do not engage in IIs before conversations or imagine a variety of potential conversations to gain understanding do not report engaging in behaviors that act to acknowledge their partners in conversation. The primary contribution of these findings is to forward an empirical integration of intrapersonal and listening research and theory.
The Watson-Barker Listening Test (WBLT) is one of the most popular measures of listening comprehe... more The Watson-Barker Listening Test (WBLT) is one of the most popular measures of listening comprehension. However, little research has tested its use as a valid and reliable measure of listening, particularly with non native English speakers. At the same time, previous research questions the psychometric properties of the test. This study addressed both these issues. Results suggest that the measure does not meet the proposed five-factor structure and that the items hold little relations to one another. Thus, we recommend researchers and educators choose alternative means of measuring listening comprehension of this student population.
The Kingdom of Thailand, population 68 million, shares borders with Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and ... more The Kingdom of Thailand, population 68 million, shares borders with Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and Malaysia. Infectious disease burden (including years of life lost) is significant, though improving. Major infectious diseases include HIV/AIDS, malaria, dengue fever, various types of hepatitis, and tuberculosis (TB). Other public health concerns include smoking, food safety, road safety, cancer, and heart disease. All of these health threats have been targeted for campaigns by Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) and many public and private organizations. Over the past three decades, MoPH has produced numerous disease prevention and intervention strategies that have had major domestic and global outcomes. Subsequently, health communication campaigns and the study of health communication have garnered a significant degree of attention in Thailand.
This article provides validity evidence for a measure of listening goals by showing theoretically... more This article provides validity evidence for a measure of listening goals by showing theoretically consistent relationships with an existing communication preference questionnaire. Participants (N = 257) were administered trait measures for listening goals and communicator preferences. The four listening goals—relational, task-oriented, analytical, and critical—are related to seven communicator preferences: interpersonal, intrapersonal, auditory, visual-spatial, kinesthetic, linguistic, and logical. These results are supportive of hypotheses, although there were some contradictory findings and some findings were not hypothesized. Results of multivariate correlation estimates portray a listening profile centered on relational goals and interpersonal communicator preferences. Although acknowledging several limitations, results offer theoretical and practical guidance for future work, specifically how this information may be of help to individuals, couples, and counselors in utilizing relational goals and making more careful communicative choices.
This study describes Finnish men’s support provision for same-sex friends. Thesese\\ data consis... more This study describes Finnish men’s support provision for same-sex friends. Thesese\\ data consist of 25 episode interviews. Two main problem scenarios—break-up and sudden unemployment—were used, which were moderated by alcohol abuse. These data was were analyzed with qualitative and quantitative methods. Results showed that men provide support by giving perspective, suggestion, reassurance, and support availability. The amount of solace for a friend was significantly scarcer in alcohol-related problems. The study found that indirect support aims to motivate self-realization and thus, result in more permanent and positive change. Such interactions can also lead men to give “cold comfort.”
Textual poaching goes beyond uses surrounding the politics of fandom: It is utilized to advance s... more Textual poaching goes beyond uses surrounding the politics of fandom: It is utilized to advance social positions concerning gender, race, social class and politics. Textual poaching—a widespread practice performed by fans of popular cultural phenomena such as Star Trek—is also a common method utilized by bloggers to advance social issues involving sensitive or controversial social issues. The examples outlined here extend beyond predominantly aesthetic appropriation to those that are more political. These blogs challenge what is plausible and socially acceptable. This paper looks at specific instances of bloggers’ appropriations of British science-fiction author H. G. Wells’s The Time Machine to display this expanded use of textual poaching.
Imagined interactions (IIs) as used by sport team fans were examined in conjunction with sport te... more Imagined interactions (IIs) as used by sport team fans were examined in conjunction with sport team identification (STI) and with behavioral outcomes and psychological effects. Sport team fans more strongly influenced by family in the STI process utilize IIs for catharsis, conflict linkage, relational maintenance, and rehearsal. Furthermore, sport team fans affected by media popularity employ IIs for catharsis, and sport team fans swayed by geography make use of IIs for relational maintenance. Sport team fans predisposed towards using IIs for catharsis, conflict linkage, and relational maintenance report higher self-esteem. Identified sport team fans who used catharsis, conflict linkage, and relational maintenance report a greater inclination to commit negative social behaviors as a result of team performance. Conversely, those who use IIs for rehearsal have a decreased tendency to commit negative social behaviors. II functions partially mediate the direct association between STI factors and outcomes, whereby more negative behaviors and positive psychological effects such as self-esteem represent the outcomes.
