里巴特
里巴特（阿拉伯語：رِبَـاط ribāṭ）是阿拉伯語詞彙的音譯，意為基地、旅社、避難所或療愈所。
里巴特最初是穆斯林征服北非初年時在當地建造的小型邊界防禦工事，內部為臨時志願兵住所[1]，後來成為驛站或保護商路的要塞，也作為孤立穆斯林群體的活動中心。
阿拉伯軍隊也在拜占庭邊界建造這種要塞，以之作為大呼羅珊地區皈依士兵的住所，密集建造該要塞的邊界地帶自9世紀起稱為阿瓦西姆地區。在其他地區也有起類似作用的要塞，在伊朗地區稱為khanqah，在土耳其稱為tekke[2]。
里巴特的本意是指在邊界哨所駐守，駐守者稱為穆拉比特（murabit）。蓋達組織[3]、伊斯蘭國[4]等當代聖戰者組織也使用這一詞彙。加薩走廊的薩拉菲運動組織以「里巴特之地」（Arḍ al-Ribat）稱呼巴勒斯坦[5]。
參見
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Northedge, Alastair. ʿAbbāsid art and architecture. Encyclopedia of Islam.
- ^ Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. University of North Carolina Press. 1975: 231–232. ISBN 0807812234.
- ^ Long, Mark. Ribat, al-Qaeda, and the Challenge for US Foreign Policy. Middle East Journal. Winter 2009, 63 (1): 31–47. doi:10.3751/63.1.12.
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2015-06-04]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-05-18）.
- ^ 「Radical Islam In Gaza」, International Crisis Group, Middle East Report N°104, 29 March 2011, p. 7; see also note 61 (PDF).https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1059351/1226_1301926747_104-20radical-20islam-20in-20gaza.pdf
- Cache of The Ribat by Hajj Ahmad Thomson, 23 06 2007.
- "The Ribats in Morocco and their influence in the spread of knowledge and tasawwuf" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from: al-Imra'a al-Maghribiyya wa't-Tasawwuf (The Moroccan Woman and Tasawwuf in the Eleventh Century) by Mustafa 'Abdu's-Salam al-Mahmah)
- Majid Khadduri, War And Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955), ISBN 1-58477-695-1. p. 81.
- Hassan S. Khalilieh, "The Ribat System and Its Role in Coastal Navigation," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 42,2 (1999), 212-225.
- Jörg Feuchter, "The Islamic Ribаt - A Model for the Christian Military Orders? Sacred Violence, Religious Concepts and the Invention of a Cultural Transfer," in Religion and Its Other: Secular and Sacral Concepts and Practices in Interaction. Edited by Heike Bock, Jörg Feuchter, and Michi Knecht (Frankfurt/M., Campus Verlag, 2008).
外部連結
[編輯]- Branning, Katharine. The Seljuk Han of Anatolia. [2 May 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2005-02-05）. With a map and list of Seljuk hans.
- Introduction and definition （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Origins of the Han （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. The evolution of stopping posts from the Ancient Near East, through the Early Muslim ribats, to the Seljuk han (Turkish for caravanserai); with a list of "Great Seljuk era hans and ribats in Central Asia and Iran"
- ArchNet （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: Origin and layout of a ribat and its adaptation as a caravanserai. Accessed May 2021.