The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have... more The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have for global employment. The results show some of the unforeseen consequences for the developing world if the developed world decides to reduce its carbon footprint by reducing its imports. The chapter introduces us to the labour productivity of carbon, which represents the amount of labour associated with every kilogram of CO2 released during production of goods and services.
With no globally comprehensive agreement until 2020, there is a serious concern that the environm... more With no globally comprehensive agreement until 2020, there is a serious concern that the environmental effectiveness of climate policy in developed will be compromised. This report explores how to extend the responsibility of developed countries to minimise the effects of emission leakage in the absence of a global agreement between 2012 and 2020, focusing on the application of Border Carbon Adjustments (BCA) within a system of consumption-based GHG accounting.
Abstract For the period since 2011, the UK has been bound by European Union (EU) legislation rega... more Abstract For the period since 2011, the UK has been bound by European Union (EU) legislation regarding energy reduction targets to 2020. As of 2019, the UK had reduced its final energy use by 18% against a baseline projection to 2020, on track to meet its target of 18%. Whilst the rest of the EU-27 now set their own energy reduction targets to 2030, upon leaving the EU via Brexit, the UK is now free to choose its own energy targets. But what should the energy target be for 2030, and what are the socio-macroeconomic impacts and policy implications? To address this, we use two econometric energy-economy models to assess three different levels of energy reduction target, with 27%, 33% and 40% reduction in 2030 versus the baseline model projections. We find the strictest (40%) energy reduction target could deliver the largest economic and employment benefits. However, careful attention to policies are required, to ensure improvements to overall economy-wide energy efficiency whilst minimising rebound. Demand-side policies of serious scale within an ‘avoid-shift-improve’ framework are required, including massive building retrofits, significant improvements to industrial energy efficiency, switching to low energy transport modes, and moving away from meat-based diets.
The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have... more The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have for global employment. The results show some of the unforeseen consequences for the developing world if the developed world decides to reduce its carbon footprint by reducing its imports. The chapter introduces us to the labour productivity of carbon, which represents the amount of labour associated with every kilogram of CO2 released during production of goods and services.
Internationally, reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is currently based on the production-based... more Internationally, reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is currently based on the production-based (PB) accounting method, which measures emissions generated in the place where goods and services are produced. However, this allocation method has been criticised for excluding emissions embodied in trade. Consequently, consumption-based (CB) accounting has been proposed as an alternative, or as a complementary information tool. This approach allocates emissions from goods and services to the country of the final consumer. It therefore includes emissions embedded in imports, plus aviation and shipping emissions, but excludes emissions embodied in exports. The main aim of this chapter is to outline the arguments in favour of and against adoption of CB accounting. In addition, it reviews how CB accounting is used in policy-making processes.
This file contains the following data sheets used in the following paper: Nieto, J., Pollitt, H. ... more This file contains the following data sheets used in the following paper: Nieto, J., Pollitt, H. Brockway, P.E., Clements, L., Sakai, M., and Barrett J. "Socio-Macroeconomic Impacts of Implementing Different Post-Brexit UK Energy Reduction Targets to 2030." Energy Policy 158, 2021, 112556. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112556 *Inputs: Exogenous inputs to the model *Results Levels:Results for the E3ME and MARCO-UK scenarios in levels *Results vs Baseline: Results for the E3ME and MARCO-UK scenarios in volume index (Baseline=100) as presented in the paper *Summary results tables: Results according to different criteria
The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have... more The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have for global employment. The results show some of the unforeseen consequences for the developing world if the developed world decides to reduce its carbon footprint by reducing its imports. The chapter introduces us to the labour productivity of carbon, which represents the amount of labour associated with every kilogram of CO2 released during production of goods and services.
With no globally comprehensive agreement until 2020, there is a serious concern that the environm... more With no globally comprehensive agreement until 2020, there is a serious concern that the environmental effectiveness of climate policy in developed will be compromised. This report explores how to extend the responsibility of developed countries to minimise the effects of emission leakage in the absence of a global agreement between 2012 and 2020, focusing on the application of Border Carbon Adjustments (BCA) within a system of consumption-based GHG accounting.
