Safevi Devleti Oniki Imam Şia inanci temelinde sekillenmistir. Muesseselesme surecinde ise bu yak... more Safevi Devleti Oniki Imam Şia inanci temelinde sekillenmistir. Muesseselesme surecinde ise bu yaklasimini degistirmemistir. Ancak Kizilbas sufiler olarak adlandirilan devletin kurucu ogeleri yonetimden yavas yavas uzaklastirilmistir. Onlarin yerini burokraside gulam olarak tabir edilen Kafkas halklar, dini ve hukuki muesseselerde ise muhacir ulema almistir. Bu donusum Şah Ismail tarafindan baslatilmis Şah I. Abbas tarafindan tamamlanmistir. 1501 yilinda Şah Ismail hem siyasi hem de dini otoritenin temsilcisidir. Devletin ikinci hukumdari Tahmasb ise dini yetkilerini buyuk oranda Sadr’a devretmistir. Ancak dini ve hukuki idarenin siki takipcisi olmustur. Nitekim bu calisma kapsaminda once Safevi hanedanliginin tarikat liderliginden hukumdarliga yukselisi incelenecektir. Akabinde Şah’in kendi bunyesinde topladigi dini yetkileri Iran’da tesis ettigi Şii ulema sinifiyla paylasimi ortaya koyulacaktir. Ayrica yeni devlet duzeninde din adamlarinin sorumluluklari uzerinde durulacak ve Şah i...
Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’de... more Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’den göç edip Etrek ve Gürgen nehirleri arasına yerleşmişlerdir. İl yani boy sisteminde hanlar, on beyler ve aksakallar tarafından idare edilmişlerdir. Safevî Devleti ile bağları işledikleri toprağın ya da kullandıkları meranın bedeli olarak ödedikleri vergilerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Kimi zaman da Safevî Şahına sığınan Harezmli Özbek şehzadelerin yanlarına destek kuvvet olarak verilmişlerdir. Sayın Hanî diğer adıyla Yaka Türkmenleri kendilerini Safevîler’in bir parçası olarak görmemiş ve yarı bağımsız bir hayat sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle Esterâbâd’a atanan ve kendisini devletin sahibi gibi gören Kızılbaş valiler ile anlaşamamışlardır. Ağır vergi yükü altında ezilmeleri ve adaletsiz bir yönetimle karşı karşıya kalmaları nedeniyle Esterâbâd valilerine başkaldırmışlardır. Onların memnuniyetsizliklerinden kaynaklı isyanları Şah Tahmasb döneminde başlayıp uzun yıllar devam etmiştir. Şah I. Abbas’...
Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’de... more Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’den göç edip Etrek ve Gürgen nehirleri arasına yerleşmişlerdir. İl yani boy sisteminde hanlar, on beyler ve aksakallar tarafından idare edilmişlerdir. Safevî Devleti ile bağları işledikleri toprağın ya da kullandıkları meranın bedeli olarak ödedikleri vergilerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Kimi zaman da Safevî Şahına sığınan Harezmli Özbek şehzadelerin yanlarına destek kuvvet olarak verilmişlerdir. Sayın Hanî diğer adıyla Yaka Türkmenleri kendilerini Safevîler’in bir parçası olarak görmemiş ve yarı bağımsız bir hayat sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle Esterâbâd’a atanan ve kendisini devletin sahibi gibi gören Kızılbaş valiler ile anlaşamamışlardır. Ağır vergi yükü altında ezilmeleri ve adaletsiz bir yönetimle karşı karşıya kalmaları nedeniyle Esterâbâd valilerine başkaldırmışlardır. Onların memnuniyetsizliklerinden kaynaklı isyanları Şah Tahmasb döneminde başlayıp uzun yıllar devam etmiştir. Şah I. Abbas’...
Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’de... more Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’den göç edip Etrek ve Gürgen nehirleri arasına yerleşmişlerdir. İl yani boy sisteminde hanlar, on beyler ve aksakallar tarafından idare edilmişlerdir. Safevî Devleti ile bağları işledikleri toprağın ya da kullandıkları meranın bedeli olarak ödedikleri vergilerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Kimi zaman da Safevî Şahına sığınan Harezmli Özbek şehzadelerin yanlarına destek kuvvet olarak verilmişlerdir. Sayın Hanî diğer adıyla Yaka Türkmenleri kendilerini Safevîler’in bir parçası olarak görmemiş ve yarı bağımsız bir hayat sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle Esterâbâd’a atanan ve kendisini devletin sahibi gibi gören Kızılbaş valiler ile anlaşamamışlardır. Ağır vergi yükü altında ezilmeleri ve adaletsiz bir yönetimle karşı karşıya kalmaları nedeniyle Esterâbâd valilerine başkaldırmışlardır. Onların memnuniyetsizliklerinden kaynaklı isyanları Şah Tahmasb döneminde başlayıp uzun yıllar devam etmiştir. Şah I. Abbas’...
The Sunni Uzbek Khanate and the State of Shi’i Safavid that were founded in the early years of th... more The Sunni Uzbek Khanate and the State of Shi’i Safavid that were founded in the early years of the 16th century in Central Asia and the Near East are two powerful Turkish states. The conflict began between the two parties in a short time because of enlargement policies of the states. The differences of sectarianism formed the apparent cause of the dispute for these states that wanted to march toward Khorasan. Islamic laws (Sharia) allow this fight, but it is just possible if there is any evidence of “infidel”. So one of them should define the other as non-religious elements with adjectives “bîdîn” (irreligious), “ehl-i küfr” (infidel) and “hirmansuz” (bankrupt) and then these non-religious elements should be converted to Islam according to their understanding. Therefore, Mashhad is a city in the Khorasan region where the conflict of Safavid and Uzbeks occurred. It is the center of Shi’i Islam. So the Mashhad struggles have continued both in the military and in the scientific dimension in the form of religious debates. In this study, the Mashhad campaign of Abdullah II will be a discussed, and the conflict between Shia and Sunni ulama will be evaluated in the context of their discourse.
THE INSTITUTION OF PRINCIPALITY IN THE SHIBANID KHANATE ON THE INSTANCE OF ABDULLAH KHAN II
STRUC... more THE INSTITUTION OF PRINCIPALITY IN THE SHIBANID KHANATE ON THE INSTANCE OF ABDULLAH KHAN II STRUCTURED
ABSTRACT It is important that communities have a powerful, warrior and forward-looking leader in the process of becoming state. From the earliest times, in the Turkish statehood understanding there has been a dominating belief that the God grants some qualifications to the future leaders of the society which can be realized since the childhood. We are witnessing that this understanding also dominates in the Shibanid Khanate founded in the Transoxiana, in the year 1500. In this study from this perspective the childhood years and the educations of the members of the Shibanid dynasty, their upbringing will be explained. Upon this qualifications of leaders who administered Turkestan in 16th century will be discussed. All this matters will be stated on the instance of Abdullah Khan II who was claimed as the most powerful leader of khanate after the reign of Muhammad Shibani Khan. In result of researchs it could not be found to any working examined directly this subject. In this study while it is described the principality institution of Shibanid Dynasty was utilized from native chronics of Shibanids and Ashtarkhanids periods. Additionally it used some works that was examined on the dynastic conception and administration systems of Ottoman, Babur and Safavid States that they were fed from the same sources with Shibanid Dynasty. In 1500s of years Shibanid State shaped with the traditions of turk-moghul and the laws of Islam. This information takes part very clearly in Divan of Shibani Khan founding the Shibanid State. Shibani Khan says in his Divan “I am the servant of God. By birth I am from the house of Chingiz”. With these words he has claimed to Islam and Chingis’ heritage. It is seemed that Shibanid state was the collective property of the dynastic family. “Sovereign Partnership” understanding is emerged as sharing of the economic sources or the land in the periods of the most powerful of the state. Political and economic structure of the state was divided among the power focuses in the weak times of central authority. The