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2. La economía argentina ayer y hoy: hechos estilizados y des-estilizados.. (2020). Rojas, Mara Leticia.
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3. Prioritizing Infrastructure Investments in Panama. (2016). House, Schuyler ; Mandri-Perrott, Cledan ; Marcelo, Darwin .
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4. Innovation, public capital, and growth. (2015). Neanidis, Kyriakos ; Agénor, Pierre-Richard ; Agenor, Pierre-Richard.
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5. Interprovincial Competitiveness and Economic Growth: Evidence from Chinese Provincial Data (1992–2008). (2015). CHEN, Jinzhao.
   In: Pacific Economic Review.
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6. Government Expenditure in Suriname: A Stimulus or Impediment to Growth. (2014). Kie, Peggy Tjon ; Ooft, Gavin ; Mungroo, Albert.
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7. The Mechanics of Real Undervaluation and Growth. (2013). Wlasiuk, Juan.
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8. Caribbean Growth in an International Perspective; The Role of Tourism and Size. (2012). Perrelli, Roberto ; Acevedo, Sebastian ; Mejia, Sebastian Acevedo ; Thacker, Nita.
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9. Macroeconomic transmission of eurozone shocks to emerging economies. (2012). Erten, Bilge.
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10. Assessing Labour Market Impacts of Trade Opening in Uruguay. (2012). Peluffo, Adriana.
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11. On the impact of inflation on output growth: Does the level of inflation matter?. (2011). Mignon, Valérie ; López Villavicencio, Antonia ; Lopez-Villavicencio, Antonia.
    In: Journal of Macroeconomics.
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12. Institutional quality and foreign direct investment in Latin America and the Caribbean. (2010). Nishijima, Shoji ; Fukumi, Atsushi.
    In: Applied Economics.
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13. Reformas Estructurales y Productividad Total de Factores.. (2009). Muñoz Saavedra, Ercio.
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14. Bienestar y ciclos económicos en una economía con evasión y sector subterráneo. (2009). Vargas, Jose P Mauricio ; Vargas, Jose P Mauricio, .
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15. A tendência à sobreapreciação da taxa de câmbio. (2009). Bresser-Pereira, Luiz Carlos.
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16. Productivity effects on Mexican manufacturing employment. (2009). Mollick, Andre ; Cabral, Rene.
    In: The North American Journal of Economics and Finance.
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17. External Linkages and Economic Growth in Colombia; Insights from A Bayesian VAR Model. (2008). Österholm, Pär ; Abrego, Lisandro ; Osterholm, Par.
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18. Determinants of the Comparative Advantage and of the Performance of Mexico’s Manufacturing Exports During 1996-2005. (2008). Quella, Núria ; Chiquiar, Daniel ; Francia, Manuel Ramos ; Amoroso, Nicolas .
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19. Export structure and growth : a detailed analysis for Argentina. (2007). Guerson, Alejandro ; Torrado, Monica Parra ; Parks, James.
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20. Nonlinear Volatility Effects on Growth in Developing Economies. (2007). Ramírez-Rondán, N.R..
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21. The Effect of External Conditions on Growth in Latin America. (2007). Österholm, Pär ; Osterholm, Par ; Zettelmeyer, Jeromin.
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22. Sources of productivity growth: Evidence from the Mexican manufacturing sector. (2007). Santamaria, Mauricio ; Montes-Rojas, Gabriel.
    In: The North American Journal of Economics and Finance.
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23. Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2006-2007. (2007). , .
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24. Productivity Effects on Mexican Manufacturing Employment before and after NAFTA. (2007). Mollick, Andre ; Cabral, Rene ; Torres, Rene Cabral .
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25. Public infrastructure and growth : new channels and policy implications. (2006). Agénor, Pierre-Richard ; Moreno-Dodson, Blanca ; Agenor, Pierre-Richard.
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26. Corruption and Development Indicators: An Empirical Review. (2006). Ramírez-Rondán, N.R. ; Bigio, Saki ; Ramirez-Rondan, Nelson .
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27. Crisis de inflación y productividad total de los factores en Latinoamérica. (2006). Ramírez-Rondán, N.R. ; Aquino, Juan ; Rondan, Nelson Ramirez .
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28. Chiles Economic Growth. (2006). Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus.
    In: Latin American Journal of Economics-formerly Cuadernos de Economía.
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29. Volatility and Growth in Latin America; An Episodic Approach. (2006). Goyal, Rishi ; Sahay, Ratna.
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30. Macroeconomic Volatility; The Policy Lessons from Latin America. (2006). Singh, Anoop.
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31. Institutional Enforcement, Labor-Market Rigidities, and Economic Performance. (2006). León, Gianmarco ; Chong, Alberto ; Calderon, Cesar ; Gianmarco Leon Author-X-Name_First: Gianmarco Auth, .
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32. Theoretical and Methodological Study on Dynamic Growth Regions and Factors Explaining their Growth Performance. (2006). Petrakos, George ; Arvanitidis, Paschalis ; Artelaris, Panagiotis .
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33. Economic Growth in Latin America: From the Disappointment of the Twentieth Century to the Challenges of the Twenty-First. (2006). De Gregorio, Jose ; DeGregorio, Jose .
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34. Chile’s Economic Growth. (2006). Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus.
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35. Openness can be good for growth : the role of policy complementarities. (2005). Loayza, Norman ; Chang, Roberto ; Kaltani, Linda .
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36. Regulation and macroeconomic performance. (2005). Servén, Luis ; Loayza, Norman ; Oviedo, Ana Maria.
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37. Dominican Republic : Review of Trade and Labor Competitiveness. (2005). Bank, World.
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38. Bolivia : Country Economic Memorandum, Policies to Improve Growth and Employment. (2005). Bank, World.
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39. Reviving Growth in the Arab World. (2005). Elbadawi, Ibrahim A.
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40. Crisis de Inflación y Productividad Total de los Factores en Latinoamérica. (2005). Ramírez-Rondán, N.R. ; Aquino, Juan.
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41. Openness Can be Good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities. (2005). Loayza, Norman ; Chang, Roberto ; Kaltani, Linda .
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42. Mirando el Desarrollo Económico de Chile: Una Comparación Internacional. (2005). Mies, Verónica ; Fuentes, Rodrigo.
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43. Estimating Human and Physical Capital Stocks in Data-Scarce Environments: A Methodological Note and Application to Guatemala. (2005). Loening, Josef ; Guisan, M. C..
    In: International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies.
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44. Openness can be good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities. (2005). Loayza, Norman ; Chang, Roberto ; Kaltani, Linda .
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45. Why are Capital Flows so Much More Volatile in Emerging Than in Developed Countries?. (2005). Rigobon, Roberto ; Broner, Fernando.
    In: Working Papers Central Bank of Chile.
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46. Mirando el Desarrollo Económico de Chile: Una Comparación Internacional. (2005). Mies, Verónica ; Fuentes, Rodrigo.
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47. The Macroeconomics of Poverty Reduction. (2004). Agénor, Pierre-Richard.
    In: Centre for Growth and Business Cycle Research Discussion Paper Series.
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48. Time series evidence on education and growth: the case of Guatemala, 1951-2002. (2004). Loening, Josef.
    In: Revista de Analisis Economico – Economic Analysis Review.
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49. The Impact of International Trade Flows on Economic Growth in Brazilian States. (1989). Daumal, Marie ; Ozyurt, Selin .
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1. Alcala, F. and A. Ciccone (2001). “Trade and Productivity.” Centre for Economic Policy Research. Discussion Paper Series No. 3095:1-50.

