| dbo:abstract
|
- A shell keep is a style of medieval fortification, best described as a stone structure circling the top of a motte. In English castle morphology, shell keeps are perceived as the successors to motte-and-bailey castles, with the wooden fence around the top of the motte replaced by a stone wall. Castle engineers during the Norman period did not trust the motte to support the enormous weight of a stone keep. A common solution was to replace the palisade with a stone wall then build wooden buildings backing onto the inside of the wall. This construction was lighter than a keep and prevented the walls from being undermined, meaning they could be thinner and lighter. A gazetteer compiled by archaeologist Robert Higham counted 21 shell keeps in England and Wales. Examples include the Round Tower at Windsor Castle and the majority were built in the 11th and 12th centuries. Surviving English examples of shell keeps include:
* Arundel, West Sussex (re-modelled post-medieval)
* Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire
* Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight
* Castle Acre, Norfolk (shell keep around an inner tower or manor House)
* Clare, Suffolk (part of wall on motte only)
* Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire (demolished - motte only survives)
* Launceston, Cornwall
* Lewes, East Sussex, - two shell keeps on same site? One survives
* Lincoln, Lincolnshire - two shell keeps on same site? One survives
* Oxford, Oxfordshire
* Pickering, North Yorkshire
* Restormel, Cornwall (excellent example)
* Tamworth, Staffordshire
* Tonbridge, Kent (foundations on motte only)
* Totnes, Devon
* Trematon, Cornwall
* Warwick, shell demolished and incorporated into bailey wall post-medieval
* Wigmore, Herefordshire
* Windsor, Berkshire (re-modelled post-medieval)
* Wiston (Wales) In addition Farnham and Berkeley castles have stone enclosed mottes which may be interpreted as shell keep variations. At other sites such as Durham, Warkworth, Clifford's Tower (York) and Sandal (Wakefield), shell keeps may have evolved into a tower proper. Clifford's Tower is often interpreted by modern visitors as a shell keep due to explosion damage, in 1684, which removed the roof and its central supporting masonry. True shell keeps were a stone wall around the upper perimeter of the motte with lean-to buildings against this outer wall and a small courtyard in the middle. See Restormel plan below. Unusually Lewes and Lincoln castles both feature two separate mottes which may have had shell keeps upon both of them. The reason for this is unclear but given that Lincoln Castle is adjacent to the cathedral, one shell keep may have been for the castellan (castle holder) and the other for the bishop. In each case, only one shell keep survives.
* The shell keep of Windsor Castle was built by Henry II and remodelled in the 19th century.
* Restormel Castle built around the motte
* Plan of Restormel Castle
* Tamworth Castle, Staffordshire
* Totnes Castle, Devon
* Wiston Castle, Pembrokeshire (en)
- Шелл-кип (англ. Shell-keep, букв. «Донжон-оболочка») — вид средневекового оборонительного сооружения, который получил распространение в Англии в XII веке. По своему назначенияю считается вариантом башни-донжона, отсюда название. Шелл-кип представлял собой каменную пустую цилиндрическую башню, а точнее, ограждение, диаметром до 25-30 м, и более или менее круглую в плане. Толщина стен могла достигать 2-3 м. Внутреннее пространство занималась под жилье, хозяйственные и другие постройки, которые пристраивались к внутренней части стены. В отличие от своего предшественника замка типа «мотт и бейли», шелл-кип считается редкостью и известно лишь около 70 сооружений такого типа. Более ранний тип конструктивно схожих сооружений типа «круглый форт» строился повсеместно и известно о тысячах сохранившихся фортов. Примерами шелл-кипа являются Круглая башня Виндзорского замка (сохранилась в перестроенном виде), а также сооружения в , Тамуэрте, Кардиффе, Арунделе, Карисбрукe, епископском замке в Дареме, Алнике. Шелл-кип появились во времена активной стройки новых, каменных, и перестройки старых, деревянных, норманнских замков (XII в.). Если холм — «мотт» — был слабым, то его могли огородить каменной стеной полностью, не ставя новой большой башни. В защите шелл-кип ничем принципиальным не отличался от обычного донжона. С XIII века принесённый в Европу опыт крестовых походов привёл к постройке более мощных крепостей и вывел из употребления этот тип фортификационного сооружения. (ru)
- Um shell keep é um estilo de fortificação medieval, melhor descrito como uma estrutura de pedra circulando o topo de uma mota. Na morfologia do castelo inglês, os shell keeps são vistos como sucessores dos castelos de mota, com a cerca de madeira ao redor do topo da mota substituída por um muro de pedra. A maioria foi construída nos séculos XI e XII e um exemplo é a Torre Redonda no castelo de Windsor. (pt)
|
| rdfs:comment
|
- Um shell keep é um estilo de fortificação medieval, melhor descrito como uma estrutura de pedra circulando o topo de uma mota. Na morfologia do castelo inglês, os shell keeps são vistos como sucessores dos castelos de mota, com a cerca de madeira ao redor do topo da mota substituída por um muro de pedra. A maioria foi construída nos séculos XI e XII e um exemplo é a Torre Redonda no castelo de Windsor. (pt)
- A shell keep is a style of medieval fortification, best described as a stone structure circling the top of a motte. In English castle morphology, shell keeps are perceived as the successors to motte-and-bailey castles, with the wooden fence around the top of the motte replaced by a stone wall. Castle engineers during the Norman period did not trust the motte to support the enormous weight of a stone keep. A common solution was to replace the palisade with a stone wall then build wooden buildings backing onto the inside of the wall. This construction was lighter than a keep and prevented the walls from being undermined, meaning they could be thinner and lighter. (en)
- Шелл-кип (англ. Shell-keep, букв. «Донжон-оболочка») — вид средневекового оборонительного сооружения, который получил распространение в Англии в XII веке. По своему назначенияю считается вариантом башни-донжона, отсюда название. Примерами шелл-кипа являются Круглая башня Виндзорского замка (сохранилась в перестроенном виде), а также сооружения в , Тамуэрте, Кардиффе, Арунделе, Карисбрукe, епископском замке в Дареме, Алнике. (ru)
|
.jpg){kind=link}