princes are important elements of the Shibanid dynastic family and the government staff. The Princes with the title of “Sultan” have second lines in administration. They are obedient to central authority and have managed as federative their domination regions when the state was strong. It should not be forgotten that The Princes are both the local administrators and the successors of the Khans. II. Abdullah Han Özelinde Şeybanî Hanlığında Şehzadelik Kurumu 185 Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/5 Spring 2015 In such a case, it is necessary that the princes who have contributed to the Khanate administrative system since they were born, are intelligent and brave. Morever it is obligatory that they have a good quality education and know administrative system closely. Therefore the princes had to learn two knowledges. These are the science (ilm) and the virtue (fazl). According to their education system the best science is the craft. In begining of the the princes’ education life were made a ceremony like was performed in their birth. In these ceremonies were prayed and were presented the gifts to the princes. Then the education continued with calligraphy and training of Kuran. Finally the exercises connected with the art of war were practiced. As a result, a Shibanid Prince was grown up as both a good poet, a skillful writer and a fearless warrior. The circumcision ceremonies started after the education periods of the princes was completed. The Sultans who were circumcised in 14 or 15 years old were accepted that they fulfilled their childhood era. Besides the Princes married at the age of 14 or 15 with permission given by the Sharia (Islamic laws). So the prince who owned a family serviced to his state firstly in the court later in the sanjak (the training ground, the province). Author of Sharafname-yi Shahi, Tanish praised Shibanid ruler Abdullah Khan II and his performance at the ruling. In this wise Tanish actually described the qualities which every king of Shibanid Khanate had to have. According to Tanish, Abdullah Khan II had the extraordinary qualities since his birth. He was preserved from all evil. Morever he gained the necessary knowledge and experience with excellent intelligence which was granted to him by God, in a short time. Abdullah Khan II took the courses from the best scholars of Ubeydullah Khan period at his childhood years. Tanish said that Abdullah Khan II obtained the qualities like “greatness”, “independence” “happiness” “patience” and “power” by means of these course. Consequently it can be said that the prince Abdullah had the multi-directional character thanks to his good upbringing from the aspects of science, religious and military. Shibanid Khanete kept up with efforts of Abdullah Khan when the Khanate faced on some problems inside and outside. For example Abdullah Khan II and Tashkent’s ruler Barak Khan repeatedly struggled because they wanted to seize the city of Bukhara. In foreign affairs belonging of Khorasan property caused to long-term conflicts between Safavid and Uzbek States. Finally the winner became Abdullah Khan as long as the current political conjuncture permitted. Key Words: Dynasty of Shibani /Abu’l-Khair, prince, education, Abdullah Khan II.
Khayrunnisa Begum was one of the prominent figures in Iranian campaign which occurred under the c... more Khayrunnisa Begum was one of the prominent figures in Iranian campaign which occurred under the command of Sultan Murad III in 1578 and the assassination of Adil Giray, the prince of Tatars, by Safavids. Malika Begum who was one of the most powerful and famous women in the history of Safavid Persia. Her husband, Muhammed Khudabende came to throne and she became powerful in government of the state and after that she was called "Makhdi Ulya" the "Owner of High Throne". In fact, Malika managed the Safavid State one year and a half. Besides she appeared in battle fields joining Azerbaijan campaign. Shah and high state officials are impressed by her courage, and self confidence and after a while she begun to control them. In short time an opposition group formed against her because of Melike's ambition, passion of the ruling and vindictive personality. Some of Amirs who didn't accept taken from their hands Safavid administration, reported firstly complains about Malika to Shah Khudabende. Despite all warning, Malika didn't retreat to harem and adversary Amirs began to rebellion. In this paper, information about Malika's short period sovereignty, conflicts between her and the officials of the state and her assassination will be given and discussion will be hold on the issue.