2. All LAC Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador Mexico Peru Venezuela Source: WDI and Authors' calculations Figure I.3a: Growth Rates of GDP per Capita, by Country, 1961-2000 South Cone Countries -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
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3. Alonso-Borrego, C. and Arellano, M. (1996). Symmetrically Normalised Instrumental Variable Estimation Using Panel Data. CEMFI Working Paper No. 9612.

4. Antelo, E. (2000). Politicas de Estabilización y de Reformas Estructurales en Bolivia a Partir de 1985. Serie Reformas Económicas 62, ECLAC, March.

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7. Argentina Peru Chile Mexico Brazil Colombia Percentage points Actual Change Projected Change Transitional Convergence Cyclical Reversion Structural Reforms Stabilization Policies External Conditions Figure II.2: Explaining Changes in Growth Between the 1970s - 1980s Selected Latin American Countries -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
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8. Attanasio, O. P., L. Picci, and A. Scorcu (2000). “Saving, Growth, and Investment: A Macroeconomic Analysis Using a Panel of Countries.” Review of Economics and Statistics 82(2): 182-211.

9. Author’s calculations using data from Caprio and Klingebiel (1999), and Kaminsky and Reinhart (1998). External Conditions Terms of Trade Shocks Log difference of the terms of trade. Terms of trade are defined as customary.

