In the border region of northern Istria, the decade after World War II was a time of political, s... more In the border region of northern Istria, the decade after World War II was a time of political, social and demographic changes that accompanied the introduction of the socialist system. The demarcation process between Italy and Yugoslavia led to an almost complete replacement and ethnic transformation of the urban population. A striking example of this transition is the development of primary education, which is analysed here in terms of social and architectural history. With the help of statistics and school records, we observe the impacts of emigration and immigration on the size and structure of the school population, as well as on the process of establishing the Slovenian school in the city of Koper/Capodistria. Through architectural and symbolic discourses on school infrastructure, we also question the heritage significance of school buildings and institutions for contemporary local society.
After being granted the status of a free port in 1719, during the eighteenth century Trieste witn... more After being granted the status of a free port in 1719, during the eighteenth century Trieste witnessed an expansive economic and population growth. This development, fostered by central authorities’ targeted policies, was accompanied by mass immigration from its wider international hinterland. The third most important immigration flow, after those from Carniola and Gorizia, was that originating from Istria. While immigrants from Istria had been traditionally present in Trieste, after the establishment of the free port their number steadily increased. According to the census of 1775 they constituted 7.7% of all the immigrants in the city. They included men as well women, most of them immigrated in an age between 15 to 30 and originating from all areas of the Istrian peninsula but especially from Koper and its surroundings. More prominent flows came also from the areas of Rovinj and Podgrad. The sex ratio of the immigration as a whole was quite balanced yet the several geographical cu...
Preživetje in podjetnost : integrirana kmečka ekonomija na Slovenskem od srednjega veka do danes (ur. A. Panjek, Ž. Lazarević). Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem, str. 155-188., 2018
Integrated peasant economy in a comparative perspective : Alps, Scandinavia and beyond (eds. A. Panjek, J. Larsson, L. Mocarelli). Koper: University of Primorska Pres, pp. 205-227., 2017
The article addresses the migration processes in the fifteen years after WWII in what is today's ... more The article addresses the migration processes in the fifteen years after WWII in what is today's Slovenian coastal region. The main emphasis is on the immigration following the annexation of this area to socialist Yugoslavia in 1954. The replacement of the population, the radical change of the ethnic structure and the geography of the immigration inflow are outlined. Some questions that affected the immigration and repopulation process are discussed and some possibilities for further research are presented, i.e. the policy and management of the migration processes, the inclusion patterns of the newcomers and the relationships among the indigenous and immigrant components.
ABSTRACT Control over Migrants and Migration Movements in Imperial Austria from the 18th century ... more ABSTRACT Control over Migrants and Migration Movements in Imperial Austria from the 18th century to WWI The article deals with migration control in Imperial Austria from the times of Maria Theresa up to the end of WWI. It examines the transition from the absolutistic migration regime to the deregulation and the liberalisation of migration in the second half of the 19th century, the restrictions on freedom of movement and the treatment of enemy aliens during the war, and the postwar implementation of the state regulation of migration. Special emphasis is placed on the control and limitations of freedom of emigration in the laissez-faire period from the 1860s to WWI. The need for a differentiated approach to the topic is also addressed because of regional and local differences in implementing the migration legislation.
The article examins the attitudes of the Slovenian immigrant communities in the USA towards the t... more The article examins the attitudes of the Slovenian immigrant communities in the USA towards the trial against the Slovenian and Croatian antifascists from the Italian eastern province Julian March in September 1930. At the trial held under the special court for the state security and known as The fi rst trial of Trieste, four accused were sentenced to death and executed in Bazovica on September 6, 1930. This event had a worldwide resonance and gave rise to political protests against the fascist regime in many countries. The Slovenian and Yugoslav immigrants in the USA organised demonstrations in several American cities. Their aim was to condemn the fascist (un)justice and to draw the attention of the American political and public opinion to the oppression of the Slovenian and Croatian ethnic minorities under the fascist rule. Among the protesters were some prominent members of the immigrant communities, such as Prof. Mihajlo Pupin, as well as American senators, congressmen and local political leaders. The protests, however, brought to life the traditional differences among the liberal, catholic and socialistoriented parts of the immigrant communities. At the centre of their disputes were the different understandings of fascism and forms of the fi ght against it. Despite that, the shooting of four young nationalists marked a higher interest of the immigrant communities in the question of the Slovenes and Croats in the Julian March. Bazovica became a part of their memory as a symbolic place of oppression and antifascist resistance.