Abstract For the period since 2011, the UK has been bound by European Union (EU) legislation rega... more Abstract For the period since 2011, the UK has been bound by European Union (EU) legislation regarding energy reduction targets to 2020. As of 2019, the UK had reduced its final energy use by 18% against a baseline projection to 2020, on track to meet its target of 18%. Whilst the rest of the EU-27 now set their own energy reduction targets to 2030, upon leaving the EU via Brexit, the UK is now free to choose its own energy targets. But what should the energy target be for 2030, and what are the socio-macroeconomic impacts and policy implications? To address this, we use two econometric energy-economy models to assess three different levels of energy reduction target, with 27%, 33% and 40% reduction in 2030 versus the baseline model projections. We find the strictest (40%) energy reduction target could deliver the largest economic and employment benefits. However, careful attention to policies are required, to ensure improvements to overall economy-wide energy efficiency whilst minimising rebound. Demand-side policies of serious scale within an ‘avoid-shift-improve’ framework are required, including massive building retrofits, significant improvements to industrial energy efficiency, switching to low energy transport modes, and moving away from meat-based diets.
The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have... more The chapter discusses the implications that a reduction in the world’s carbon footprint will have for global employment. The results show some of the unforeseen consequences for the developing world if the developed world decides to reduce its carbon footprint by reducing its imports. The chapter introduces us to the labour productivity of carbon, which represents the amount of labour associated with every kilogram of CO2 released during production of goods and services.
Internationally, reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is currently based on the production-based... more Internationally, reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is currently based on the production-based (PB) accounting method, which measures emissions generated in the place where goods and services are produced. However, this allocation method has been criticised for excluding emissions embodied in trade. Consequently, consumption-based (CB) accounting has been proposed as an alternative, or as a complementary information tool. This approach allocates emissions from goods and services to the country of the final consumer. It therefore includes emissions embedded in imports, plus aviation and shipping emissions, but excludes emissions embodied in exports. The main aim of this chapter is to outline the arguments in favour of and against adoption of CB accounting. In addition, it reviews how CB accounting is used in policy-making processes.
This file contains the following data sheets used in the following paper: Nieto, J., Pollitt, H. ... more This file contains the following data sheets used in the following paper: Nieto, J., Pollitt, H. Brockway, P.E., Clements, L., Sakai, M., and Barrett J. "Socio-Macroeconomic Impacts of Implementing Different Post-Brexit UK Energy Reduction Targets to 2030." Energy Policy 158, 2021, 112556. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112556 *Inputs: Exogenous inputs to the model *Results Levels:Results for the E3ME and MARCO-UK scenarios in levels *Results vs Baseline: Results for the E3ME and MARCO-UK scenarios in volume index (Baseline=100) as presented in the paper *Summary results tables: Results according to different criteria
African governments face a major dilemma. On the one hand, structural transformation is necessary... more African governments face a major dilemma. On the one hand, structural transformation is necessary for achieving substantial and broad-based improvements in human well-being. On the other hand, structural transformation, together with rising affluence and a growing population, will necessarily intensify environmental pressures because of the increasing demand for natural resources, including both material and energy inputs used in production, the expanding magnitude of waste and pollution, and the growing reliance on non-renewable resources.
The Report suggests that this dilemma can be resolved by employing a development strategy called sustainable structural transformation. This involves the adoption of deliberate, concerted and proactive measures to promote structural transformation and the relative decoupling of natural resource use and environmental impacts from the growth process. Decoupling refers here to using fewer resources per unit of economic output (i.e. increasing resource productivity or resource efficiency) and mitigating the environmental impact of any resources that are used or economic activities that are carried out.
The Report includes a set of stylized facts on resource use and productivity in Africa. This information is based on the first comprehensive, comparative and quantitative study on the levels, trends and composition of resource use in Africa.
The Report discusses why a strategy of sustainable structural transformation is important and how strategic priorities for decoupling can be identified. It argues that it is essential that an appropriate enabling environment, including support measures such as increased aid for the energy sector and enhanced technology transfer mechanisms, be created at the international level in order to support Africa in achieving sustainable structural transformation.