10. Author’s calculations with data from World Development Network (2002) and The World Bank (2002).
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11. Authors' construction using data from Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) updated with The World Bank (2002), and unemployment rates from ILO, IMF, ECLA, and various Central Banks and National Statistical Agencies. Labor Force, total, adjusted for human capital.
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12. Authors' construction using data from The World Bank (2002). Unemployment Rates Ratio of the number of people actually working to the economically active population, taken from several labor surveys. Several sources: ILO, IMF, ECLA, and various Central Banks and National Statistical Agencies. Employment, total. Number of people actually working, taken from several labor surveys. Several sources: ILO, IMF, ECLA, and various Central Banks and National Statistical Agencies. Average Worked Hours Average numbers of hours actually worked by worker. Data was extrapolated for some periods, on the basis of unemployment rates and per capita GDP series. Authors' construction using data from ILO, Angus Maddison, and various Central Banks and National Statistical Agencies. Average Years of Schooling Average number of years of schooling in the population.
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13. Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002). Labor Force, Total Working-age population (aged 15 to 64). Series were smoothed when unjustified jumps were found.
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14. Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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15. Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002). 3. Growth Determinants Output Growth See above.
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16. Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002). Cyclical Reversion Initial Output Gap Difference between the log of actual GDP and (the log of) potential (trend) GDP around the start of the period. In order to decompose the log of GDP, the Baxter-King filter is used. Author’s calculations. Structural Policies and Institutions Education Ratio of total secondary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to that level of education.
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17. Authors' construction using The World Bank (2002), Barro and Lee (2000), and Psacharopoulos (1994). Employment, total, adjusted for human capital and for average worked hours.
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18. Authors' construction using The World Bank (2002), Barro and Lee (2000), Psacharopoulos (1994), ILO, IMF, ECLA, Angus Deaton, and various Central Banks and National Statistical Agencies. Appendix B (cont.) Definitions and Sources of Variables Used in Regression Analysis Variable Definition and Construction Source 2. Saving and Investment Output Growth See above.
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19. Average Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Growth Rate 1991-99 Projected Growth Rate 2000-10 Figure III.4: Growth Forecasts for Central America and the Caribbean under a Continuous Trend Scenario -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Costa Rica Dominican Republic El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad &
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20. Aziz, J. and Wescott, R. F. (1997). “Policy Complementarities and the Washington Consensus”. International Monetary Fund Working Paper: WP/97/118, September.
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22. Barro, R. J. (1990). “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 98 (5) part II: S103-S125.

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24. Barro, R. J. (1996). “Democracy and Growth.” Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 1 No. 1: 1-27.

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26. Barro, R. J. (2002). “Quantity and Quality of Economic Growth” in Economic Growth: Sources, Trends, and Cycles, edited by N. Loayza and R. Soto. Santiago, Chile: Central Bank of Chile.

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30. Barros, R. de Paes and C. H. Corseuil (2001). The Impact of Regulations on Brazilian Labor Market Performance. Research Network Working paper #R-427, Latin American Research Network, IADB, October.

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32. Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (2000).
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33. Bekaert, G., C. Harvey, and C. Lundblad (2001). “Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.W8245.

34. Ben-David, D. and M. Loewy (1997). “Free Trade, Growth, and Convergence.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.W6095.

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36. Bennett, H., K. Schmidt-Hebbel, and C. Soto (2000). “Series de ahorro e ingreso por agente económico.” Estudios de Economía 27 (1): 123-170.
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37. Bergoeing, R., P. Kehoe, T. Kehoe, and R. Soto (2002). “A Decade Lost and Found: Mexico and Chile in the 1980s.” Review of Economic Dynamics 5(1): 166-205. 58 Bernanke, B. and R. Gurkaynak (2001). “Is Growth Exogenous? Taking Mankiw, Romer, and Weil Seriously.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. W8365.

38. Blundell, R. and S. Bond (1997). “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”. University College London Discussion Papers in Economics: 97/07, July.
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39. Blyde, Juan S. and E. Fernandez-Arias (2004). Why Does Latin America Grow More Slowly? in Sources of Growth in Latin America, edited by E. Fernández-Arias, R. Manuelli, J. S. Blyde. Washington, D.C. Inter-American Development Bank.

40. Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela, RB 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 Source: WDI and Authors' calculations Figure I.3d: Growth Rates of GDP per Capita, by Country, 1961-2000 Caribbean - Continental Countries -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
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41. Borensztein, E., J. De Gregorio, J-W. Lee (1995). “How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?” Journal of International Economics 45, 1: 115-35.

42. Burki, S. J. and G. E. Perry (1997). The Long March: A Reform Agenda for Latin America and the Caribbean in the Next Decade. The World Bank. Washington, D.C. Calderón, C., N. Loayza, and L. Servén (2003). Do Capital Flows Respond to Risk and Return? Policy Research Working Papers No. 3059. The World Bank.

43. Calderón and Schmidt-Hebbel (2003) 56 Developing Countries (18 LAC). 1970-00 (5-year averages) GMM-IV System Estimator (Arellano and Bover, 1995; Blundell and Bond, 1998).
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44. Calderón and Servén (2003) 121 Countries (21 LAC). 1960-00 (5-year averages) GMM-IV System Estimator (Arellano and Bover, 1995; Blundell and Bond, 1998).
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45. Calderón, C. and K. Schmidt-Hebbel (2003). “Macroeconomic Policies and Performance in Latin America.” Journal of International Money and Finance 22: 895-923.