Mirjam Milharčič Hladnik (ed.), From Slovenia to Egypt. Aleksandrinke’s Trans-Mediterranean Domestic Workers’ Migration and National Imagination, V&R unipress, 2015, pp. 49-71
In the border region of northern Istria, the decade after World War II was a time of political, s... more In the border region of northern Istria, the decade after World War II was a time of political, social and demographic changes that accompanied the introduction of the socialist system. The demarcation process between Italy and Yugoslavia led to an almost complete replacement and ethnic transformation of the urban population. A striking example of this transition is the development of primary education, which is analysed here in terms of social and architectural history. With the help of statistics and school records, we observe the impacts of emigration and immigration on the size and structure of the school population, as well as on the process of establishing the Slovenian school in the city of Koper/Capodistria. Through architectural and symbolic discourses on school infrastructure, we also question the heritage significance of school buildings and institutions for contemporary local society.
After being granted the status of a free port in 1719, during the eighteenth century Trieste witn... more After being granted the status of a free port in 1719, during the eighteenth century Trieste witnessed an expansive economic and population growth. This development, fostered by central authorities’ targeted policies, was accompanied by mass immigration from its wider international hinterland. The third most important immigration flow, after those from Carniola and Gorizia, was that originating from Istria. While immigrants from Istria had been traditionally present in Trieste, after the establishment of the free port their number steadily increased. According to the census of 1775 they constituted 7.7% of all the immigrants in the city. They included men as well women, most of them immigrated in an age between 15 to 30 and originating from all areas of the Istrian peninsula but especially from Koper and its surroundings. More prominent flows came also from the areas of Rovinj and Podgrad. The sex ratio of the immigration as a whole was quite balanced yet the several geographical cu...
Preživetje in podjetnost : integrirana kmečka ekonomija na Slovenskem od srednjega veka do danes (ur. A. Panjek, Ž. Lazarević). Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem, str. 155-188., 2018
Integrated peasant economy in a comparative perspective : Alps, Scandinavia and beyond (eds. A. Panjek, J. Larsson, L. Mocarelli). Koper: University of Primorska Pres, pp. 205-227., 2017
The article addresses the migration processes in the fifteen years after WWII in what is today's ... more The article addresses the migration processes in the fifteen years after WWII in what is today's Slovenian coastal region. The main emphasis is on the immigration following the annexation of this area to socialist Yugoslavia in 1954. The replacement of the population, the radical change of the ethnic structure and the geography of the immigration inflow are outlined. Some questions that affected the immigration and repopulation process are discussed and some possibilities for further research are presented, i.e. the policy and management of the migration processes, the inclusion patterns of the newcomers and the relationships among the indigenous and immigrant components.
ABSTRACT Control over Migrants and Migration Movements in Imperial Austria from the 18th century ... more ABSTRACT Control over Migrants and Migration Movements in Imperial Austria from the 18th century to WWI The article deals with migration control in Imperial Austria from the times of Maria Theresa up to the end of WWI. It examines the transition from the absolutistic migration regime to the deregulation and the liberalisation of migration in the second half of the 19th century, the restrictions on freedom of movement and the treatment of enemy aliens during the war, and the postwar implementation of the state regulation of migration. Special emphasis is placed on the control and limitations of freedom of emigration in the laissez-faire period from the 1860s to WWI. The need for a differentiated approach to the topic is also addressed because of regional and local differences in implementing the migration legislation.