Safevi Devleti Oniki Imam Şia inanci temelinde sekillenmistir. Muesseselesme surecinde ise bu yak... more Safevi Devleti Oniki Imam Şia inanci temelinde sekillenmistir. Muesseselesme surecinde ise bu yaklasimini degistirmemistir. Ancak Kizilbas sufiler olarak adlandirilan devletin kurucu ogeleri yonetimden yavas yavas uzaklastirilmistir. Onlarin yerini burokraside gulam olarak tabir edilen Kafkas halklar, dini ve hukuki muesseselerde ise muhacir ulema almistir. Bu donusum Şah Ismail tarafindan baslatilmis Şah I. Abbas tarafindan tamamlanmistir. 1501 yilinda Şah Ismail hem siyasi hem de dini otoritenin temsilcisidir. Devletin ikinci hukumdari Tahmasb ise dini yetkilerini buyuk oranda Sadr’a devretmistir. Ancak dini ve hukuki idarenin siki takipcisi olmustur. Nitekim bu calisma kapsaminda once Safevi hanedanliginin tarikat liderliginden hukumdarliga yukselisi incelenecektir. Akabinde Şah’in kendi bunyesinde topladigi dini yetkileri Iran’da tesis ettigi Şii ulema sinifiyla paylasimi ortaya koyulacaktir. Ayrica yeni devlet duzeninde din adamlarinin sorumluluklari uzerinde durulacak ve Şah i...
Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’de... more Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’den göç edip Etrek ve Gürgen nehirleri arasına yerleşmişlerdir. İl yani boy sisteminde hanlar, on beyler ve aksakallar tarafından idare edilmişlerdir. Safevî Devleti ile bağları işledikleri toprağın ya da kullandıkları meranın bedeli olarak ödedikleri vergilerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Kimi zaman da Safevî Şahına sığınan Harezmli Özbek şehzadelerin yanlarına destek kuvvet olarak verilmişlerdir. Sayın Hanî diğer adıyla Yaka Türkmenleri kendilerini Safevîler’in bir parçası olarak görmemiş ve yarı bağımsız bir hayat sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle Esterâbâd’a atanan ve kendisini devletin sahibi gibi gören Kızılbaş valiler ile anlaşamamışlardır. Ağır vergi yükü altında ezilmeleri ve adaletsiz bir yönetimle karşı karşıya kalmaları nedeniyle Esterâbâd valilerine başkaldırmışlardır. Onların memnuniyetsizliklerinden kaynaklı isyanları Şah Tahmasb döneminde başlayıp uzun yıllar devam etmiştir. Şah I. Abbas’...
Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’de... more Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’den göç edip Etrek ve Gürgen nehirleri arasına yerleşmişlerdir. İl yani boy sisteminde hanlar, on beyler ve aksakallar tarafından idare edilmişlerdir. Safevî Devleti ile bağları işledikleri toprağın ya da kullandıkları meranın bedeli olarak ödedikleri vergilerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Kimi zaman da Safevî Şahına sığınan Harezmli Özbek şehzadelerin yanlarına destek kuvvet olarak verilmişlerdir. Sayın Hanî diğer adıyla Yaka Türkmenleri kendilerini Safevîler’in bir parçası olarak görmemiş ve yarı bağımsız bir hayat sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle Esterâbâd’a atanan ve kendisini devletin sahibi gibi gören Kızılbaş valiler ile anlaşamamışlardır. Ağır vergi yükü altında ezilmeleri ve adaletsiz bir yönetimle karşı karşıya kalmaları nedeniyle Esterâbâd valilerine başkaldırmışlardır. Onların memnuniyetsizliklerinden kaynaklı isyanları Şah Tahmasb döneminde başlayıp uzun yıllar devam etmiştir. Şah I. Abbas’...
Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’de... more Harezm bölgesinde ikamet eden Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri Safevî hükümdarı Tahmasb döneminde Harezm’den göç edip Etrek ve Gürgen nehirleri arasına yerleşmişlerdir. İl yani boy sisteminde hanlar, on beyler ve aksakallar tarafından idare edilmişlerdir. Safevî Devleti ile bağları işledikleri toprağın ya da kullandıkları meranın bedeli olarak ödedikleri vergilerle sınırlı kalmıştır. Kimi zaman da Safevî Şahına sığınan Harezmli Özbek şehzadelerin yanlarına destek kuvvet olarak verilmişlerdir. Sayın Hanî diğer adıyla Yaka Türkmenleri kendilerini Safevîler’in bir parçası olarak görmemiş ve yarı bağımsız bir hayat sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle Esterâbâd’a atanan ve kendisini devletin sahibi gibi gören Kızılbaş valiler ile anlaşamamışlardır. Ağır vergi yükü altında ezilmeleri ve adaletsiz bir yönetimle karşı karşıya kalmaları nedeniyle Esterâbâd valilerine başkaldırmışlardır. Onların memnuniyetsizliklerinden kaynaklı isyanları Şah Tahmasb döneminde başlayıp uzun yıllar devam etmiştir. Şah I. Abbas’...
The Sunni Uzbek Khanate and the State of Shi’i Safavid that were founded in the early years of th... more The Sunni Uzbek Khanate and the State of Shi’i Safavid that were founded in the early years of the 16th century in Central Asia and the Near East are two powerful Turkish states. The conflict began between the two parties in a short time because of enlargement policies of the states. The differences of sectarianism formed the apparent cause of the dispute for these states that wanted to march toward Khorasan. Islamic laws (Sharia) allow this fight, but it is just possible if there is any evidence of “infidel”. So one of them should define the other as non-religious elements with adjectives “bîdîn” (irreligious), “ehl-i küfr” (infidel) and “hirmansuz” (bankrupt) and then these non-religious elements should be converted to Islam according to their understanding. Therefore, Mashhad is a city in the Khorasan region where the conflict of Safavid and Uzbeks occurred. It is the center of Shi’i Islam. So the Mashhad struggles have continued both in the military and in the scientific dimension in the form of religious debates. In this study, the Mashhad campaign of Abdullah II will be a discussed, and the conflict between Shia and Sunni ulama will be evaluated in the context of their discourse.
THE INSTITUTION OF PRINCIPALITY IN THE SHIBANID KHANATE ON THE INSTANCE OF ABDULLAH KHAN II
STRUC... more THE INSTITUTION OF PRINCIPALITY IN THE SHIBANID KHANATE ON THE INSTANCE OF ABDULLAH KHAN II STRUCTURED
ABSTRACT It is important that communities have a powerful, warrior and forward-looking leader in the process of becoming state. From the earliest times, in the Turkish statehood understanding there has been a dominating belief that the God grants some qualifications to the future leaders of the society which can be realized since the childhood. We are witnessing that this understanding also dominates in the Shibanid Khanate founded in the Transoxiana, in the year 1500. In this study from this perspective the childhood years and the educations of the members of the Shibanid dynasty, their upbringing will be explained. Upon this qualifications of leaders who administered Turkestan in 16th century will be discussed. All this matters will be stated on the instance of Abdullah Khan II who was claimed as the most powerful leader of khanate after the reign of Muhammad Shibani Khan. In result of researchs it could not be found to any working examined directly this subject. In this study while it is described the principality institution of Shibanid Dynasty was utilized from native chronics of Shibanids and Ashtarkhanids periods. Additionally it used some works that was examined on the dynastic conception and administration systems of Ottoman, Babur and Safavid States that they were fed from the same sources with Shibanid Dynasty. In 1500s of years Shibanid State shaped with the traditions of turk-moghul and the laws of Islam. This information takes part very clearly in Divan of Shibani Khan founding the Shibanid State. Shibani Khan says in his Divan “I am the servant of God. By birth I am from the house of Chingiz”. With these words he has claimed to Islam and Chingis’ heritage. It is seemed that Shibanid state was the collective property of the dynastic family. “Sovereign Partnership” understanding is emerged as sharing of the economic sources or the land in the periods of the most powerful of the state. Political and economic structure of the state was divided among the power focuses in the weak times of central authority. The princes are important elements of the Shibanid dynastic family and the government staff. The Princes with the title of “Sultan” have second lines in administration. They are obedient to central authority and have managed as federative their domination regions when the state was strong. It should not be forgotten that The Princes are both the local administrators and the successors of the Khans. II. Abdullah Han Özelinde Şeybanî Hanlığında Şehzadelik