We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achi... more We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achieved under ''good circumstances'' (all payoffs in the constituent PD are positive), ''bad circumstances'' (payoffs are negative), or ''mixed circumstances.'' To analyze the behavior in these repeated PDs, we developed and applied a learning model that improves upon standard learning models in two ways: (1) It allows for statistical tests of the parameter estimates, and (2) it allows for the incorporation of independent variables (e.g., subject or game characteristics). The model is applied to the data of the repeated PD experiment in van Snijders (2004, 2005). Our findings demonstrate that our model can be used to identify and test how learning differs across persons and across different circumstances.
This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embe... more This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embeddedness in trust situations. The experiment uses a setting in which a buyer wants to buy a used car from a car dealer. We distinguish between eects on trust of the past relation and the eects of the expected future relation between the buyer and
This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embe... more This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embeddedness in trust situations. The experiment uses a setting in which a buyer wants to buy a used car from a car dealer. We distinguish between eects on trust of the past relation and the eects of the expected future relation between the buyer and the dealer. A buyer can learn about the trustworthiness of the dealer from past transactions of the dealer. Moreover, the buyer can control the dealer if the buyer and the dealer expect more transactions in the future, because the buyer may,sanction the dealer if the dealer would act untrustworthy in the present transaction, for example, by refraining from future transactions. Temporal embeddedness facilitates learning and control through the bilateral relation of the buyer and the dealer, while network embeddedness facilitates learning and control through third parties. In the experiment, subjects are asked to compare dierent settings for buyin...
Reputation and Efficiency principle of rational action for use in the analysis of social systems ... more Reputation and Efficiency principle of rational action for use in the analysis of social systems proper, including but not limited to economic systems, and to do so without discarding social organization in the process." Such an approach is ad-vocated by Mark Granovetter ...
This paper describes a vignette experiment on the effects of temporal embeddedness and network em... more This paper describes a vignette experiment on the effects of temporal embeddedness and network embeddedness in trust situations. The experiment uses a setting in which a buyer wants to buy a used car from a car dealer. We distinguish between effects on trust of the past relation and the effects of the expected future relation between the buyer and the dealer. A buyer can learn about the trustworthiness of the dealer from past transactions of the dealer. Moreover, the buyer can control the dealer if the buyer and the dealer expect more transactions in the future, because the buyer may sanction the dealer if the dealer would act untrustworthy in the present transaction, for example, by refraining from future transactions. Temporal embeddedness facilitates learning and control through the bilateral relation of the buyer and the dealer, while network embeddedness facilitates learning and control through third parties. In the experiment, subjects are asked to compare different settings for buying a used car, while the relation between the buyer and dealer is varied in these settings. It turns out that learning as well as control based on temporal as well as network embeddedness contribute to the extent to which the buyer trusts the dealer.
This study applies multilevel social network analytic techniques to examine processes of homophil... more This study applies multilevel social network analytic techniques to examine processes of homophilic selection and social influence related to alcohol use among friends in early adolescence. Participants included 3,041 Dutch youth (M age 5 12 years, 49% female) from 120 classrooms in 14 schools. Three waves with 3-month intervals of friendship nomination data and self-reports of drinking behavior were collected. Results revealed that within classrooms, friendship nominations tended to be reciprocated and dyadic friendships tended to be embedded within cohesive subgroups (e.g., cliques). Students tended to nominate friends who were the same sex, from a similar ethnic background, and who they previously knew from primary school. Selection processes turned out to play a more significant role than social influence processes in predicting similarity between early adolescent friends' alcohol use. Although friendship dynamics and individual drinking trajectories substantially differed between classrooms, the effects of homophilic selection and social influence did not.
... WHO CONTRIBUTES TO PUBLIC GOODS? WITH AN APPLICATION TO LOCAL ECONOMIC POLICIES IN THE NETHER... more ... WHO CONTRIBUTES TO PUBLIC GOODS? WITH AN APPLICATION TO LOCAL ECONOMIC POLICIES IN THE NETHERLANDS TOM SNIJDERS* Department of Statistics and Measurement Theory, University of Groningen MARCEL VAN DAM ...
This study investigates the influence of resource inequality and the fairness of the allocation p... more This study investigates the influence of resource inequality and the fairness of the allocation procedure of unequal resources on cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. We propose a simple formal behavioral model that incorporates conflicting selfish and social motivations. This model allows us to predict how inequality influences cooperative behavior. Allocation of resources is manipulated by three treatments that vary in terms of procedural justice: allocating resources randomly, based on merit, and based on ascription. As predicted, ...