This study is interested in what sources of team identity formation are related to self-categoriz... more This study is interested in what sources of team identity formation are related to self-categorization as a sport team fan and the strength of that team identification, and what affective and psychological outcomes become salient in spectatorship scenarios. Participants were administered self- report instruments previously designed to measure team identity formation and psychological effects, then given cognitive tasks adapted from a previous study (Markus, 1977). Participants were required to return to the lab to watch highlights and lowlights of the attending football team’s season. These videos were recorded and coded for affective
responses. Because previous evidence supports connections between identity formation, self-categorization/strength of identity, psychological effects, and affective responses, a generalized latent variable model was estimated. The model fit the data, exposing a mediated relationship. This study extends upon previous research by isolating specific aspects of team identity formation that differentially influence affective and communicative responses, especially when mediated by sport team identification. Findings also support the assertion that identity is related to the value and emotional attachment placed on a group membership.
This manuscript investigates the quality of social scientific listening research that reports num... more This manuscript investigates the quality of social scientific listening research that reports numerical data to substantiate claims appearing in the International Journal of Listening between 1987 and 2010. Of the 225 published articles, 100 included one or more studies reporting numerical data. We frame our results in terms of eight recommendations to improve future listening scholarship. In particular, the results suggest needed variation in demographics and added attention to psychometric properties of scores. Standards for reporting and inspecting data should also be followed with more regularity, and tests of statistical assumptions along with information about missing data are urged. Effect sizes are rarely included in results and no studies reported confidence intervals suggesting overreliance on null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) when drawing implications for practice. Lastly, there were some noteworthy misappropriations of statistical techniques that are discussed.
International Association for Communication and Sport, Feb 2013
This study is interested in what sources of identity formation are related to self-categorization... more This study is interested in what sources of identity formation are related to self-categorization as a fan and the strength of that identification, and what affective, communicative, and psychological responses become salient. The proposed model considers four crucial processes: The ways in which one comes to identify with a specific team, their self-categorization as fans, to what degree they identify, and the subsequent behavioral and psychological outcomes. Participants were administered self-report instruments previously designed to measure team identity formation and psychological effects, then given cognitive tasks adapted from a previous study (Markus, 1977). They were required to return to the lab to watch a series of highlight and lowlight videos of the football team’s season. These videos were recorded and coded for communicative and affective responses. Because evidence supports connections between identity formation and (1) self-categorization/strength of identity, (2) psychological effects, and (3) behavior, and self-categorization/strength of identity associates with (1) psychological effects and (2) behaviors, a generalized latent variable model was estimated. The model fit the data and exposed two mediated relationships. This study extends upon previous research by isolating specific aspects of fandom formation that differentially influence emotional and behavioral responses. Social identity approach demonstrates to be a crucial part of the team identification process especially in regards to self-categorization, which directly links to psychological effects and behavioral output. The findings also support the assertion that identity is related to the value and emotional attachment placed on a particular group membership. Self-categorization as a fan and the strength of that identification resulted in psychological and behavioral outcomes.
This research assesses younger worker perceptions of older and same age worker stereotypes and co... more This research assesses younger worker perceptions of older and same age worker stereotypes and communication in the USA and Thailand. Results indicate that older workers are generally seen by younger workers as more uncomfortable with new technology, less flexible and more cautious on the job, and more loyal (and having fewer absences) to the organization than younger workers. As compared to younger American workers, younger Thai workers agree more with negative stereotype items that older workers make more mental mistakes, are slower to adapt to new technology, are more fearful of technology, and are less flexible at work. But they also agree more with positive stereotype items that older workers are absent less, have a better attitude toward work, and have a higher level of commitment to the organization than younger workers. In terms of their communication, younger Thai workers perceive both other younger Thai workers and older Thai workers as exhibiting more avoidant com- munication than their counterparts from the USA. The younger Thai workers also perceive members of their own age in-group as communicating in a more nonaccommodating manner than younger American workers. Implications for the aging process across cultures and the workplace are discussed.
One goal of this study is to gather further evidence concerning the predictive validity of person... more One goal of this study is to gather further evidence concerning the predictive validity of personality preferences from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). While other studies have researched the extent of the MBTI’s relationship with comparable personality measures, many have done so by separating the continua of the four dimensions. However, we contend that each is one trait with bipolar extremes. Accordingly, we examine the MBTI with its four dimensions intact. Because previous research demonstrates connections between personalities, imagined interactions and relationship satisfaction, a model is proposed. A sample of 136 couples who were either dating, engaged or married were recruited using a snowball technique from students enrolled in psychology and communication courses at a large southern university and administered the MBTI, the SII (Survey of Imagined Interactions) and the QMI (Quality Marriage Index). Results indicate both II characteristics and personality preferences predict relationship satisfaction and indicate extraversion is a comparable construct across personality measures.