Kurumu 185 Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/5 Spring 2015 In such a case, it is necessary that the princes who have contributed to the Khanate administrative system since they were born, are intelligent and brave. Morever it is obligatory that they have a good quality education and know administrative system closely. Therefore the princes had to learn two knowledges. These are the science (ilm) and the virtue (fazl). According to their education system the best science is the craft. In begining of the the princes’ education life were made a ceremony like was performed in their birth. In these ceremonies were prayed and were presented the gifts to the princes. Then the education continued with calligraphy and training of Kuran. Finally the exercises connected with the art of war were practiced. As a result, a Shibanid Prince was grown up as both a good poet, a skillful writer and a fearless warrior. The circumcision ceremonies started after the education periods of the princes was completed. The Sultans who were circumcised in 14 or 15 years old were accepted that they fulfilled their childhood era. Besides the Princes married at the age of 14 or 15 with permission given by the Sharia (Islamic laws). So the prince who owned a family serviced to his state firstly in the court later in the sanjak (the training ground, the province). Author of Sharafname-yi Shahi, Tanish praised Shibanid ruler Abdullah Khan II and his performance at the ruling. In this wise Tanish actually described the qualities which every king of Shibanid Khanate had to have. According to Tanish, Abdullah Khan II had the extraordinary qualities since his birth. He was preserved from all evil. Morever he gained the necessary knowledge and experience with excellent intelligence which was granted to him by God, in a short time. Abdullah Khan II took the courses from the best scholars of Ubeydullah Khan period at his childhood years. Tanish said that Abdullah Khan II obtained the qualities like “greatness”, “independence” “happiness” “patience” and “power” by means of these course. Consequently it can be said that the prince Abdullah had the multi-directional character thanks to his good upbringing from the aspects of science, religious and military. Shibanid Khanete kept up with efforts of Abdullah Khan when the Khanate faced on some problems inside and outside. For example Abdullah Khan II and Tashkent’s ruler Barak Khan repeatedly struggled because they wanted to seize the city of Bukhara. In foreign affairs belonging of Khorasan property caused to long-term conflicts between Safavid and Uzbek States. Finally the winner became Abdullah Khan as long as the current political conjuncture permitted. Key Words: Dynasty of Shibani /Abu’l-Khair, prince, education, Abdullah Khan II.
Khayrunnisa Begum was one of the prominent figures in Iranian campaign which occurred under the c... more Khayrunnisa Begum was one of the prominent figures in Iranian campaign which occurred under the command of Sultan Murad III in 1578 and the assassination of Adil Giray, the prince of Tatars, by Safavids. Malika Begum who was one of the most powerful and famous women in the history of Safavid Persia. Her husband, Muhammed Khudabende came to throne and she became powerful in government of the state and after that she was called "Makhdi Ulya" the "Owner of High Throne". In fact, Malika managed the Safavid State one year and a half. Besides she appeared in battle fields joining Azerbaijan campaign. Shah and high state officials are impressed by her courage, and self confidence and after a while she begun to control them. In short time an opposition group formed against her because of Melike's ambition, passion of the ruling and vindictive personality. Some of Amirs who didn't accept taken from their hands Safavid administration, reported firstly complains about Malika to Shah Khudabende. Despite all warning, Malika didn't retreat to harem and adversary Amirs began to rebellion. In this paper, information about Malika's short period sovereignty, conflicts between her and the officials of the state and her assassination will be given and discussion will be hold on the issue.
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ABSTRACT
It is important that communities have a powerful, warrior and forward-looking leader in the process of becoming state. From the earliest times, in the Turkish statehood understanding there has been a dominating belief that the God grants some qualifications to the future leaders of the society which can be realized since the childhood. We are witnessing that this understanding also dominates in the Shibanid Khanate founded in the Transoxiana, in the year 1500. In this study from this perspective the childhood years and the educations of the members of the Shibanid dynasty, their upbringing will be explained. Upon this qualifications of leaders who administered Turkestan in 16th century will be discussed. All this matters will be stated on the instance of Abdullah Khan II who was claimed as the most powerful leader of khanate after the reign of Muhammad Shibani Khan.