46. Calderón, C. and L. Servén (2003). “Macroeconomic Dimensions of Infrastructure in Latin America.” The World Bank, Mimeo, October.
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47. Calderón, C. and L. Servén (2004). “The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Inequality.” The World Bank, Mimeo, March.
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48. Calderón, C., N. Loayza, and L. Servén (2004). “Greenfield FDI and Mergers and Acquisitions: Feedback and Macroeconomic Effects.” The World Bank Policy Research Paper 3192, January.
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49. Campbell, J. (1987). “Does Saving Anticipate Declining Labor Income? An Alternative Test of the Permanent Income Hypothesis.” Econometrica 55: 1249-1273.

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51. Campos, N. and J. Nugent (1998). Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America: Can Human Capital Be a Link? CEPAL Review, 64: 7-27.

52. Canning (1998), International Telecommunications Union. Governance First principal component of four indicators: prevalence of law and order, quality of bureaucracy, absence of corruption, and accountability of public officials. International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). Appendix B (cont.) Definitions and Sources of Variables Used in Regression Analysis Variable Definition and Construction Source Stabilization Policies Lack of Price Stability Measured by the consumer price index: annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a fixed basket of goods and services.
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53. Canning, D. (1998). “A Database of World Stocks of Infrastructure.” The World Bank Economic Review 12: 529-547. 59 Canning, D., M. Fay, and R. Perotti (1994). “International Differences in Growth Rates: Market Globalization and Economic Areas.” Central Issues in Contemporary Economic Theory and Policy series: 113-47.
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54. Caprio, G. and D. Klingebiel (1999). “Episodes of Systemic and Borderline Financial Crises”. World Bank. Mimeo.
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55. Carroll, C.D., and D. Weil (1994). “Saving and Growth: A Reinterpretation.” CarnegieRochester Conference Series on Public Policy 40: 133-192.
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56. Caselli, F. and J. Coleman (2001). “Cross-Country Technology Diffusion: The Case of Computers.” American Economic Review 91 (2): 328-335.

57. Caselli, F., G. Esquivel, and F. LeFort (1996). “Reopening the Convergence Debate: A New Look at Cross-Country Growth Empirics.” Journal of Economic Growth 1: 363-389.

58. Central Bank of Chile (2001). Indicadores Económicos y Sociales 1960-2000, Santiago, Chile: Central Bank of Chile.
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59. Chong, A., C. Calderon (2000). “Causality and Feedback between Institutional Measures and Economic Growth.” Economics and Politics 12: 69-82.

60. Christensen, L., D. Cummings, and D. W. Jorgenson (1980). “Economic Growth, 1947-1973: An International Comparison.” in J. W. Kendrick and B. Vaccara (eds.), New Developments in Productivity Measurement and Analysis. Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. 41, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

61. Collins, Susan M. and B. Bosworth (1996). Economic Growth in East Asia: Accumulation versus Assimilation. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, 1996: 2, 135:91.

62. Corbo and Rojas (1993) 20 LAC Countries 1960-88 (5 year averages) Panel Data. Instrumental Variables (IV) with Random Effects.
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63. Corbo, V. and P. Rojas (1993). “Investment, Macroeconomic Stability and Growth: The Latin American Experience.” Revista de Análisis Económico 1: 19-35.
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64. Corden, W. (1990). “Macroeconomic Policy and Growth: Some Lessons of Experience.” World Bank Conference on Development Economics.
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65. Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 Source: WDI and Authors' calculations Figure I.3f: Growth Rates of GDP per Capita, by Country, 1961-2000 Caribbean - Small Island Countries -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
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66. Cyclical volatility computed from actual values and forecasts of output gap estimates for 2001-2005. Output gap for the 2003-2005 period projected using Consensus Forecasts or IMF forecasts for GDP growth and applying the Baxter-King filter to those forecasts. For 2006-2010 projected using a panel data estimation considering the first lag of the variable and fixed effects for each country.
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67. De Gregorio and Lee (1999) 81 Countries (21 LAC). 1965-95 (10 year averages) Panel Data. Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) and 3SLS.
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68. De Gregorio and Lee (2003) 85 Countries (21 LAC). 1970-00 (5-year averages) Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) Blyde and Fernández-Arias (2004) 73 Countries (20 LAC). 1970-99 (5-year averages) Panel Data. Instrumental Variables (IV) with Fixed Effects.
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69. De Gregorio, J. and C. Bravo-Ortega (2002). “The Relative Richness of the Poor? 60 Natural Resources, Human Capital and Economic Growth.” Central Bank of Chile Working Paper Series No. 139.