We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achi... more We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achieved under ''good circumstances'' (all payoffs in the constituent PD are positive), ''bad circumstances'' (payoffs are negative), or ''mixed circumstances.'' To analyze the behavior in these repeated PDs, we developed and applied a learning model that improves upon standard learning models in two ways: (1) It allows for statistical tests of the parameter estimates, and (2) it allows for the incorporation of independent variables (e.g., subject or game characteristics). The model is applied to the data of the repeated PD experiment in van Snijders (2004, 2005). Our findings demonstrate that our model can be used to identify and test how learning differs across persons and across different circumstances.
We propose a formal-behavioral framework with 3 components: nonselfish motives, expectations abou... more We propose a formal-behavioral framework with 3 components: nonselfish motives, expectations about others' nonselfish motives, and a game-theoretic component. For nonselfish motives, 3 nonstandard utility models representing altruism, inequality aversion, and norms are considered. Expectations are modeled as certain versus uncertain expectations. The game-theoretic component predicts behavior of actors and actors' expectations about behaviors of others. This framework is applied to asymmetric one-shot ...
In 1998, Thomas Fararo and Patrick Doreian edited The Problem of Solidarity: Theories and Models ... more In 1998, Thomas Fararo and Patrick Doreian edited The Problem of Solidarity: Theories and Models as a companion volume to JMS. Their volume featured influential contributions to the development of formal theoretical models for the analysis of solidarity in groups of different sizes and in society as a whole. The present special issue of JMS complements this perspective by focusing
This study tests a number of hypotheses proposed in the literature concerning the relationship be... more This study tests a number of hypotheses proposed in the literature concerning the relationship between an actor's social orientation and her beliefs about the social orientations of others. In contrast to the existing literature, this study employs a parametric approach with an innovative methodology. First, the social orientation parameters of actors are estimated: the weights respondents add to (1) the outcomes of Alter and to (2) the absolute difference between the outcomes for Ego and Alter. Then, the mean and the variance of the distribution of beliefs about the social orientation parameters of others are estimated, conditional on the actor's social orientation parameters. The results show that (1) there is a positive association between an actor's social orientation and her belief about the mean of the social orientations of others and (2) those who have approximately zero social orientation parameter values (individualists) expect the variation of others' social orientations to be lower than those with smaller (competitors) or larger (cooperators/egalitarians) social orientation parameter values. These results support the cone model, which models the "false" consensus effect where the "false" consensus is highest for individualists.
This study uses integrated threat theory to examine Dutch adolescents' (N ¼ 1; 187) prejudice tow... more This study uses integrated threat theory to examine Dutch adolescents' (N ¼ 1; 187) prejudice towards Muslim minorities. One out of two participants was found to have negative feelings towards Muslims. Perceived symbolic and realistic threat and negative stereotypes were examined as mediators between antecedent factors (in-group identification, intergroup contact, and the endorsement of multiculturalism) and prejudice. Based on structural equation modelling, it was found that stereotypes and symbolic threats, but not realistic threats, predicted prejudice towards Muslims. Further, it was found that the effect of in-group identification on prejudice was fully mediated by symbolic threat, the effect of contact was partially mediated by stereotypes, and the effect of the endorsement of multiculturalism was mediated by both symbolic threat and stereotypes. In addition, contact and multiculturalism were directly associated with prejudice towards Muslims. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Sufficiently frequent interaction between partners has been identified by, ao, Ax-elrod as a more... more Sufficiently frequent interaction between partners has been identified by, ao, Ax-elrod as a more-or-less sufficient condition for stable cooperation. The underlying argument is that rational cooperation is ensured if short-term benefits from op-portunistic behavior are offset by the ...
tThis paper deals with the influence of friends in class on adolescents’ problematic school behav... more tThis paper deals with the influence of friends in class on adolescents’ problematic school behavior (i.e.inattention in class and not doing homework). We examine whether this influence is moderated by ego(i.e. the adolescent’s indegree), alter (i.e. friends’ indegree) and dyadic characteristics (i.e. friendship reci-procity). Influence processes are analyzed with a stochastic actor-based model (SIENA), while controllingfor friendship selection. Using a 4-wave panel dataset, we find that friends influence adolescents’ prob-lematic school behavior. Adolescents with a higher indegree are less likely to be influenced. The influence of friends is not significantly moderated by friends’ indegree and friendship reciprocity.