""This paper attempts to demonstrate the psychometric properties and evidence of validity for a m... more ""This paper attempts to demonstrate the psychometric properties and evidence of validity for a measure recently proposed in this journal, the Communication Components Inventory (Keteyian, 2011). Across two studies, a total of 903 undergraduate students completed one of two response
formats—dichotomous and scaled—of the CCI and the Multiple Intelligence scale (MIS: Chapman & Chislett, 2005). The dichotomous response format poorly represented the data, as did the scaled response format. However, because of the latter’s superior reliability estimates it was chosen for refinement. Through the use of confirmatory factor analysis, the revised CCI replicated the data accurately. In both data samples, bivariate correlations between the CCI-R and a measure of learning styles were moderate to large, providing initial validity evidence for an important construct to counselors and their clients.
""
Previous research provides evidence that sport team fandom is marked by behavior such as overt em... more Previous research provides evidence that sport team fandom is marked by behavior such as overt emotional responses to viewed performances;1 however, previous definitions and models also recognize team fandom as a psychological construct, including notions of involvement (for example, the Psychological Continuum Model)2 and sport team identification (STI).3 The manner(s) in which fans come to identify with their favorite teams influences connectedness to the team, which then has direct association with emotional outcomes and psychological effects.4 In essence, the development of a fan’s interest in a team (including but not limited to family socialization, geography, team characteristics, athletic performance, or media) drives how and whether they think about, attend, and react to their favorite team’s performance. Thus, this manuscript proposes to examine the convergence of team identity formation and self-disclosure via social media during live sport broadcasts. Essentially, the major factors involve identity formation, spectatorship motives, psychological commitment and investment, self-esteem, and self-disclosure via social media and we will attempt to shed light on the question of what types of sport fans use social media during consumption of sport and whether and what types of disclosures they typically make.
Tests for autocorrelation need to be conducted when communication researchers use time-series dat... more Tests for autocorrelation need to be conducted when communication researchers use time-series data that include stationary variables. This case is even more pertinent when dealing with various physiological measures. For instance, heart rate (HR) and respiration are more stationary while other variables can change more quickly (such as electrodermal response). We tested a series of autoregressive models in which HR was monitored over time periods as a function of students watching video clips of their football team’s highlights and lowlights. The physiological measure as captured through average beats per minute (bpm) showed four crucial variations during the viewing of the videos representing changes in affect. These variations were divided into four intervals, and latent growth curve models were estimated to assess the extent that average bpm was changing over time. The models were estimated with and without sex as a time-invariant predictor of change. The analysis revealed that HR did change significantly in each of the four intervals and that there were strong inter individual differences in the initial bpm and in their rates of change over the duration of the intervals.
A consensually-agreed position among scholars of communication and aging is that while psychologi... more A consensually-agreed position among scholars of communication and aging is that while psychological and physical health mutually impact each other, the quality of language to and from older adult individuals shape each of these—and are shaped by them. Encounters with others inside and outside of one’s age ingroup involve stereotyped expectations with regard to language and other speech behaviors, resulting in reinforcement of age-based stereotypes and changes in social interaction, personal control, and self-esteem. These outcomes interfere with the quality of care an older adult receives from medical practitioners as older patients simply enjoy more communication satisfaction with supportive physicians than those who utilize negative age stereotypes and language. Many studies have been language-oriented as evident in attention to patronizing talk, painful self-disclosures, and stereotypes. We overview some of the major findings arising from the study of language and aging, with a view to articulating a more cohesive, integrative model that can coalesce previous theoretical and empirical efforts.
This study has three main goals: (1) to test an instrument designed to measure first language met... more This study has three main goals: (1) to test an instrument designed to measure first language metacognitive listening strategies in other cultural contexts, (2) to refine and revise the scale if necessary, and (3) to discern whether the notion that first language listeners use intuitive strategies to make meaning regardless of language is supported. Toward these goals, authors developed the Intercultural Metacognitive Listening Strategies Instrument, which displays evidence of validity in four populations and three distinct cultures: the United States, Germany, and Japan. Ultimately, this study supports the notion that there are intuitive strategies that listeners use to make meaning regardless of language.
This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their
subsequent r... more This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their
subsequent responses affects communicative response styles of initial message senders
in supportive contexts. A sample of 415 college students participated in an experiment.