70. De Gregorio, J. and J.-W. Lee (1999). “Economic Growth in Latin America: Sources and Prospects.” Universidad de Chile, Mimeo, December.
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71. De Gregorio, J. and J.-W. Lee (2003). “Growth and Adjustment in East Asia and Latin America.” Central Bank of Chile Working Paper 245, December.
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72. Dohse, D. (1996). “The Transmission of Knowledge Spillovers and its Impact on Regional Economic Growth.” Institut Fur Weltwirtschaft An Der Universitat. Kiel Working Papers No.774: 1-27.

73. Dollar D. and A. Kraay (2002). “Growth is Good for the Poor.” Journal of Economic Growth 7(3): 195-225.

74. Dollar, D. (1992). “Outward-oriented Developing Economies Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-1985.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 40: 523-44.

75. Domestic Capital Stock (in 1987 US$ dollars) adjusted for capacity utilization. Domestic Capital Stock adjusted for capacity utilization, which is assumed equal to one minus the unemployment rate.
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76. Dougherty, C. (1991). A Comparison of Productivity and Economic Growth in the G-7 Countries. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.
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77. DTBC-264 Chile’s Free Trade Agreements: How Big is The Deal? Rómulo A. Chumacero, Rodrigo Fuentes y Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel Junio 2004 DTBC-263 Labor Market Rigidity and Structural Shocks: An Open-Economy Approach for International Comparisons Elías Albagli, Pablo García y Jorge Restrepo Mayo 2004 DTBC-262 Monetarismo más allá del M1A Pablo García y Rodrigo O. Valdés Mayo 2004 DTBC-261 Dedollarization, Indexation and Nominalization: The Chilean Experience Luis Oscar Herrera y Rodrigo O. Valdés Mayo 2004 DTBC-260 Forecasting Chilean Industrial Production and Sales with Automated Procedures Rómulo Chumacero Mayo 2004 DTBC-259 Evaluating the Chilean Government’s Debt Denomination Elías Albagli Mayo 2004 DTBC-258 Desempleo y Consumo en Chile Claudio Soto Mayo DTBC-257 Función de Ingresos de los Hogares Chilenos: Ciclo de Vida y Persistencia de Shocks en el Tiempo Paulina Granados Z.

78. East Asia and Pacific Eastern Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Industrial Countries South Asia Sub Saharan Africa All 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 Figure I.5: Volatility of GDP per capita, GDP-Weighted Average by Regions, 1961-2000 (constant sample) 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 East Asia and Pacific Eastern Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa Industrial Countries South Asia Sub Saharan Africa All 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 Notes: The median country for 1961-70 is Peru, for 71-80 is Honduras, for 81-90 is Brazil and for 91-2000 is Mexico.
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79. Easterly (2001). Systemic Banking Crises Number of years in which a country underwent a systemic banking crisis, as a fraction of the number of years in the corresponding period.
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80. Easterly, Loayza and Montiel (1997) 70 Countries (16 LAC). 1960-93 (5-year averages, except last one) GMM-Difference Estimator (Arellano and Bond, 1991).
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81. Easterly, W. (1999). “Life During Growth: International Evidence on Quality of Life and Per Capita Income.” World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 2110.

82. Easterly, W. (2001). “Growth Implosions, Debt Explosions, and My Aunt Marilyn: Do Growth Slowdowns Cause Public Debt Crises? ” World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 2531.

83. Easterly, W. and R. Levine (2001). “It’s Not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models.” The World Bank Economic Review15(2): 177-219.
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84. Easterly, W. and R. Levine (2002). “Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development.” University of Minnesota. Mimeograph. 61 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Macroeconomic Database, available on line at http://www.eclac.org/estadisticas/.

85. Easterly, W., M. Kremer, L. Pritchett, and L. Summers (1993). “Good Policy or Good Luck? Country Growth Performance and Temporary Shocks.” Journal of Monetary Economics Vol. 32.

86. Easterly. W. and S. Rebelo (1993). “Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: an Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Monetary Economics 32(3): 417-58.

87. Eicher, T. (1999). “Trade Development and Converging Growth Rates: Dynamics Gains from Trade Reconsidered.” Journal of International Economics 48, No. 1:179-198.

88. Elias. V. (1992). Sources of Growth: A Study of Seven Latin American Economies. San Francisco: ICS Press.
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89. Engen, E. and J. Skinner (1996). “Taxation and Economic Growth.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.W5826.
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90. Fatás, A. (2000a). “Endogenous Growth and Stochastic Trends.” Journal of Monetary Economics 45, 107-128.