In result of researchs it could not be found to any working examined directly this subject. In this study while it is described the principality institution of Shibanid Dynasty was utilized from native chronics of Shibanids and Ashtarkhanids periods. Additionally it used some works that was examined on the dynastic conception and administration systems of Ottoman, Babur and Safavid States that they were fed from the same sources with Shibanid Dynasty.
In 1500s of years Shibanid State shaped with the traditions of turk-moghul and the laws of Islam. This information takes part very clearly in Divan of Shibani Khan founding the Shibanid State. Shibani Khan says in his Divan “I am the servant of God. By birth I am from the house of Chingiz”. With these words he has claimed to Islam and Chingis’ heritage.
It is seemed that Shibanid state was the collective property of the dynastic family. “Sovereign Partnership” understanding is emerged as sharing of the economic sources or the land in the periods of the most powerful of the state. Political and economic structure of the state was divided among the power focuses in the weak times of central authority.
The princes are important elements of the Shibanid dynastic family and the government staff. The Princes with the title of “Sultan” have second lines in administration. They are obedient to central authority and have managed as federative their domination regions when the state was strong. It should not be forgotten that The Princes are both the local administrators and the successors of the Khans.
II. Abdullah Han Özelinde Şeybanî Hanlığında Şehzadelik Kurumu 185
Turkish Studies
International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic
Volume 10/5 Spring 2015
In such a case, it is necessary that the princes who have contributed to the Khanate administrative system since they were born, are intelligent and brave. Morever it is obligatory that they have a good quality education and know administrative system closely. Therefore the princes had to learn two knowledges. These are the science (ilm) and the virtue (fazl). According to their education system the best science is the craft.
In begining of the the princes’ education life were made a ceremony like was performed in their birth. In these ceremonies were prayed and were presented the gifts to the princes. Then the education continued with calligraphy and training of Kuran. Finally the exercises connected with the art of war were practiced. As a result, a Shibanid Prince was grown up as both a good poet, a skillful writer and a fearless warrior.
The circumcision ceremonies started after the education periods of the princes was completed. The Sultans who were circumcised in 14 or 15 years old were accepted that they fulfilled their childhood era. Besides the Princes married at the age of 14 or 15 with permission given by the Sharia (Islamic laws). So the prince who owned a family serviced to his state firstly in the court later in the sanjak (the training ground, the province).
Author of Sharafname-yi Shahi, Tanish praised Shibanid ruler Abdullah Khan II and his performance at the ruling. In this wise Tanish actually described the qualities which every king of Shibanid Khanate had to have.
According to Tanish, Abdullah Khan II had the extraordinary qualities since his birth. He was preserved from all evil. Morever he gained the necessary knowledge and experience with excellent intelligence which was granted to him by God, in a short time.
Abdullah Khan II took the courses from the best scholars of Ubeydullah Khan period at his childhood years. Tanish said that Abdullah Khan II obtained the qualities like “greatness”, “independence” “happiness” “patience” and “power” by means of these course.
Consequently it can be said that the prince Abdullah had the multi-directional character thanks to his good upbringing from the aspects of science, religious and military. Shibanid Khanete kept up with efforts of Abdullah Khan when the Khanate faced on some problems inside and outside. For example Abdullah Khan II and Tashkent’s ruler Barak Khan repeatedly struggled because they wanted to seize the city of Bukhara. In foreign affairs belonging of Khorasan property caused to long-term conflicts between Safavid and Uzbek States. Finally the winner became Abdullah Khan as long as the current political conjuncture permitted.
Key Words: Dynasty of Shibani /Abu’l-Khair, prince, education, Abdullah Khan II.
