... It was only in later periods that the transport of wood building ma-terial started to develop... more ... It was only in later periods that the transport of wood building ma-terial started to develop on a large scale. The earliest information on floating of timber on the Oder river comes from as early as the 1st half of the 13th century (Mozdzioch, 1992). ...
ABSTRACT This chapter presents a summary of the results of climate reconstruction for Poland base... more ABSTRACT This chapter presents a summary of the results of climate reconstruction for Poland based on dendrochronological data. Dendroclimatological research has been carried out in Poland for over 60 years. As a result, there are numerous chronologies available for both native and naturalised species which form a basis for further research. These are summarised in Table 7.1. Reliable reconstructions can only be produced for the months where the relationships are seen to be statistically significant. Temperature and rainfall reconstructions from Scots pine tree-ring series were produced for the Kuyavia and Pomerania regions of Poland (Figs. 7.5 and 7.6). The highest correlations between temperature and growth were found in February and March, and those for rainfall occurred in June and July. The reconstruction data suggest periods when the winter/spring temperature was warmer than normal in 1180–1200, 1240–1270, 1340–1360, 1430–1490, 1530–1590, 1660–1680, 1820–1850, 1910–1940 and from 1985. In contrast, cooler winter/spring periods occurred in: 1290–1310, 1400–1420, 1500–1510, 1600–1650, 1750–1770, 1800–1810, 1880–1900, and 1900–1980. The coldest winter/spring periods were the first decade of the fourteenth century, the last decades of the fifteen century and at the beginning of sixteen century, as well as in the first decade of the nineteenth century. KeywordsClimate reconstruction-dendrochronology-dendroclimatology-Poland
Southern Greece is a region where available oak reference chronologies are still missing, making ... more Southern Greece is a region where available oak reference chronologies are still missing, making den- droarchaeology and dating of historical buildings rather challenging, if not impossible. In the current study we performed wood identification and dendroarchaeological analysis on timber from three historical buildings: the castles of Androusa and Koroni and the Church of Agios Dimitrios, in Western Peloponnese. The three monu- ments represent buildings of different uses covering different periods, but also sharing a common characteristic: oak was the only timber used in their construction, while the number of preserved timber elements is very limited. A dendroarchaeological examination of these three historical buildings, together with radiocarbon and wiggle-matching analysis, provided valuable chronological information for the local archaeologists, historians, and other scientists. Application of dendrochronological techniques has helped place the three buildings under study into the Ottoman period. Our results also show that timber was acquired most probably from local non- managed forests, which suggests that oak forests were present in the broader area at least from the late 15th to the first half of the 18th centuries. The discordance between dendrochronological and radiocarbon dates in one of the three cases highlights the need for further exploration of the study area through a combined imple- mentation of both dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating analyses in order to develop well-replicated local oak chronologies. Our study also shows that dendroarchaeology can contribute significantly to the cultural and landscape history of Western Peloponnese even with an examination of limited number of preserved timber elements from historical buildings.
ABSTRACTThe Podemszczyzna peatland (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland) is a place of peat exploitation ... more ABSTRACTThe Podemszczyzna peatland (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland) is a place of peat exploitation for balneological purposes. The thickness of organic sediments (minerogenic peat) reaches 4.0 m, while the beginning of peat accumulation was dated using the radiocarbon method (14C) at 13,517–13,156 cal BP. During the peat exploitation numerous fragments of subfossil wood (of various species) were excavated and, based on dendrochronological analyzes and 14C dating (wiggle-matching), two short floating chronologies were elaborated: bog pine chronology (147 years long) and deciduous trees (oak, elm) chronology (139 years long). 14C dating has shown that the bog pine chronology (ca. 9980–9830 mod. cal BP) is the oldest pine chronology found in the Polish peatlands so far. It was synchronous with the Preboreal decline of fluvial activity and peat formation, whereas dying off of trees was connected with distinct rise of fluvial activity. Floating chronology of deciduous trees is much younger...