91. Fatás, A. (2000b). “Do Business Cycles Cast Long Shadows? Short-run Persistence and Economic Growth.” Journal of Economic Growth 5, 147-162.
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92. Fatás, A. (2001). “The Effects of Business Cycles on Growth.” Unpublished manuscript. INSEAD.
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93. Fatás, A. (2002). “The Effects of Business Cycles on Growth.” Central Bank of Chile Working Paper No. 156, May.
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94. Fernández-Arias and Montiel (2001) 69 Countries (18 LAC). 1961-95 (5-year averages) Panel Data. Instrumental Variables (IV) with Random Effects.
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95. Fernández-Arias, E. and P. Montiel (2001). “Reform and Growth: All Pain, No Gain?” IMF Staff Papers 48: 522-546.
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96. Financial Depth Projected for 2001-2010 using OLS regression models incorporating (linear or quadratic) trends, a convergence effect, and ARMA terms. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable.
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97. Fischer, S. (1993). “The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth.” Journal of Monetary Economics 32(3): 485-511.

98. Gallego, F. and N. Loayza (2002). “The Golden Period for Growth in Chile. Explanations and Forecasts.” in Economic Growth: Sources, Trends, and Cycles, edited by N. Loayza and R. Soto. Santiago, Chile: Central Bank of Chile.

99. Ghosh, A.R. (1995). “International Capital Mobility amongst the Major Industrialized Countries: Too Little or Too Much?” The Economic Journal 105: 107-128.

100. Ghosh, A.R., and J. D. Ostry (1995). “The Current Account in Developing Countries: A Perspective from the Consumption-Smoothing Approach.” The World Bank Economic Review 9: 305-333.
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101. Government Burden Projected for 2000-2010 using OLS regression models incorporating (linear or quadratic) trends and ARMA terms. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable.
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102. Government Burden Ratio of government consumption to GDP. The World Bank (2002). Public Infrastructure Telephone mainlines are telephone lines connecting a customer's equipment to the public switched telephone network. Data are presented per 1,000 population for the entire country.
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103. Griliches, Z. and J. Hausman. (1986). “Errors in Variables in Panel Data”. Journal of Econometrics 31(1): 93-118. 62 Helliwell, J. and A. Chung (1990). “Macroeconomic Convergence: International Transmission of Growth and Technical Progress.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.W3264.
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104. Gross Domestic Saving (% of GDP) Ratio of Gross Domestic Saving to GDP. The World Bank (2002).
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105. Growth Log difference of real GDP per capita. Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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106. Growth rate of GDP per capita 0.0148 0.0263 -0.1073 0.0857 0.0142 0.0224 -0.0784 0.0749 Initial GDP per capita (in logs) 8.1553 0.9871 5.9225 9.8279 8.1058 0.9431 6.1592 9.7251 Initial output gap (in logs) -0.0007 0.0247 -0.1246 0.0668 -0.0034 0.0297 -0.1650 0.0528 Secondary enrollment (in logs) 3.9255 0.6734 1.2042 5.0294 3.9076 0.6753 1.0869 4.9289 Private domestic credit/GDP (in logs) -1.1631 0.9104 -5.6893 0.7345 -1.1528 0.8454 -4.1289 0.7090 Structure-adjusted trade volume/GDP (in logs) 0.0369 0.4455 -1.6896 1.3629 0.0278 0.4472 -1.5450 1.2887 Government consumption /GDP (in logs) -1.9355 0.3703 -3.1305 -0.9681 -1.9374 0.3708 -3.1781 -0.9722 Main telephone lines per capita (in logs) 3.8887 1.8291 -0.1576 6.5271 3.8287 1.8167 -0.2070 6.5244 1st principal component of ICRG indicators 0.5529 1.8510 -3.2562 3.4684 0.5201 1.8291 -3.2562 3.4684 Inflation (in log [100+inf. rate]) 4.7905 0.4047 4.5749 8.7974 4.8142 0.4218 4.6151 7.8395 Std.
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107. Hnatkovska, V. and N. Loayza (2004). “Volatility and Growth.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3184.
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108. Holtz-Eakin, D., W. Newey, and H. S. Rosen (1988). “Estimating Vector Autoregressions with Panel Data.” Econometrica 56:1371-1395. International Currency Analysis, Inc. World Currency Yearbook, Brooklyn, NY: International Currency Analysis, Inc. Various Issues.
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109. Human Capital Authors' calculations using data from Barro and Lee (2000) and Psacharopoulos (1994) Unemployment Rate National Bureau of Statistics, Venezuela Employment National Bureau of Statistics, Venezuela Worked Hours Splicing using series from Maddison (1995) and authors' estimations using information on unemploment rate and per-capita GDP Capital Share Bernanke and Gurkaynak (2001) Growth Rates Appendix B Definitions and Sources of Variables Used in Regression Analysis Variable Definition and Construction Source 1. Growth Accounting Output Level Ratio of total GDP to total population. GDP is in 1985 PPP-adjusted US$.