Each participant was asked to recall a recently upsetting event, to imagine that they
disclosed to a close friend or family member who was attributed with each of four different
listening goals, and to indicate how they were likely to respond. Results suggest
that listening goals affect situational communicator responses when controlling for trait
communicator styles. Relational goals increase the likelihood of interpersonal communicator
responses but decrease the prospect of linguistic-styled disclosures. Analytical
listener goals do not elicit linguistic or logical responses nor do critical listener goals
influence linguistic or logical disclosures. Only relational listener goals influence communicator
responses in these data, and only for interpersonal- (increased) and linguistic-
(decreased) type responses. Listener effectiveness did not increase with a wider
variety of listening skills; relational listening was the only goal that significantly affected
response preference. This study moves work on supportive listening toward a model
that theorizes the reciprocal nature of supportive encounters: Listening is interactive.
Research in psychoacoustics and public health reveals that individuals respond differently to noi... more Research in psychoacoustics and public health reveals that individuals respond differently to noise, with some being more sensitive to noise than others. Given the prevalence of mobile technology and that noise sensitivity appears to be a relatively stable individual difference, it is possible that noise sensitivity may distinguish individual mobile phone use. This study investigates the relationship between noise sensitivity and mobile phone attitudes and behaviors. Study results suggest that noise sensitive bystanders find mobile phone conversations more annoying, that they differ in their assessment of the distraction level of ambient noise when making and receiving calls, are more likely to report mobile phones as distracting, and are more likely to seek privacy from others when receiving a call.
This research is a comparison of identification and motivation factors between sports with team a... more This research is a comparison of identification and motivation factors between sports with team as a point of attachment (college football) and sports with an individual athlete as a point of attachment (NASCAR). The results contribute to advancing our understanding of identity formation and spectator motivation. Geography and family were found to be important antecedents of college football team identification, while media influence drove consumer identification with NASCAR drivers. NASCAR sport consumers were prone to watch their sport casually, while college football sport consumers were influenced to watch their sport by the aesthetics of the game, and a relationship to other recreational activities such as tailgating. Findings help us to understand what specific factors play a role in individuals connecting with different types of sport symbols, but also have implications for the management, marketing, communications, and selling of sport and sport related products.
Using data from 485 college student participants, this study investigated relations among mental ... more Using data from 485 college student participants, this study investigated relations among mental representations of conversations and listening behaviors. Results showed low usage of Imagined Interactions (IIs) for rehearsal and self-understanding and high usage of IIs as compensation for interaction were associated with lower reported scores on active-empathic responding. In describing IIs, low levels of proactivity and variety were associated with low reported levels of AEL processing and responding behaviors, suggesting individuals who do not engage in IIs before conversations or imagine a variety of potential conversations to gain understanding do not report engaging in behaviors that act to acknowledge their partners in conversation. The primary contribution of these findings is to forward an empirical integration of intrapersonal and listening research and theory.
The Watson-Barker Listening Test (WBLT) is one of the most popular measures of listening comprehe... more The Watson-Barker Listening Test (WBLT) is one of the most popular measures of listening comprehension. However, little research has tested its use as a valid and reliable measure of listening, particularly with non native English speakers. At the same time, previous research questions the psychometric properties of the test. This study addressed both these issues. Results suggest that the measure does not meet the proposed five-factor structure and that the items hold little relations to one another. Thus, we recommend researchers and educators choose alternative means of measuring listening comprehension of this student population.
The Kingdom of Thailand, population 68 million, shares borders with Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and ... more The Kingdom of Thailand, population 68 million, shares borders with Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, and Malaysia. Infectious disease burden (including years of life lost) is significant, though improving. Major infectious diseases include HIV/AIDS, malaria, dengue fever, various types of hepatitis, and tuberculosis (TB). Other public health concerns include smoking, food safety, road safety, cancer, and heart disease. All of these health threats have been targeted for campaigns by Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) and many public and private organizations. Over the past three decades, MoPH has produced numerous disease prevention and intervention strategies that have had major domestic and global outcomes. Subsequently, health communication campaigns and the study of health communication have garnered a significant degree of attention in Thailand.
This article provides validity evidence for a measure of listening goals by showing theoretically... more This article provides validity evidence for a measure of listening goals by showing theoretically consistent relationships with an existing communication preference questionnaire. Participants (N = 257) were administered trait measures for listening goals and communicator preferences. The four listening goals—relational, task-oriented, analytical, and critical—are related to seven communicator preferences: interpersonal, intrapersonal, auditory, visual-spatial, kinesthetic, linguistic, and logical. These results are supportive of hypotheses, although there were some contradictory findings and some findings were not hypothesized. Results of multivariate correlation estimates portray a listening profile centered on relational goals and interpersonal communicator preferences. Although acknowledging several limitations, results offer theoretical and practical guidance for future work, specifically how this information may be of help to individuals, couples, and counselors in utilizing relational goals and making more careful communicative choices.