The article examins the attitudes of the Slovenian immigrant communities in the USA towards the t... more The article examins the attitudes of the Slovenian immigrant communities in the USA towards the trial against the Slovenian and Croatian antifascists from the Italian eastern province Julian March in September 1930. At the trial held under the special court for the state security and known as The fi rst trial of Trieste, four accused were sentenced to death and executed in Bazovica on September 6, 1930. This event had a worldwide resonance and gave rise to political protests against the fascist regime in many countries. The Slovenian and Yugoslav immigrants in the USA organised demonstrations in several American cities. Their aim was to condemn the fascist (un)justice and to draw the attention of the American political and public opinion to the oppression of the Slovenian and Croatian ethnic minorities under the fascist rule. Among the protesters were some prominent members of the immigrant communities, such as Prof. Mihajlo Pupin, as well as American senators, congressmen and local political leaders. The protests, however, brought to life the traditional differences among the liberal, catholic and socialistoriented parts of the immigrant communities. At the centre of their disputes were the different understandings of fascism and forms of the fi ght against it. Despite that, the shooting of four young nationalists marked a higher interest of the immigrant communities in the question of the Slovenes and Croats in the Julian March. Bazovica became a part of their memory as a symbolic place of oppression and antifascist resistance.
Mirjam Milharčič Hladnik (ed.), From Slovenia to Egypt. Aleksandrinke’s Trans-Mediterranean Domestic Workers’ Migration and National Imagination, V&R unipress, 2015, pp. 49-71
Are migration and migrant control really just an issue of globalisation and one of the great chal... more Are migration and migrant control really just an issue of globalisation and one of the great challenges of our era? Certainly not. Mobile people have always been the subject of special attention, since migratory phenomena are both the result and agent of social and relational dynamics, sources of integration processes and conflicts. For this reason, the attitude towards emigrants and migrants has been relevant throughout history, and has found a place in political-administrative systems and practices. The Slovenian space is particularly interesting from the perspective of migration control, as geopolitical changes and systemic socio-political transitions allow for a privileged observation of ruptures and continuities in the relations between the state and migration. The present volume offers some insights into migration regimes, policies and control practices in the three historical phases that marked migration issues in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, namely in the era of liberalism until World War I, in the interwar period of strong nationalisms, and in the post-World War II period, when the division between the socialist and capitalist worlds passed through the Slovenian territory.
Mikro in makro: pristopi in prispevki k humanističnim vedam ob dvajsetletnici UP Fakultete za humanistične študije (ur./eds. Irena Lazar, Aleksander Panjek, Jonatan Vinkler), Založba Univerze na Primorskem, Koper, 17-45., 2020
The article deals with migratory movements in the decades following the
Second World War in the s... more The article deals with migratory movements in the decades following the Second World War in the settlement area of the Slovene national inority in Italy. These movements were affected by the border issue between Italy and Yugoslavia and by the national, political, and ideological conflicts of the post-war period. Immigration and emigration phenomena, which in several phases marked the border area under scrutiny influencing its social, ethnic, and political characters are presented. These migration phenomena concern the Italian and Slovene political refugees who fled from Yugoslavia, the optants who, based on the 1947 peace treaty and the 1954 London agreement, chose the Italian citizenship and left Istria and other former Italian territories that passed under Yugoslavia. The migration policies of the Italian and Yugoslav authorities and the Allied Military Administration, as well as the political implications of the mass settlement of refugees and optants from Istria and Dalmatia in Trieste, are discussed. The role and influence of the Slovene anti-communist political emigration in the Slovene national community in the political and cultural field are presented.
As pertains the emigration processes, the emphasis is on two mass phenomena. The first is the departure of about 15,000 to 20,000 people from the Trieste area to Australia in the years following the dissolution of the Free Territory of Trieste (1954). This emigration emerged as a reaction to the economic and housing crisis and was fuelled by the protracted political conflict and a sense of frustration and mistrust towards the Italian state among the leftist workers, the Slovenes, and those who supported the experiment of Trieste as an independent state.
The second phenomenon is the depopulation of Venetian Slovenia in the northern part of the Italian territory along the state border with socialist Yugoslavia and today’s Republic of Slovenia. The phenomenon was originated, as in other hilly Italian areas, by unfavourable socio-economic conditions. At the same time, it was also encouraged by a deliberate economic policy aimed at diminishing the presence of the Slovene population and by an artificially created nationalist climate, which in the spirit of the Cold War and Italian patriotism, associated the Slovene population with the “Slav-communist” danger.