110. Inflation For countries with inflation targets, central bank targets were used as the projections for the 2006-2010, private forecasts from Consensus Forecasts for the 2004-2005 period, and actual values for the 2000-2003 period.
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111. Initial per capita GDP Ratio of total GDP to total population in 2000 from the World Development Indicators . For 2005, projected value using the estimated growth rate during 2001-2005 and the initial per capita GDP in 2000. Estimated growth rates come from the projections of growth determinants for 2001-2005 and the panel data models previously presented.
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112. International Labor Organization. “LABORSTAT.” http://laborsta.ilo.org/ International Monetary Fund (2002). World Economic Outlook, Washington, DC.
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113. Investment (% of GDP) Ratio of Gross Domestic Investment (in 1995 US$) to GDP (in 1995 US$).
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114. Keller, W. (2001). “International Technology Diffusion.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. W8573.
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115. King, R. G. and R. Levine (1994). “Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 717-37 King, R. G. and R. Levine (1994). “Capital Fundamentalism, Economic Development, and Economic Growth.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy V. 40: 259-92.

116. Klenow, P. J. and A. Rodriguez-Clare (1997). “The Neoclassical Revival in Growth Economics: Has It Gone too Far?” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1997: 93-103 Knack, S., and P. Keefer (1995). “Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures.” Economic and Politics 7(3): 207-27.

117. Knight, M., N. Loayza, and D. Villanueva (1993). “Testing the Neoclassical Theory of Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach.” International Monetary Fund, Staff Papers 40:51241.

118. Kraay, A. and J. Ventura (2000). Current Accounts in Debtor and Creditor Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics 115(4): 1137-66. 63 Kydland, F. E. and C. Zarazaga (2001) Argentina's Lost Decade. CLAE Working Paper No. 0401, August.

119. Lederman, D. (1996). “The Sources of Economic Growth: A Survey from a Latin America Perspective.” Office of the Chief Economist of Latin America and the Caribbean Region, World Bank, Washington, D.C. Mimeograph.
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120. Levine, R. (1997). “Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda.” Journal of Economic Literature 35 (2): 688-726.

121. Levine, R., N. Loayza, and T. Beck (2000). “Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes.” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, No.1: 31-77.

122. Lipsey, R., and I. Kravis (1987). Saving and Economic Growth: Is the United States Really Falling Behind? New York, The Conference Board.
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123. Loayza, N. (1996). “The Economics of the Informal Sector: A Simple Model and Some Empirical Evidence from Latin America.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 45.

124. Loayza, N. and L. Palacios (1997). “Economic Reform and Progress in Latin America and the Caribbean.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1829. Washington, D. C.
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125. Lucas, R. (1988). On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22:3-42.

126. Maddison, A. (1995). Monitoring the World Economy: 1820-1992. Development Centre Studies. Paris and Washington, D.C.: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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127. Mauro, P. (1995). “Corruption and Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 681-712.

128. Miller, S. and M. Upadhyay (2000). “The Effects of Openness, Trade Orientation and Human Capital on Total Factor Productivity.” Journal of Development Economics Vol. 63 No. 2: 399423.

129. Mincer, J. (1981). “Human capital and Economic Growth.” Economics of Education Review 3(3): 195-205.

130. Number of people actually working, adjusted for the average years of primary, secondary and tertiary schooling in the population, using the rates of social returns to education calculated by Psacharopoulos (1995), and for the average numbers of hours actually worked.
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131. Olofsdotter, K. (1998). “Foreign Direct Investment, Country Capabilities and Economic Growth.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv Vol. 134 (3).

132. Otani, I, and D. Villanueva (1990). “Long-term Growth in Developing Countries and Its Determinants: An Empirical Analysis.” World Development 18(6): 769-83.
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133. Physical and Human Capital Domestic Capital Stock (in 1987 US$ dollars) Data until 1990 from Nehru and Dareshwar (1993), updated with WDI data, using perpetual inventory method, and assuming a 4% depreciation rate.
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134. Pritchett, L. (1996). “Measuring Outward Orientation in LDCs: Can It Be Done?” Journal of Development Economics 49(2):307-35.

135. Pritchett, L. (2001). “Where Has All the Education Gone?” World Bank Economic Review, V15, No. 3: 367-391.
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136. Projected for 2006-2010 (2005-2010) for countries with available Consensus Forecasts or IMF forecasts for 2004-2005 (2004) using OLS regression models incorporating (linear or quadratic) trends, a convergence term to annual inflation of 3%, and ARMA terms. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable.
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137. Psacharopoulos, G. (1994). Returns to Investment in Education: A Global Update. World Development v22, n9: 1325-43 Romer, P. (1989). “Capital Accumulation in the Theory of Long-run Growth.” in Modern Business Cycle Theory, edited by R. Barro. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

138. Public Infrastructure Projected for 2003-2010 using OLS regression models incorporating (linear or quadratic) trends, a convergence effect, and ARMA terms. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable.
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139. Real Exchange Rate Overvaluation Projected for 2000-2010 using OLS regression models incorporating (linear or quadratic) trends, the lagged difference between the index and the equilibrium level, and ARMA terms. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable.
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140. Real Exchange Rate Overvaluation Real effective exchange rate, with the level adjusted such that the average for 1976-85 equals Dollar’s (1992) index of overvaluation (based on the ratio of actual to incomeadjusted Summers-Heston purchasing power parity comparisons).
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141. Shea, J. (1998). “What Do Technology Shocks Do?” National Bureau of Economic Research Macroeconomics Annual 1998, 275-321.

