1 Objective: To determine the accuracy of paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation records. Design: Ca... more 1 Objective: To determine the accuracy of paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation records. Design: Case series. Setting: Twenty-six-bed video-monitored pediatric cardiac ICU. Patients: All patients who had a resuscitation event with available video and electronically stored vital sign and waveform data from May 2012 to February 2013. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: There were 41 cardiopulmo-nary resuscitation events during the study period. Fifteen had complete and valid data from the paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation forms, the retrieved monitor data, and the continuous bedside video monitoring. These 15 events occurred in 12 individual patients, and there was 100% agreement of data in the documentation of interventions in place (ventilation, arterial catheter, pulse oximetry, and vascular access) and in the presence of a witness at the onset of the arrest. All events were witnessed. Of the 15 events, video and monitor review revealed that 14 used waveform and numeric capnometry to confirm endotracheal tube/ tracheostomy placement, but this section was only completed on the paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation record in three of the 14 cases. All records showed no discrepancies in the time of return of spontaneous circulation. The video and monitor review revealed delay in initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation (mode, 2 min; two cases ≥ 7 min) and shockable rhythms (ventricular arrhythmia) in two cases. A sign of pulseless state was discovered in seven cases classified on the paper record as " always with a pulse. " Those include sudden loss of consciousness, flat arterial line tracing , and abrupt drop in the partial pressure of exhaled carbon dioxide tracing (< 10 mm Hg). Conclusions: Eyewitness accounts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are often inaccurate and incomplete. Review of information from video and electronically stored vital sign and waveform data provides more accurate information than review of paper-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation records and may provide the insight necessary to improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. (Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; XX:00–00)
Organizations increasingly rely on teams to respond to crises. While research on team effectivene... more Organizations increasingly rely on teams to respond to crises. While research on team effectiveness during nonroutine events is growing, naturalistic studies examining team behaviors during crises are relatively scarce. Furthermore, the relevant literature offers competing theoretical rationales concerning effective team response to crises. In this article, the authors investigate whether high-versus average-performing teams can be distinguished on the basis of the number and complexity of their interaction patterns. Using behavioral observation methodology, the authors coded the discrete verbal and nonverbal behaviors of 14 nuclear power plant control room crews as they responded to a simulated crisis. Pattern detection software revealed systematic differences among crews in their patterns of interaction. Mean comparisons and discriminant function analysis indicated that that higher performing crews exhibited fewer, shorter, and less complex interactions patterns. These results illustrate the limitations of standardized response patterns and highlight the importance of team adaptability. Implications for future research and for team training are included.
Both researchers and practitioners are increasing their attention to the multitasking demands of ... more Both researchers and practitioners are increasing their attention to the multitasking demands of contemporary work contexts, and previous work suggests polychronicity plays a central role in the motivation of individuals to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. However, our detailed examination of existing literature reveals a wide range of conceptualizations and operationalizations of this construct, as well as incongruent results concerning the effects of polychronicity on behavior and performance. In this article, we develop recommendations for defining and measuring polychronicity more precisely , we examine and compare existing work on predictors of polychronicity, and we address the equivocal relationship between polychronicity and performance. We conclude with implications for future research.
Organizational efforts to improve team effectiveness in crisis situations primarily have focused ... more Organizational efforts to improve team effectiveness in crisis situations primarily have focused on team training initiatives and, to a lesser degree, on staffing teams with respect to members' ability, experience, and functional backgrounds. Largely neglected in these efforts is the emotional component of crises and, correspondingly, the notion of staffing teams with consideration for their affective makeup. To address this void, we examined the impact of team member dispositional positive affect (PA) on team crisis effectiveness and the role of felt negative emotion in transmitting that influence. A study of 21 nuclear power plant crews engaged in crisis training simulations revealed that homogeneity in PA, but not mean-level PA, was associated with greater team effectiveness. Mediation analysis suggested that homogeneity in PA leads to greater team effectiveness by reducing the amount of negative emotions that team members experience during crises. Furthermore, homogeneity in PA compensated for lower mean-level PA in predicting effectiveness. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for understanding and further exploring the importance of affective factors and especially team affective composition in team crisis performance.
Multinational organizations (MNOs), more so than other organizations, are likely to require indiv... more Multinational organizations (MNOs), more so than other organizations, are likely to require individuals with different perspectives, experiences, and backgrounds to form teams and collaboratively manage knowledge. We develop a framework that shows why variations in time perspectives among members of teams occur and how such differences can exert significant but unacknowledged influences on knowledge management efforts in MNOs, including: (1) innovativeness of knowledge created (2) speed of knowledge creation and (3) speed of knowledge transfer between teams. We also provide new insights into benefits of time perspective heterogeneity for teams managing knowledge.
Many organizations rely on the functioning of teams. In this study we focus on swift-starting tea... more Many organizations rely on the functioning of teams. In this study we focus on swift-starting teams—that is, ad hoc teams formed for immediate task performance, such as emergency or rescue teams or aviation crews, with highly trained members who have generally not previously worked together as a team. Previous research suggests that teams develop task performance capability over time, but that stable patterns of interaction in teams emerge very quickly. We suggest that these interaction patterns help swift starting teams engage in immediate task performance. In particular, we hypothesize that effective teams will exhibit more interaction patterns, but fewer unique patterns, than less effective teams. We describe an observational study of 18 swift-starting aviation crews. Our results identify the early emergence of specific interaction patterns and indicate significant differences between the patterns of effective and ineffective crews. The effective teams in our sample exhibited patterns that were more stable in duration, more stable in complexity, and more reciprocal as compared to those of less effective teams. We close with implications for work on team interaction, and suggestions for future research and team trainers.