The article also draws attention to the differences in the organization and identification of Slovene emigrants from Venetian Slovenia and Trieste abroad. This was also significantly influenced by the political situation in their areas of origin. While emigrants from Venetian Slovenia created a network of ethnically-based communities and organizations, Slovene emigrants from Trieste in Australia formed a “Trieste origin” community with the Italian emigrants. Due to the state affiliation of Trieste with Italy, the numerical dominance of the Italian component and the Italian language of communication in immigrant communities, as well as the assimilation process and the political activities of pro-Italian groups, these communities and their associations have lost their ethnically and culturally mixed character and acquired an Italian national one.
La ricomparsa dei fili spinati, delle barriere, di altre forme di controllo e di esclusione all'i... more La ricomparsa dei fili spinati, delle barriere, di altre forme di controllo e di esclusione all'interno dell'area di Schengen, così come la quotidiana messa in discussione dei pilastri ideali e giuridici dell'integrazione europea sono fenomeni che pongono agli storici la necessità di ripensare alcuni dei percorsi che nel nuovo millennio hanno portato ad una lettura quasi teleologica della storia dei confini europei dell'Ottocento e del Novecento: una storia che si riteneva, forse parzialmente a torto, conclusa con il processo di integrazione europea e con l'ineluttabile "caduta" delle frontiere stesse. La storia del passato migratorio dell'Italia, dei lavoratori che hanno attraversato o sono stati attraversati dai confini ogni qual volta essi sono stati ridefiniti, dei dispositivi culturali ed amministrativi che hanno creato dicotomie e gerarchie, non offre tutte le risposte alle inquietudini del presente, ma permette l'affinamento di alcuni utili strumenti di analisi critica di cui si sente il bisogno. Per questo discuteremo di Frontalieri, numero monografico dell'Archivio Storico dell'Emigrazione Italiana (diretta da Emilio Franzina e Matteo Sanfilippo), rivista che ormai da anni rappresenta uno dei punti di riferimento per chi in Italia o all'estero si occupa della storia demografica, del lavoro e delle migrazioni. Il lavoro curato da Michele Colucci e Paolo Barcella, strutturato in otto saggi, avvia un percorso di ricerca comparativa sulla storia delle frontiere terrestri italiane ed europee nell'età contemporanea, sul loro attraversamento, il pendolarismo, la sorveglianza, gli statuti particolari, il reclutamento, le condizioni di vita e di lavoro. Nello specifico, sono state messe in risalto le caratteristiche sociali ed economiche della figura peculiare del "lavoratore frontaliero", le diverse definizioni che se ne possono dare nel tempo, le dimensioni che ha assunto la mobilità territoriale nelle diverse stagioni e nei differenti luoghi presi in esame. Il frontalierato, forma di mobilità internazionale a breve raggio, pone dei problemi particolari, perché, pur configurandosi come uno spostamento molto breve, ha generato nel tempo flussi migratori provenienti da molto lontano e diretti verso quelle zone dove è stato possibile attraversare facilmente il confine: è questo il caso, innanzi tutto, della frontiera italo-svizzera. Particolare attenzione è stata posta al manifestari del fenomeno, per quanto in scala più ridotta, alla frontiera nord-orientale italiana, vero e proprio laboratorio delle politiche della memoria e dell'uso pubblico della storia, fucina di miti nazionali e ancora oggi ritenuta una soglia particolarmente critica.
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however, brought to life the traditional differences among the liberal, catholic and socialistoriented parts of the immigrant
communities. At the centre of their disputes were the different understandings of fascism and forms of the fi ght against it. Despite that, the shooting of four young nationalists marked a higher interest of the immigrant communities in the question of the Slovenes and Croats in the Julian March. Bazovica became a part of their memory as a symbolic place of oppression and antifascist resistance.
however, brought to life the traditional differences among the liberal, catholic and socialistoriented parts of the immigrant
communities. At the centre of their disputes were the different understandings of fascism and forms of the fi ght against it. Despite that, the shooting of four young nationalists marked a higher interest of the immigrant communities in the question of the Slovenes and Croats in the Julian March. Bazovica became a part of their memory as a symbolic place of oppression and antifascist resistance.