142. Source: Authors' calculations External Conditions Countries Structural Policies Stabilization Policies Growth Rate 1991-1999 Potential Change Contributions to Potential Improvement in the Growth Rate Transitional Convergence Source: WDI and Authors' calculations Source: WDI and Authors' calculations Figure I.1: Growth Rates of GDP per Capita, GDP-Weighted Average by Regions, 1961-2000 (constant sample) -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
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143. Source: Authors' calculations Figure I.6: Simple Growth Decomposition Median Country by Decade -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 GDP growth Labor Capital Total Factor Productivity (TFP 1) Figure I.7: Growth Decomposition Adjusted for Human Capital Median Country by Decade -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 GDP growth Labor Capital Total Factor Productivity (TFP 2) Figure I.8: Growth Decomposition Adj. for Human Capital and Input Utilization Median Country by Decade -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-00 GDP growth Labor Capital Total Factor Productivity (TFP 3) Source: Authors' calculations Source: Authors' calculations Figure II.1: Explaining Changes in Growth Between the 1980s - 1990s Selected Latin American Countries -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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144. Sources GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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145. Sources GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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146. Sources GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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147. Sources GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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148. Sources GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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149. Sources GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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150. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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151. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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152. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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153. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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154. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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155. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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156. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
157. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
158. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
159. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
160. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
161. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
162. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
163. Sources: GDP Authors' construction using Summers and Heston (1991) and The World Bank (2002).
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164. Summers, R. and A. Heston (1991). “The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 106(2): 327-68.

165. Systemic Banking Crises Computed for 2000-2003 using the criterion defined in Caprio and Klingebiel (1999), and Kaminsky and Reinhart (1998). For 2004-2010 projected using a panel data model including the level of real exchange rate overvaluation and lagged presence of crisis as explanatory variables. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable.

166. Terms of trade shocks Computed using the projected of the level of terms of trade for 2000-2010 using OLS regression models incorporating ARMA terms. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable. Initial Output Gap and Cyclical Volatility Initial output gap computed using the Baxter-King filter.
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167. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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168. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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169. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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170. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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171. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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172. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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173. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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174. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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175. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
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176. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
177. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
178. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
179. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
180. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
181. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
182. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
183. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
184. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
185. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
186. The social returns to education are obtained from Psacharopoulos (1994). The categories and their respective returns are: No Education (benchmark) = 1, Incomplete Primary Education = 1.68, Complete Primary Education = 2.69, Incomplete Secondary Education = 3.91, Complete Secondary Education = 5.53, Incomplete College Education = 5.87, Complete College Education = 8.80. 2. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital (HL) = Labor * H. 3. Labor Adjusted for Human Capital and Employment = HL * (1- Unemployment rate) * Participation Rate * Worked Hours. 4. Physical Capital Adjusted for Utilization = Physical Capital * (1-Unemployment Rate).
     Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
     
187. The World Bank (2000) World Development Indicators. Period-specific Shifts Time dummy variables. Authors’ construction.
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188. The World Bank (2002). Cyclical Volatility Standard deviation of the output gap for the period. Author’s calculations.
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189. TIMSS (2000). The TIMSS 1999 International Database. Boston, Mass: Boston University.
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190. Trade Openness Projected for 2001-2010 using OLS regression models incorporating (linear or quadratic) trends, a convergence effect, and ARMA terms. The inclusion criterion was (i) to increase the fit of equation and (ii) to generate plausible values for the projected variable.
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191. Trade Openness Residual of a regression of the log of the ratio of exports and imports (in 1995 US$) to GDP (in 1995 US$), on the logs of area and population, and dummies for oil exporting and for landlocked countries.
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192. Transitional Convergence Initial GDP Per Capita Initial value of ratio of total GDP to total population. GDP is in 1985 PPP-adjusted US$.
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193. Turnovsky, S. (2000). “Growth in an Open Economy: Some Recent Developments”. Manuscript, University of Washington.

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195. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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196. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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197. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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198. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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199. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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200. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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201. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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202. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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203. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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204. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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205. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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206. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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207. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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208. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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209. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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210. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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211. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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212. Working-Age Population WDI Capital Authors' construction using Nehru and Dareshwar (1993) and The World Bank (2002).
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215. World Bank (2000). World Development Indicators, Washington, DC: The World Bank.

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218. Young, A. (1995). “The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Growth Experience.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3): 641-80.

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