1 Objective: To determine the accuracy of paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation records. Design: Ca... more 1 Objective: To determine the accuracy of paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation records. Design: Case series. Setting: Twenty-six-bed video-monitored pediatric cardiac ICU. Patients: All patients who had a resuscitation event with available video and electronically stored vital sign and waveform data from May 2012 to February 2013. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: There were 41 cardiopulmo-nary resuscitation events during the study period. Fifteen had complete and valid data from the paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation forms, the retrieved monitor data, and the continuous bedside video monitoring. These 15 events occurred in 12 individual patients, and there was 100% agreement of data in the documentation of interventions in place (ventilation, arterial catheter, pulse oximetry, and vascular access) and in the presence of a witness at the onset of the arrest. All events were witnessed. Of the 15 events, video and monitor review revealed that 14 used waveform and numeric capnometry to confirm endotracheal tube/ tracheostomy placement, but this section was only completed on the paper cardiopulmonary resuscitation record in three of the 14 cases. All records showed no discrepancies in the time of return of spontaneous circulation. The video and monitor review revealed delay in initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation (mode, 2 min; two cases ≥ 7 min) and shockable rhythms (ventricular arrhythmia) in two cases. A sign of pulseless state was discovered in seven cases classified on the paper record as " always with a pulse. " Those include sudden loss of consciousness, flat arterial line tracing , and abrupt drop in the partial pressure of exhaled carbon dioxide tracing (< 10 mm Hg). Conclusions: Eyewitness accounts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are often inaccurate and incomplete. Review of information from video and electronically stored vital sign and waveform data provides more accurate information than review of paper-based cardiopulmonary resuscitation records and may provide the insight necessary to improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. (Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; XX:00–00)
Organizations increasingly rely on teams to respond to crises. While research on team effectivene... more Organizations increasingly rely on teams to respond to crises. While research on team effectiveness during nonroutine events is growing, naturalistic studies examining team behaviors during crises are relatively scarce. Furthermore, the relevant literature offers competing theoretical rationales concerning effective team response to crises. In this article, the authors investigate whether high-versus average-performing teams can be distinguished on the basis of the number and complexity of their interaction patterns. Using behavioral observation methodology, the authors coded the discrete verbal and nonverbal behaviors of 14 nuclear power plant control room crews as they responded to a simulated crisis. Pattern detection software revealed systematic differences among crews in their patterns of interaction. Mean comparisons and discriminant function analysis indicated that that higher performing crews exhibited fewer, shorter, and less complex interactions patterns. These results illustrate the limitations of standardized response patterns and highlight the importance of team adaptability. Implications for future research and for team training are included.
Both researchers and practitioners are increasing their attention to the multitasking demands of ... more Both researchers and practitioners are increasing their attention to the multitasking demands of contemporary work contexts, and previous work suggests polychronicity plays a central role in the motivation of individuals to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. However, our detailed examination of existing literature reveals a wide range of conceptualizations and operationalizations of this construct, as well as incongruent results concerning the effects of polychronicity on behavior and performance. In this article, we develop recommendations for defining and measuring polychronicity more precisely , we examine and compare existing work on predictors of polychronicity, and we address the equivocal relationship between polychronicity and performance. We conclude with implications for future research.
Organizational efforts to improve team effectiveness in crisis situations primarily have focused ... more Organizational efforts to improve team effectiveness in crisis situations primarily have focused on team training initiatives and, to a lesser degree, on staffing teams with respect to members' ability, experience, and functional backgrounds. Largely neglected in these efforts is the emotional component of crises and, correspondingly, the notion of staffing teams with consideration for their affective makeup. To address this void, we examined the impact of team member dispositional positive affect (PA) on team crisis effectiveness and the role of felt negative emotion in transmitting that influence. A study of 21 nuclear power plant crews engaged in crisis training simulations revealed that homogeneity in PA, but not mean-level PA, was associated with greater team effectiveness. Mediation analysis suggested that homogeneity in PA leads to greater team effectiveness by reducing the amount of negative emotions that team members experience during crises. Furthermore, homogeneity in PA compensated for lower mean-level PA in predicting effectiveness. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for understanding and further exploring the importance of affective factors and especially team affective composition in team crisis performance.
Multinational organizations (MNOs), more so than other organizations, are likely to require indiv... more Multinational organizations (MNOs), more so than other organizations, are likely to require individuals with different perspectives, experiences, and backgrounds to form teams and collaboratively manage knowledge. We develop a framework that shows why variations in time perspectives among members of teams occur and how such differences can exert significant but unacknowledged influences on knowledge management efforts in MNOs, including: (1) innovativeness of knowledge created (2) speed of knowledge creation and (3) speed of knowledge transfer between teams. We also provide new insights into benefits of time perspective heterogeneity for teams managing knowledge.
Many organizations rely on the functioning of teams. In this study we focus on swift-starting tea... more Many organizations rely on the functioning of teams. In this study we focus on swift-starting teams—that is, ad hoc teams formed for immediate task performance, such as emergency or rescue teams or aviation crews, with highly trained members who have generally not previously worked together as a team. Previous research suggests that teams develop task performance capability over time, but that stable patterns of interaction in teams emerge very quickly. We suggest that these interaction patterns help swift starting teams engage in immediate task performance. In particular, we hypothesize that effective teams will exhibit more interaction patterns, but fewer unique patterns, than less effective teams. We describe an observational study of 18 swift-starting aviation crews. Our results identify the early emergence of specific interaction patterns and indicate significant differences between the patterns of effective and ineffective crews. The effective teams in our sample exhibited patterns that were more stable in duration, more stable in complexity, and more reciprocal as compared to those of less effective teams. We close with implications for work on team interaction, and suggestions for future research and team trainers.
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Papers by Mary Waller