We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achi... more We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achieved under ''good circumstances'' (all payoffs in the constituent PD are positive), ''bad circumstances'' (payoffs are negative), or ''mixed circumstances.'' To analyze the behavior in these repeated PDs, we developed and applied a learning model that improves upon standard learning models in two ways: (1) It allows for statistical tests of the parameter estimates, and (2) it allows for the incorporation of independent variables (e.g., subject or game characteristics). The model is applied to the data of the repeated PD experiment in van Snijders (2004, 2005). Our findings demonstrate that our model can be used to identify and test how learning differs across persons and across different circumstances.
This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embe... more This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embeddedness in trust situations. The experiment uses a setting in which a buyer wants to buy a used car from a car dealer. We distinguish between eects on trust of the past relation and the eects of the expected future relation between the buyer and
This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embe... more This paper describes a vignette experiment on the eects of temporal embeddedness and network embeddedness in trust situations. The experiment uses a setting in which a buyer wants to buy a used car from a car dealer. We distinguish between eects on trust of the past relation and the eects of the expected future relation between the buyer and the dealer. A buyer can learn about the trustworthiness of the dealer from past transactions of the dealer. Moreover, the buyer can control the dealer if the buyer and the dealer expect more transactions in the future, because the buyer may,sanction the dealer if the dealer would act untrustworthy in the present transaction, for example, by refraining from future transactions. Temporal embeddedness facilitates learning and control through the bilateral relation of the buyer and the dealer, while network embeddedness facilitates learning and control through third parties. In the experiment, subjects are asked to compare dierent settings for buyin...
Reputation and Efficiency principle of rational action for use in the analysis of social systems ... more Reputation and Efficiency principle of rational action for use in the analysis of social systems proper, including but not limited to economic systems, and to do so without discarding social organization in the process." Such an approach is ad-vocated by Mark Granovetter ...
This paper describes a vignette experiment on the effects of temporal embeddedness and network em... more This paper describes a vignette experiment on the effects of temporal embeddedness and network embeddedness in trust situations. The experiment uses a setting in which a buyer wants to buy a used car from a car dealer. We distinguish between effects on trust of the past relation and the effects of the expected future relation between the buyer and the dealer. A buyer can learn about the trustworthiness of the dealer from past transactions of the dealer. Moreover, the buyer can control the dealer if the buyer and the dealer expect more transactions in the future, because the buyer may sanction the dealer if the dealer would act untrustworthy in the present transaction, for example, by refraining from future transactions. Temporal embeddedness facilitates learning and control through the bilateral relation of the buyer and the dealer, while network embeddedness facilitates learning and control through third parties. In the experiment, subjects are asked to compare different settings for buying a used car, while the relation between the buyer and dealer is varied in these settings. It turns out that learning as well as control based on temporal as well as network embeddedness contribute to the extent to which the buyer trusts the dealer.
This study applies multilevel social network analytic techniques to examine processes of homophil... more This study applies multilevel social network analytic techniques to examine processes of homophilic selection and social influence related to alcohol use among friends in early adolescence. Participants included 3,041 Dutch youth (M age 5 12 years, 49% female) from 120 classrooms in 14 schools. Three waves with 3-month intervals of friendship nomination data and self-reports of drinking behavior were collected. Results revealed that within classrooms, friendship nominations tended to be reciprocated and dyadic friendships tended to be embedded within cohesive subgroups (e.g., cliques). Students tended to nominate friends who were the same sex, from a similar ethnic background, and who they previously knew from primary school. Selection processes turned out to play a more significant role than social influence processes in predicting similarity between early adolescent friends' alcohol use. Although friendship dynamics and individual drinking trajectories substantially differed between classrooms, the effects of homophilic selection and social influence did not.
... WHO CONTRIBUTES TO PUBLIC GOODS? WITH AN APPLICATION TO LOCAL ECONOMIC POLICIES IN THE NETHER... more ... WHO CONTRIBUTES TO PUBLIC GOODS? WITH AN APPLICATION TO LOCAL ECONOMIC POLICIES IN THE NETHERLANDS TOM SNIJDERS* Department of Statistics and Measurement Theory, University of Groningen MARCEL VAN DAM ...
This study investigates the influence of resource inequality and the fairness of the allocation p... more This study investigates the influence of resource inequality and the fairness of the allocation procedure of unequal resources on cooperative behavior in social dilemmas. We propose a simple formal behavioral model that incorporates conflicting selfish and social motivations. This model allows us to predict how inequality influences cooperative behavior. Allocation of resources is manipulated by three treatments that vary in terms of procedural justice: allocating resources randomly, based on merit, and based on ascription. As predicted, ...