Moats and other historical water features had great importance for past societies. The functionin... more Moats and other historical water features had great importance for past societies. The functioning of these ecosystems can now only be retrieved through palaeoecological studies, which often focus on a single sampling sediment core location. While a variety of human-environment interactions have already been examined, the spatio-temporal habitat changes within a medieval moat are presented here for the first time. Using data from four cores of organic deposits taken from different areas within the moat system, we describe ecological states of the moat based on subfossil Chironomidae assemblages and accompanying sedimentological and geochemical data, using Kohonen’s artificial neural network, the canonical correspondence analysis, and generalised linear modelling. We found that chironomid assemblages differed in the spatio-temporal distribution of their habitats, depending mostly on depth differences and fresh water supply from an artificial channel. Paludification and terrestrializa...
Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae play an important role in a wide range of aquatic ecosy... more Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae play an important role in a wide range of aquatic ecosystems. The study focuses on Chironomidae trophic guilds and morphological types as indicator traits in reconstructions of habitat changes in shallow water bodies. Mentum and ventromental plates are important mouthparts whose shape depends on food type and feeding behavior. Chironomidae larvae strongly vary in the mode of life and feeding habits, representing almost every feeding group. Here we classified the mentum types into 16 groups and tested if they indicated similar past habitat changes as the Chironomidae functional feeding groups (FFGs), and tribes/subfamilies. Paleoecological data of biotic and abiotic proxies were derived from short sequences from a Late Glacial oxbow and a nearby medieval moat located in Central Poland. The study revealed that the habitat substratum structure, vegetation and physicochemical conditions are associated both with the feeding types and morphologica...
Dating of wood is a major task in historical research, archaeology and paleoclimatology. Currentl... more Dating of wood is a major task in historical research, archaeology and paleoclimatology. Currently, the most important dating techniques are dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating. Our approach is based on molecular decay over time under specific preservation conditions. In the models presented here, construction wood, cold soft waterlogged wood and wood from living trees are combined. Under these conditions, molecular decay as a usable clock for dating purposes takes place with comparable speed. Preservation conditions apart from those presented here are not covered by the model and cannot currently be dated with this method. For example, samples preserved in a clay matrix seem not to fit into the model. Other restrictions are discussed in the paper. One model presented covers 7,500 years with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 682 years for a single measurement. Another model reduced to the time period of the last 800 years results in a RMSE of 92 years. As multiple measurements ...
... It was only in later periods that the transport of wood building ma-terial started to develop... more ... It was only in later periods that the transport of wood building ma-terial started to develop on a large scale. The earliest information on floating of timber on the Oder river comes from as early as the 1st half of the 13th century (Mozdzioch, 1992). ...
ABSTRACT This chapter presents a summary of the results of climate reconstruction for Poland base... more ABSTRACT This chapter presents a summary of the results of climate reconstruction for Poland based on dendrochronological data. Dendroclimatological research has been carried out in Poland for over 60 years. As a result, there are numerous chronologies available for both native and naturalised species which form a basis for further research. These are summarised in Table 7.1. Reliable reconstructions can only be produced for the months where the relationships are seen to be statistically significant. Temperature and rainfall reconstructions from Scots pine tree-ring series were produced for the Kuyavia and Pomerania regions of Poland (Figs. 7.5 and 7.6). The highest correlations between temperature and growth were found in February and March, and those for rainfall occurred in June and July. The reconstruction data suggest periods when the winter/spring temperature was warmer than normal in 1180–1200, 1240–1270, 1340–1360, 1430–1490, 1530–1590, 1660–1680, 1820–1850, 1910–1940 and from 1985. In contrast, cooler winter/spring periods occurred in: 1290–1310, 1400–1420, 1500–1510, 1600–1650, 1750–1770, 1800–1810, 1880–1900, and 1900–1980. The coldest winter/spring periods were the first decade of the fourteenth century, the last decades of the fifteen century and at the beginning of sixteen century, as well as in the first decade of the nineteenth century. KeywordsClimate reconstruction-dendrochronology-dendroclimatology-Poland
Southern Greece is a region where available oak reference chronologies are still missing, making ... more Southern Greece is a region where available oak reference chronologies are still missing, making den- droarchaeology and dating of historical buildings rather challenging, if not impossible. In the current study we performed wood identification and dendroarchaeological analysis on timber from three historical buildings: the castles of Androusa and Koroni and the Church of Agios Dimitrios, in Western Peloponnese. The three monu- ments represent buildings of different uses covering different periods, but also sharing a common characteristic: oak was the only timber used in their construction, while the number of preserved timber elements is very limited. A dendroarchaeological examination of these three historical buildings, together with radiocarbon and wiggle-matching analysis, provided valuable chronological information for the local archaeologists, historians, and other scientists. Application of dendrochronological techniques has helped place the three buildings under study into the Ottoman period. Our results also show that timber was acquired most probably from local non- managed forests, which suggests that oak forests were present in the broader area at least from the late 15th to the first half of the 18th centuries. The discordance between dendrochronological and radiocarbon dates in one of the three cases highlights the need for further exploration of the study area through a combined imple- mentation of both dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating analyses in order to develop well-replicated local oak chronologies. Our study also shows that dendroarchaeology can contribute significantly to the cultural and landscape history of Western Peloponnese even with an examination of limited number of preserved timber elements from historical buildings.
