十二年休戰
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十二年休戰是西班牙帝国與荷蘭共和國之間八十年戰爭期間的停火協議，於1609年4月9日在安特衛普達成，並於1621年4月9日結束[1]。雖然法國等歐洲列強開始將荷蘭共和國視為一個主權國家，但西班牙人認為這是由於財政枯竭和國內問題而被迫採取的臨時措施，西班牙直到1648年簽訂《威斯特伐利亞條約》才正式承認荷蘭獨立[2][3]。停戰協議使西班牙腓力三世能夠將資源集中到其他地方，而阿爾伯特大公和伊莎貝拉則利用停戰協議鞏固哈布斯堡王朝的統治，並在南尼德兰實施反宗教改革。
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