This study describes Finnish men’s support provision for same-sex friends. Thesese\\ data consis... more This study describes Finnish men’s support provision for same-sex friends. Thesese\\ data consist of 25 episode interviews. Two main problem scenarios—break-up and sudden unemployment—were used, which were moderated by alcohol abuse. These data was were analyzed with qualitative and quantitative methods. Results showed that men provide support by giving perspective, suggestion, reassurance, and support availability. The amount of solace for a friend was significantly scarcer in alcohol-related problems. The study found that indirect support aims to motivate self-realization and thus, result in more permanent and positive change. Such interactions can also lead men to give “cold comfort.”
Textual poaching goes beyond uses surrounding the politics of fandom: It is utilized to advance s... more Textual poaching goes beyond uses surrounding the politics of fandom: It is utilized to advance social positions concerning gender, race, social class and politics. Textual poaching—a widespread practice performed by fans of popular cultural phenomena such as Star Trek—is also a common method utilized by bloggers to advance social issues involving sensitive or controversial social issues. The examples outlined here extend beyond predominantly aesthetic appropriation to those that are more political. These blogs challenge what is plausible and socially acceptable. This paper looks at specific instances of bloggers’ appropriations of British science-fiction author H. G. Wells’s The Time Machine to display this expanded use of textual poaching.
Imagined interactions (IIs) as used by sport team fans were examined in conjunction with sport te... more Imagined interactions (IIs) as used by sport team fans were examined in conjunction with sport team identification (STI) and with behavioral outcomes and psychological effects. Sport team fans more strongly influenced by family in the STI process utilize IIs for catharsis, conflict linkage, relational maintenance, and rehearsal. Furthermore, sport team fans affected by media popularity employ IIs for catharsis, and sport team fans swayed by geography make use of IIs for relational maintenance. Sport team fans predisposed towards using IIs for catharsis, conflict linkage, and relational maintenance report higher self-esteem. Identified sport team fans who used catharsis, conflict linkage, and relational maintenance report a greater inclination to commit negative social behaviors as a result of team performance. Conversely, those who use IIs for rehearsal have a decreased tendency to commit negative social behaviors. II functions partially mediate the direct association between STI factors and outcomes, whereby more negative behaviors and positive psychological effects such as self-esteem represent the outcomes.
This study is interested in what sources of team identity formation are related to self-categoriz... more This study is interested in what sources of team identity formation are related to self-categorization as a sport team fan and the strength of that team identification, and what affective and psychological outcomes become salient in spectatorship scenarios. Participants were administered self- report instruments previously designed to measure team identity formation and psychological effects, then given cognitive tasks adapted from a previous study (Markus, 1977). Participants were required to return to the lab to watch highlights and lowlights of the attending football team’s season. These videos were recorded and coded for affective
responses. Because previous evidence supports connections between identity formation, self-categorization/strength of identity, psychological effects, and affective responses, a generalized latent variable model was estimated. The model fit the data, exposing a mediated relationship. This study extends upon previous research by isolating specific aspects of team identity formation that differentially influence affective and communicative responses, especially when mediated by sport team identification. Findings also support the assertion that identity is related to the value and emotional attachment placed on a group membership.
This manuscript investigates the quality of social scientific listening research that reports num... more This manuscript investigates the quality of social scientific listening research that reports numerical data to substantiate claims appearing in the International Journal of Listening between 1987 and 2010. Of the 225 published articles, 100 included one or more studies reporting numerical data. We frame our results in terms of eight recommendations to improve future listening scholarship. In particular, the results suggest needed variation in demographics and added attention to psychometric properties of scores. Standards for reporting and inspecting data should also be followed with more regularity, and tests of statistical assumptions along with information about missing data are urged. Effect sizes are rarely included in results and no studies reported confidence intervals suggesting overreliance on null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) when drawing implications for practice. Lastly, there were some noteworthy misappropriations of statistical techniques that are discussed.
International Association for Communication and Sport, Feb 2013
This study is interested in what sources of identity formation are related to self-categorization... more This study is interested in what sources of identity formation are related to self-categorization as a fan and the strength of that identification, and what affective, communicative, and psychological responses become salient. The proposed model considers four crucial processes: The ways in which one comes to identify with a specific team, their self-categorization as fans, to what degree they identify, and the subsequent behavioral and psychological outcomes. Participants were administered self-report instruments previously designed to measure team identity formation and psychological effects, then given cognitive tasks adapted from a previous study (Markus, 1977). They were required to return to the lab to watch a series of highlight and lowlight videos of the football team’s season. These videos were recorded and coded for communicative and affective responses. Because evidence supports connections between identity formation and (1) self-categorization/strength of identity, (2) psychological effects, and (3) behavior, and self-categorization/strength of identity associates with (1) psychological effects and (2) behaviors, a generalized latent variable model was estimated. The model fit the data and exposed two mediated relationships. This study extends upon previous research by isolating specific aspects of fandom formation that differentially influence emotional and behavioral responses. Social identity approach demonstrates to be a crucial part of the team identification process especially in regards to self-categorization, which directly links to psychological effects and behavioral output. The findings also support the assertion that identity is related to the value and emotional attachment placed on a particular group membership. Self-categorization as a fan and the strength of that identification resulted in psychological and behavioral outcomes.