The Report offers a set of policy recommendations to African policymakers and their development partners for implementing sustainable structural transformation. It argues that green industrial development must lie at the heart of sustainable structural transformation in Africa. This needs to be complemented by policies designed to increase access to energy, in particular sustainable energy, and by policies fostering a green agricultural revolution in Africa based on the sustainable intensification of agricultural production.
This report provides an analysis of where Greenhouse Gas emissions associated with UK consumption... more This report provides an analysis of where Greenhouse Gas emissions associated with UK consumption occur by both sector and country. The UK’s full supply chain emissions for 2004 from a consumption perspective are 853Mt CO2e. This does not include direct emissions from households as a result of burning fuel for heating and private car use. Of the 853 Mt CO2e, 15 product groups account for more than 75% of total emissions. Over 55% of the emissions associated with these products occur overseas.
With no globally comprehensive agreement until 2020, there is a serious concern that the environm... more With no globally comprehensive agreement until 2020, there is a serious concern that the environmental effectiveness of climate policy in developed will be compromised. This report explores how to extend the responsibility of developed countries to minimise the effects of emission leakage in the absence of a global agreement between 2012 and 2020, focusing on the application of Border Carbon Adjustments (BCA) within a system of consumption-based GHG accounting.
Co-authored with Jonathan B Norman,
André Cabrera Serrenho, Samuel J G Cooper, Anne Owen,
Marco S... more Co-authored with Jonathan B Norman, André Cabrera Serrenho, Samuel J G Cooper, Anne Owen, Marco Sakai, Kate Scott, Paul E Brockway, Simone Cooper, Jannik Giesekam, Giuseppe Salvia, Jonathan M. Cullen, John R Barrett, Tim Cooper, Geoffrey P Hammond, Julian M Allwood
Handbook on Trade Policy and Climate Change, Mar 2022
Internationally, reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is currently based on the production-based... more Internationally, reporting of greenhouse gas emissions is currently based on the production-based (PB) accounting method, which measures emissions generated in the place where goods and services are produced. However, this allocation method has been criticised for excluding emissions embodied in trade. Consequently, consumption-based (CB) accounting has been proposed as an alternative, or as a complementary information tool. This approach allocates emissions from goods and services to the country of the final consumer. It therefore includes emissions embedded in imports, plus aviation and shipping emissions, but excludes emissions embodied in exports. The main aim of this chapter is to outline the arguments in favour of and against adoption of CB accounting. In addition, it reviews how CB accounting is used in policy-making processes.
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The Report suggests that this dilemma can be resolved by employing a development strategy called sustainable structural transformation. This involves the adoption of deliberate, concerted and proactive measures to promote structural transformation and the relative decoupling of natural resource use and environmental impacts from the growth process. Decoupling refers here to using fewer resources per unit of economic output (i.e. increasing resource productivity or resource efficiency) and mitigating the environmental impact of any resources that are used or economic activities that are carried out.
The Report includes a set of stylized facts on resource use and productivity in Africa. This information is based on the first comprehensive, comparative and quantitative study on the levels, trends and composition of resource use in Africa.
The Report discusses why a strategy of sustainable structural transformation is important and how strategic priorities for decoupling can be identified. It argues that it is essential that an appropriate enabling environment, including support measures such as increased aid for the energy sector and enhanced technology transfer mechanisms, be created at the international level in order to support Africa in achieving sustainable structural transformation.
The Report offers a set of policy recommendations to African policymakers and their development partners for implementing sustainable structural transformation. It argues that green industrial development must lie at the heart of sustainable structural transformation in Africa. This needs to be complemented by policies designed to increase access to energy, in particular sustainable energy, and by policies fostering a green agricultural revolution in Africa based on the sustainable intensification of agricultural production.
André Cabrera Serrenho, Samuel J G Cooper, Anne Owen,
Marco Sakai, Kate Scott, Paul E Brockway, Simone Cooper,
Jannik Giesekam, Giuseppe Salvia, Jonathan M. Cullen,
John R Barrett, Tim Cooper, Geoffrey P Hammond, Julian
M Allwood