We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achi... more We address whether cooperative behavior in a repeated Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) is more easily achieved under ''good circumstances'' (all payoffs in the constituent PD are positive), ''bad circumstances'' (payoffs are negative), or ''mixed circumstances.'' To analyze the behavior in these repeated PDs, we developed and applied a learning model that improves upon standard learning models in two ways: (1) It allows for statistical tests of the parameter estimates, and (2) it allows for the incorporation of independent variables (e.g., subject or game characteristics). The model is applied to the data of the repeated PD experiment in van Snijders (2004, 2005). Our findings demonstrate that our model can be used to identify and test how learning differs across persons and across different circumstances.
We propose a formal-behavioral framework with 3 components: nonselfish motives, expectations abou... more We propose a formal-behavioral framework with 3 components: nonselfish motives, expectations about others' nonselfish motives, and a game-theoretic component. For nonselfish motives, 3 nonstandard utility models representing altruism, inequality aversion, and norms are considered. Expectations are modeled as certain versus uncertain expectations. The game-theoretic component predicts behavior of actors and actors' expectations about behaviors of others. This framework is applied to asymmetric one-shot ...
In 1998, Thomas Fararo and Patrick Doreian edited The Problem of Solidarity: Theories and Models ... more In 1998, Thomas Fararo and Patrick Doreian edited The Problem of Solidarity: Theories and Models as a companion volume to JMS. Their volume featured influential contributions to the development of formal theoretical models for the analysis of solidarity in groups of different sizes and in society as a whole. The present special issue of JMS complements this perspective by focusing
This study tests a number of hypotheses proposed in the literature concerning the relationship be... more This study tests a number of hypotheses proposed in the literature concerning the relationship between an actor's social orientation and her beliefs about the social orientations of others. In contrast to the existing literature, this study employs a parametric approach with an innovative methodology. First, the social orientation parameters of actors are estimated: the weights respondents add to (1) the outcomes of Alter and to (2) the absolute difference between the outcomes for Ego and Alter. Then, the mean and the variance of the distribution of beliefs about the social orientation parameters of others are estimated, conditional on the actor's social orientation parameters. The results show that (1) there is a positive association between an actor's social orientation and her belief about the mean of the social orientations of others and (2) those who have approximately zero social orientation parameter values (individualists) expect the variation of others' social orientations to be lower than those with smaller (competitors) or larger (cooperators/egalitarians) social orientation parameter values. These results support the cone model, which models the "false" consensus effect where the "false" consensus is highest for individualists.
This study uses integrated threat theory to examine Dutch adolescents' (N ¼ 1; 187) prejudice tow... more This study uses integrated threat theory to examine Dutch adolescents' (N ¼ 1; 187) prejudice towards Muslim minorities. One out of two participants was found to have negative feelings towards Muslims. Perceived symbolic and realistic threat and negative stereotypes were examined as mediators between antecedent factors (in-group identification, intergroup contact, and the endorsement of multiculturalism) and prejudice. Based on structural equation modelling, it was found that stereotypes and symbolic threats, but not realistic threats, predicted prejudice towards Muslims. Further, it was found that the effect of in-group identification on prejudice was fully mediated by symbolic threat, the effect of contact was partially mediated by stereotypes, and the effect of the endorsement of multiculturalism was mediated by both symbolic threat and stereotypes. In addition, contact and multiculturalism were directly associated with prejudice towards Muslims. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Sufficiently frequent interaction between partners has been identified by, ao, Ax-elrod as a more... more Sufficiently frequent interaction between partners has been identified by, ao, Ax-elrod as a more-or-less sufficient condition for stable cooperation. The underlying argument is that rational cooperation is ensured if short-term benefits from op-portunistic behavior are offset by the ...
tThis paper deals with the influence of friends in class on adolescents’ problematic school behav... more tThis paper deals with the influence of friends in class on adolescents’ problematic school behavior (i.e.inattention in class and not doing homework). We examine whether this influence is moderated by ego(i.e. the adolescent’s indegree), alter (i.e. friends’ indegree) and dyadic characteristics (i.e. friendship reci-procity). Influence processes are analyzed with a stochastic actor-based model (SIENA), while controllingfor friendship selection. Using a 4-wave panel dataset, we find that friends influence adolescents’ prob-lematic school behavior. Adolescents with a higher indegree are less likely to be influenced. The influence of friends is not significantly moderated by friends’ indegree and friendship reciprocity.
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