This research assesses younger worker perceptions of older and same age worker stereotypes and co... more This research assesses younger worker perceptions of older and same age worker stereotypes and communication in the USA and Thailand. Results indicate that older workers are generally seen by younger workers as more uncomfortable with new technology, less flexible and more cautious on the job, and more loyal (and having fewer absences) to the organization than younger workers. As compared to younger American workers, younger Thai workers agree more with negative stereotype items that older workers make more mental mistakes, are slower to adapt to new technology, are more fearful of technology, and are less flexible at work. But they also agree more with positive stereotype items that older workers are absent less, have a better attitude toward work, and have a higher level of commitment to the organization than younger workers. In terms of their communication, younger Thai workers perceive both other younger Thai workers and older Thai workers as exhibiting more avoidant com- munication than their counterparts from the USA. The younger Thai workers also perceive members of their own age in-group as communicating in a more nonaccommodating manner than younger American workers. Implications for the aging process across cultures and the workplace are discussed.
One goal of this study is to gather further evidence concerning the predictive validity of person... more One goal of this study is to gather further evidence concerning the predictive validity of personality preferences from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). While other studies have researched the extent of the MBTI’s relationship with comparable personality measures, many have done so by separating the continua of the four dimensions. However, we contend that each is one trait with bipolar extremes. Accordingly, we examine the MBTI with its four dimensions intact. Because previous research demonstrates connections between personalities, imagined interactions and relationship satisfaction, a model is proposed. A sample of 136 couples who were either dating, engaged or married were recruited using a snowball technique from students enrolled in psychology and communication courses at a large southern university and administered the MBTI, the SII (Survey of Imagined Interactions) and the QMI (Quality Marriage Index). Results indicate both II characteristics and personality preferences predict relationship satisfaction and indicate extraversion is a comparable construct across personality measures.
""This paper attempts to demonstrate the psychometric properties and evidence of validity for a m... more ""This paper attempts to demonstrate the psychometric properties and evidence of validity for a measure recently proposed in this journal, the Communication Components Inventory (Keteyian, 2011). Across two studies, a total of 903 undergraduate students completed one of two response
formats—dichotomous and scaled—of the CCI and the Multiple Intelligence scale (MIS: Chapman & Chislett, 2005). The dichotomous response format poorly represented the data, as did the scaled response format. However, because of the latter’s superior reliability estimates it was chosen for refinement. Through the use of confirmatory factor analysis, the revised CCI replicated the data accurately. In both data samples, bivariate correlations between the CCI-R and a measure of learning styles were moderate to large, providing initial validity evidence for an important construct to counselors and their clients.
""
Tests for autocorrelation need to be conducted when communication researchers use time-series dat... more Tests for autocorrelation need to be conducted when communication researchers use time-series data that include stationary variables. This case is even more pertinent when dealing with various physiological measures. For instance, heart rate (HR) and respiration are more stationary, while other variables can change more quickly (such as electrodermal response). We tested a series of autoregressive models in which HR was monitored over time periods as a function of students watching video clips of their football team’s highlights and lowlights. The physiological measure as captured through average beats per minute (bpm) showed four crucial variations during the viewing of the videos representing changes in affect. These variations were divided into four intervals, and latent growth curve models were estimated to assess the extent that average bpm was changing over time. The models were estimated with and without sex as a time-invariant predictor of change. The analysis revealed that HR did change significantly in each of the four intervals and that there were strong interindividual differences in the initial bpm and in their rates of change over the duration of the intervals.
This paper examines the endorsement of four types of cultural patterns across America, Japan, and... more This paper examines the endorsement of four types of cultural patterns across America, Japan, and Thailand, as well as how these cultural patterns predict the emotional valence (positive-negative) of intrapersonal communication. Within-subjects tests revealed that the American sample endorsed horizontalism more than verticalism, while the Thais endorsed horizontal collectivism the most and vertical collectivism the least. The Japanese sample reported significantly more horizontal collectivism than any other cultural pattern, and significantly less vertical individualism. Across cultures, the Americans reported comparatively higher levels of horizontal individualism than did the Japanese and then the Thais. The Thais endorsed horizontal collectivism less than those in the USA and Japan. Finally, the Japanese comparatively endorsed vertical collectivism more than the Americans, followed by the Thais. For intrapersonal communication affect, horizontal collectivism predicted positive emotional affect in Thailand and Japan, while vertical collectivism was negatively related to affect in Thailand.