ABSTRACTThe Podemszczyzna peatland (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland) is a place of peat exploitation ... more ABSTRACTThe Podemszczyzna peatland (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland) is a place of peat exploitation for balneological purposes. The thickness of organic sediments (minerogenic peat) reaches 4.0 m, while the beginning of peat accumulation was dated using the radiocarbon method (14C) at 13,517–13,156 cal BP. During the peat exploitation numerous fragments of subfossil wood (of various species) were excavated and, based on dendrochronological analyzes and 14C dating (wiggle-matching), two short floating chronologies were elaborated: bog pine chronology (147 years long) and deciduous trees (oak, elm) chronology (139 years long). 14C dating has shown that the bog pine chronology (ca. 9980–9830 mod. cal BP) is the oldest pine chronology found in the Polish peatlands so far. It was synchronous with the Preboreal decline of fluvial activity and peat formation, whereas dying off of trees was connected with distinct rise of fluvial activity. Floating chronology of deciduous trees is much younger...
Moats and other historical water features had great importance for past societies. The functionin... more Moats and other historical water features had great importance for past societies. The functioning of these ecosystems can now only be retrieved through palaeoecological studies, which often focus on a single sampling sediment core location. While a variety of human-environment interactions have already been examined, the spatio-temporal habitat changes within a medieval moat are presented here for the first time. Using data from four cores of organic deposits taken from different areas within the moat system, we describe ecological states of the moat based on subfossil Chironomidae assemblages and accompanying sedimentological and geochemical data, using Kohonen’s artificial neural network, the canonical correspondence analysis, and generalised linear modelling. We found that chironomid assemblages differed in the spatio-temporal distribution of their habitats, depending mostly on depth differences and fresh water supply from an artificial channel. Paludification and terrestrializa...
Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae play an important role in a wide range of aquatic ecosy... more Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae play an important role in a wide range of aquatic ecosystems. The study focuses on Chironomidae trophic guilds and morphological types as indicator traits in reconstructions of habitat changes in shallow water bodies. Mentum and ventromental plates are important mouthparts whose shape depends on food type and feeding behavior. Chironomidae larvae strongly vary in the mode of life and feeding habits, representing almost every feeding group. Here we classified the mentum types into 16 groups and tested if they indicated similar past habitat changes as the Chironomidae functional feeding groups (FFGs), and tribes/subfamilies. Paleoecological data of biotic and abiotic proxies were derived from short sequences from a Late Glacial oxbow and a nearby medieval moat located in Central Poland. The study revealed that the habitat substratum structure, vegetation and physicochemical conditions are associated both with the feeding types and morphologica...
Dating of wood is a major task in historical research, archaeology and paleoclimatology. Currentl... more Dating of wood is a major task in historical research, archaeology and paleoclimatology. Currently, the most important dating techniques are dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating. Our approach is based on molecular decay over time under specific preservation conditions. In the models presented here, construction wood, cold soft waterlogged wood and wood from living trees are combined. Under these conditions, molecular decay as a usable clock for dating purposes takes place with comparable speed. Preservation conditions apart from those presented here are not covered by the model and cannot currently be dated with this method. For example, samples preserved in a clay matrix seem not to fit into the model. Other restrictions are discussed in the paper. One model presented covers 7,500 years with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 682 years for a single measurement. Another model reduced to the time period of the last 800 years results in a RMSE of 92 years. As multiple measurements ...
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