STRUCTURED
ABSTRACT
It is important that communities have a powerful, warrior and forward-looking leader in the process of becoming state. From the earliest times, in the Turkish statehood understanding there has been a dominating belief that the God grants some qualifications to the future leaders of the society which can be realized since the childhood. We are witnessing that this understanding also dominates in the Shibanid Khanate founded in the Transoxiana, in the year 1500. In this study from this perspective the childhood years and the educations of the members of the Shibanid dynasty, their upbringing will be explained. Upon this qualifications of leaders who administered Turkestan in 16th century will be discussed. All this matters will be stated on the instance of Abdullah Khan II who was claimed as the most powerful leader of khanate after the reign of Muhammad Shibani Khan.
In result of researchs it could not be found to any working examined directly this subject. In this study while it is described the principality institution of Shibanid Dynasty was utilized from native chronics of Shibanids and Ashtarkhanids periods. Additionally it used some works that was examined on the dynastic conception and administration systems of Ottoman, Babur and Safavid States that they were fed from the same sources with Shibanid Dynasty.
In 1500s of years Shibanid State shaped with the traditions of turk-moghul and the laws of Islam. This information takes part very clearly in Divan of Shibani Khan founding the Shibanid State. Shibani Khan says in his Divan “I am the servant of God. By birth I am from the house of Chingiz”. With these words he has claimed to Islam and Chingis’ heritage.
It is seemed that Shibanid state was the collective property of the dynastic family. “Sovereign Partnership” understanding is emerged as sharing of the economic sources or the land in the periods of the most powerful of the state. Political and economic structure of the state was divided among the power focuses in the weak times of central authority.
The princes are important elements of the Shibanid dynastic family and the government staff. The Princes with the title of “Sultan” have second lines in administration. They are obedient to central authority and have managed as federative their domination regions when the state was strong. It should not be forgotten that The Princes are both the local administrators and the successors of the Khans.
II. Abdullah Han Özelinde Şeybanî Hanlığında Şehzadelik Kurumu 185
Turkish Studies
International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic
Volume 10/5 Spring 2015
In such a case, it is necessary that the princes who have contributed to the Khanate administrative system since they were born, are intelligent and brave. Morever it is obligatory that they have a good quality education and know administrative system closely. Therefore the princes had to learn two knowledges. These are the science (ilm) and the virtue (fazl). According to their education system the best science is the craft.
In begining of the the princes’ education life were made a ceremony like was performed in their birth. In these ceremonies were prayed and were presented the gifts to the princes. Then the education continued with calligraphy and training of Kuran. Finally the exercises connected with the art of war were practiced. As a result, a Shibanid Prince was grown up as both a good poet, a skillful writer and a fearless warrior.
The circumcision ceremonies started after the education periods of the princes was completed. The Sultans who were circumcised in 14 or 15 years old were accepted that they fulfilled their childhood era. Besides the Princes married at the age of 14 or 15 with permission given by the Sharia (Islamic laws). So the prince who owned a family serviced to his state firstly in the court later in the sanjak (the training ground, the province).
Author of Sharafname-yi Shahi, Tanish praised Shibanid ruler Abdullah Khan II and his performance at the ruling. In this wise Tanish actually described the qualities which every king of Shibanid Khanate had to have.
According to Tanish, Abdullah Khan II had the extraordinary qualities since his birth. He was preserved from all evil. Morever he gained the necessary knowledge and experience with excellent intelligence which was granted to him by God, in a short time.
Abdullah Khan II took the courses from the best scholars of Ubeydullah Khan period at his childhood years. Tanish said that Abdullah Khan II obtained the qualities like “greatness”, “independence” “happiness” “patience” and “power” by means of these course.
Consequently it can be said that the prince Abdullah had the multi-directional character thanks to his good upbringing from the aspects of science, religious and military. Shibanid Khanete kept up with efforts of Abdullah Khan when the Khanate faced on some problems inside and outside. For example Abdullah Khan II and Tashkent’s ruler Barak Khan repeatedly struggled because they wanted to seize the city of Bukhara. In foreign affairs belonging of Khorasan property caused to long-term conflicts between Safavid and Uzbek States. Finally the winner became Abdullah Khan as long as the current political conjuncture permitted.
Key Words: Dynasty of Shibani /Abu’l-Khair, prince, education, Abdullah Khan II.