This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their subsequent re... more This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their subsequent responses affects communicative response styles of initial message senders in supportive contexts. A sample of 415 college students participated in an experiment. Each participant was asked to recall a recently upsetting event, to imagine that they disclosed to a close friend or family member who was attributed with each of four different listening goals, and to indicate how they were likely to respond. Results suggest that listening goals affect situational communicator responses when controlling for trait communicator styles. Relational goals increase the likelihood of interpersonal communicator responses but decrease the prospect of linguistic-styled disclosures. Analytical listener goals do not elicit linguistic or logical responses nor do critical listener goals influence linguistic or logical disclosures. Only relational listener goals influence communicator responses in these data, and only for interpersonal- (increased) and linguistic- (decreased) type responses. Listener effectiveness did not increase with a wider variety of listening skills; relational listening was the only goal that significantly affected response preference. This study moves work on supportive listening toward a model that theorizes the reciprocal nature of supportive encounters: Listening is interactive.
This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their subsequent re... more This study tested the extent that style of listening by message receivers and their subsequent responses affects communicative response styles of initial message senders in supportive contexts. A sample of 415 college students participated in an experiment. Each participant was asked to recall a recently upsetting event, to imagine that they disclosed to a close friend or family member who was attributed with each of four different listening goals, and to indicate how they were likely to respond. Results suggest that listening goals affect situational communicator responses when controlling for trait communicator styles. Relational goals increase the likelihood of interpersonal communicator responses but decrease the prospect of linguistic-styled disclosures. Analytical listener goals do not elicit linguistic or logical responses nor do critical listener goals influence linguistic or logical disclosures. Only relational listener goals influence communicator responses in these data, and only for interpersonal- (increased) and linguistic- (decreased) type responses. Listener effectiveness did not increase with a wider variety of listening skills; relational listening was the only goal that significantly affected response preference. This study moves work on supportive listening toward a mode that theorizes the reciprocal nature of supportive encounters: Listening is interactive.
Keywords: Communicator Styles; Interpersonal; Linguistic; Listening Goals; Relational; Supportive Listening Shaughan A. Keaton (Ph.D., Louisiana State University
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Thus, this manuscript proposes to examine the convergence of team identity formation and self-disclosure via social media during live sport broadcasts. Essentially, the major factors involve identity formation, spectatorship motives, psychological commitment and investment, self-esteem, and self-disclosure via social media and we will attempt to shed light on the question of what types of sport fans use social media during consumption of sport and whether and what types of disclosures they typically make.
listeners use intuitive strategies to make meaning regardless of language is supported.
Toward these goals, authors developed the Intercultural Metacognitive Listening
Strategies Instrument, which displays evidence of validity in four populations and
three distinct cultures: the United States, Germany, and Japan. Ultimately, this study
supports the notion that there are intuitive strategies that listeners use to make
meaning regardless of language.
subsequent responses affects communicative response styles of initial message senders
in supportive contexts. A sample of 415 college students participated in an experiment.
Each participant was asked to recall a recently upsetting event, to imagine that they
disclosed to a close friend or family member who was attributed with each of four different
listening goals, and to indicate how they were likely to respond. Results suggest
that listening goals affect situational communicator responses when controlling for trait
communicator styles. Relational goals increase the likelihood of interpersonal communicator
responses but decrease the prospect of linguistic-styled disclosures. Analytical
listener goals do not elicit linguistic or logical responses nor do critical listener goals
influence linguistic or logical disclosures. Only relational listener goals influence communicator
responses in these data, and only for interpersonal- (increased) and linguistic-
(decreased) type responses. Listener effectiveness did not increase with a wider
variety of listening skills; relational listening was the only goal that significantly affected
response preference. This study moves work on supportive listening toward a model
that theorizes the reciprocal nature of supportive encounters: Listening is interactive.
responses. Because previous evidence supports connections between identity formation, self-categorization/strength of identity, psychological effects, and affective responses, a generalized latent variable model was estimated. The model fit the data, exposing a mediated relationship. This study extends upon previous research by isolating specific aspects of team identity formation that differentially influence affective and communicative responses, especially when mediated by sport team identification. Findings also support the assertion that identity is related to the value and emotional attachment placed on a group membership.
http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/YiKmYFrwwCVa7GbRWNUg/full
formats—dichotomous and scaled—of the CCI and the Multiple Intelligence scale (MIS: Chapman & Chislett, 2005). The dichotomous response format poorly represented the data, as did the scaled response format. However, because of the latter’s superior reliability estimates it was chosen for refinement. Through the use of confirmatory factor analysis, the revised CCI replicated the data accurately. In both data samples, bivariate correlations between the CCI-R and a measure of learning styles were moderate to large, providing initial validity evidence for an important construct to counselors and their clients.