Second World War in the settlement area of the Slovene national inority
in Italy. These movements were affected by the border issue between Italy and Yugoslavia and by the national, political, and ideological conflicts of the post-war period. Immigration and emigration phenomena, which in several phases marked the border area under scrutiny influencing its social, ethnic, and political characters are presented. These migration phenomena concern the Italian and Slovene political refugees who fled from Yugoslavia, the optants who, based on the 1947 peace treaty and the 1954 London agreement, chose the Italian citizenship and left Istria and other former Italian territories that passed under Yugoslavia. The migration policies of the Italian and Yugoslav authorities and the Allied Military Administration, as well as the political implications of the mass settlement of refugees and optants from Istria and Dalmatia in Trieste, are discussed. The role and influence of the Slovene anti-communist political emigration in the Slovene national community in the political and cultural field are presented.
As pertains the emigration processes, the emphasis is on two mass
phenomena. The first is the departure of about 15,000 to 20,000 people
from the Trieste area to Australia in the years following the dissolution of
the Free Territory of Trieste (1954). This emigration emerged as a reaction to the economic and housing crisis and was fuelled by the protracted political conflict and a sense of frustration and mistrust towards the Italian state among the leftist workers, the Slovenes, and those who supported the experiment of Trieste as an independent state.
The second phenomenon is the depopulation of Venetian Slovenia in
the northern part of the Italian territory along the state border with socialist Yugoslavia and today’s Republic of Slovenia. The phenomenon was originated, as in other hilly Italian areas, by unfavourable socio-economic conditions. At the same time, it was also encouraged by a deliberate economic policy aimed at diminishing the presence of the Slovene population and by an artificially created nationalist climate, which in the spirit of the Cold War and Italian patriotism, associated the Slovene population with the “Slav-communist” danger.
The article also draws attention to the differences in the organization
and identification of Slovene emigrants from Venetian Slovenia and Trieste abroad. This was also significantly influenced by the political situation in their areas of origin. While emigrants from Venetian Slovenia created a network of ethnically-based communities and organizations, Slovene emigrants from Trieste in Australia formed a “Trieste origin” community with the Italian emigrants. Due to the state affiliation of Trieste with Italy, the numerical dominance of the Italian component and the Italian language of communication in immigrant communities, as well as the assimilation process and the political activities of pro-Italian groups, these communities and their associations have lost their ethnically and culturally mixed character and acquired an Italian national one.
Il lavoro curato da Michele Colucci e Paolo Barcella, strutturato in otto saggi, avvia un percorso di ricerca comparativa sulla storia delle frontiere terrestri italiane ed europee nell'età contemporanea, sul loro attraversamento, il pendolarismo, la sorveglianza, gli statuti particolari, il reclutamento, le condizioni di vita e di lavoro. Nello specifico, sono state messe in risalto le caratteristiche sociali ed economiche della figura peculiare del "lavoratore frontaliero", le diverse definizioni che se ne possono dare nel tempo, le dimensioni che ha assunto la mobilità territoriale nelle diverse stagioni e nei differenti luoghi presi in esame. Il frontalierato, forma di mobilità internazionale a breve raggio, pone dei problemi particolari, perché, pur configurandosi come uno spostamento molto breve, ha generato nel tempo flussi migratori provenienti da molto lontano e diretti verso quelle zone dove è stato possibile attraversare facilmente il confine: è questo il caso, innanzi tutto, della frontiera italo-svizzera. Particolare attenzione è stata posta al manifestari del fenomeno, per quanto in scala più ridotta, alla frontiera nord-orientale italiana, vero e proprio laboratorio delle politiche della memoria e dell'uso pubblico della storia, fucina di miti nazionali e ancora oggi ritenuta una soglia particolarmente critica.