""
Thus, this manuscript proposes to examine the convergence of team identity formation and self-disclosure via social media during live sport broadcasts. Essentially, the major factors involve identity formation, spectatorship motives, psychological commitment and investment, self-esteem, and self-disclosure via social media and we will attempt to shed light on the question of what types of sport fans use social media during consumption of sport and whether and what types of disclosures they typically make.
listeners use intuitive strategies to make meaning regardless of language is supported.
Toward these goals, authors developed the Intercultural Metacognitive Listening
Strategies Instrument, which displays evidence of validity in four populations and
three distinct cultures: the United States, Germany, and Japan. Ultimately, this study
supports the notion that there are intuitive strategies that listeners use to make
meaning regardless of language.
subsequent responses affects communicative response styles of initial message senders
in supportive contexts. A sample of 415 college students participated in an experiment.
Each participant was asked to recall a recently upsetting event, to imagine that they
disclosed to a close friend or family member who was attributed with each of four different
listening goals, and to indicate how they were likely to respond. Results suggest
that listening goals affect situational communicator responses when controlling for trait
communicator styles. Relational goals increase the likelihood of interpersonal communicator
responses but decrease the prospect of linguistic-styled disclosures. Analytical
listener goals do not elicit linguistic or logical responses nor do critical listener goals
influence linguistic or logical disclosures. Only relational listener goals influence communicator
responses in these data, and only for interpersonal- (increased) and linguistic-
(decreased) type responses. Listener effectiveness did not increase with a wider
variety of listening skills; relational listening was the only goal that significantly affected
response preference. This study moves work on supportive listening toward a model
that theorizes the reciprocal nature of supportive encounters: Listening is interactive.
responses. Because previous evidence supports connections between identity formation, self-categorization/strength of identity, psychological effects, and affective responses, a generalized latent variable model was estimated. The model fit the data, exposing a mediated relationship. This study extends upon previous research by isolating specific aspects of team identity formation that differentially influence affective and communicative responses, especially when mediated by sport team identification. Findings also support the assertion that identity is related to the value and emotional attachment placed on a group membership.
http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/YiKmYFrwwCVa7GbRWNUg/full
formats—dichotomous and scaled—of the CCI and the Multiple Intelligence scale (MIS: Chapman & Chislett, 2005). The dichotomous response format poorly represented the data, as did the scaled response format. However, because of the latter’s superior reliability estimates it was chosen for refinement. Through the use of confirmatory factor analysis, the revised CCI replicated the data accurately. In both data samples, bivariate correlations between the CCI-R and a measure of learning styles were moderate to large, providing initial validity evidence for an important construct to counselors and their clients.
""
dealing with various physiological measures. For instance, heart rate (HR) and respiration are more stationary, while other variables can change more quickly (such as electrodermal response). We tested a series of autoregressive models in which HR was monitored over time periods as a function of students watching video clips of their football team’s highlights and lowlights. The physiological measure as captured through average beats per minute (bpm) showed four crucial variations during the viewing of the videos representing changes in affect. These variations were divided into four intervals, and latent growth curve models were estimated to assess the extent that average bpm was changing over time. The models were estimated with and without sex as a time-invariant predictor of change. The analysis revealed that HR did change significantly in each of the four intervals and that there were strong interindividual differences in the initial bpm and in their rates of change over the duration of the intervals.
in supportive contexts. A sample of 415 college students participated in an experiment. Each participant was asked to recall a recently upsetting event, to imagine that they
disclosed to a close friend or family member who was attributed with each of four different listening goals, and to indicate how they were likely to respond. Results suggest
that listening goals affect situational communicator responses when controlling for trait communicator styles. Relational goals increase the likelihood of interpersonal communicator responses but decrease the prospect of linguistic-styled disclosures. Analytical listener goals do not elicit linguistic or logical responses nor do critical listener goals influence linguistic or logical disclosures. Only relational listener goals influence communicator responses in these data, and only for interpersonal- (increased) and linguistic- (decreased) type responses. Listener effectiveness did not increase with a wider
variety of listening skills; relational listening was the only goal that significantly affected response preference. This study moves work on supportive listening toward a mode that theorizes the reciprocal nature of supportive encounters: Listening is interactive.
Keywords: Communicator Styles; Interpersonal; Linguistic; Listening Goals;
Relational; Supportive Listening
Shaughan A. Keaton (Ph.D., Louisiana State University