I completed my PhD in Public Management and Governance with the University of Johannesburg (UJ). My thesis' title was: Variables influencing participatory budgeting in the City of Ekurhuleni. The aim was to improve the city's budgeting processes for communities to have a greater say in determining the city's strategic objectives, budget and ultimate service delivery standards.
Africa's Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 2022
Abstract: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of commun... more Abstract: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of communities must create a milieu of interacting with communities in terms of planning, execution and the monitoring and evaluation of the success or failure of its programmes. Local government has a moral and a legislative duty to involve communities thereby extending and deepening democratic and accountable government processes.
This study aimed to analyse how democratic and accountable governance can assist in creating sustainable processes of involvement of its communities. Local government is government’s main contributor to the socio-economic growth and development, not only of a country but more so, its people. The article emphasises improvement in the current processes of community involvement in strategic planning and the execution of such plans in general and at the city of Ekurhuleni (COE) in particular, situated in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It further aims to indicate to the city that its processes are not taking into account communities’ feelings of self-worth, humanity and identity.
The study followed a qualitative approach in terms of the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and the network governance theory served as the theoretical framework.
The findings indicate that communities and community bodies who are to serve as actors in collaboration with the city in their planning and execution processes experience alienation from council, councillors and even ward committees and their members. Community actors are of the opinion that councillors only know them during their election campaigns, and when elections have come and gone, councillors are gone as well.
Recommendations include that when dealing with community affairs there should be no political party affiliation and that councillors must know that communication is a two-way tool that should benefit all parties. Councillors are to commit themselves to the improvement of community members’ lives and socio-economic upliftment.
Keywords: public participation; democracy; accountability; governance; interpretative phenomenological analysis; feelings; identity; humanity; service delivery.
ABSTRACT
Municipalities are to achieve the objectives of local government which, inter alia, incl... more ABSTRACT Municipalities are to achieve the objectives of local government which, inter alia, include the provision of effective, efficient and sustainable services to communities, as well as encouraging and facilitating social and economic development. Municipalities must comply with governance requirements and are obliged to implement, execute and satisfy commitments undertaken with their communities. There has been a constant increase in the number of service delivery protests by the public for service delivery improvements while many municipalities are struggling with effective and sustainable service delivery due to the poor state of their infrastructure assets. Also, year after year, the Auditor General refers to the inadequate and mediocre condition of municipalities’ infrastructures which is exacerbated by several municipalities being unable to credibly or accurately account for their infrastructure assets or the condition thereof. This presentation aims to determine what the nature of infrastructure issues are, what challenges are faced by the City of Ekurhuleni (COE) and what practical steps can be taken to ensure compliance to improve infrastructure management in order to implement basic effective, efficient and sustainable service delivery. The focus of this study centres on the improvement of infrastructure management in general, with specific emphasis and consideration of the COE. The research considers how the city can utilise its asset management guidelines to contribute to economic growth and development, concurrently developing, expanding and improving its governance strategies and thereby improve the lives of its citizenry. Certain principal findings indicate that the city faces a number of infrastructure management challenges, which encompass issues apropos budgeting, planning and SCM processes; technical staff shortages; succession planning and retention; senior management non-involvement and commitment; political support; and inadequate or non-existent knowledge of infrastructural asset conditions.
Abstract: Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal plan... more Abstract: Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal planning processes by way of participatory budgeting (PB), in particular in the integrated development plan (IDP) and the annual budgeting process, form the basis of this study. The study focuses, in general, on the service delivery challenges of local government, and specifically in the City of Ekurhuleni (COE). The empirical analysis of the research consists of the lived experiences of people living in the COE. The dual guiding research question that is addressed focuses on how service delivery challenges can be addressed through PB in the COE by using phenomenology to provide insights to the lived experiences of community members. This qualitative study follows a qualitative approach consisting of unobtrusive methods and an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in terms of an inductive logical process that guided the data collection, analysis and the interpretation thereof. The b...
Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 2022
Background: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of commu... more Background: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of communities must create a milieu of interacting with communities in terms of planning, execution and the monitoring and evaluation of the success or failure of its programmes. Local government has a moral and a legislative duty to involve communities thereby extending and deepening democratic and accountable government processes.Aim: This study aimed to analyse how democratic and accountable governance can assist in creating sustainable processes of involvement of its communities. Local government is government’s main contributor to the socio-economic growth and development, not only of a country but more so, its people. The article emphasises improvement in the current processes of community involvement in strategic planning and the execution of such plans in general and at the city of Ekurhuleni (COE) in particular. It further aims to indicate to the city that its processes are not taking i...
Africa's Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 2021
Property, plant and equipment (PPE) represent a significant portion of the asset base of any muni... more Property, plant and equipment (PPE) represent a significant portion of the asset base of any municipality and thus a municipality has a moral and legislative duty to safeguard these assets against damage and/or wilful neglect. This article explored how infrastructure management within the City of Ekurhuleni (COE), Gauteng province in the Republic of South Africa, can assist in the provision of sustainable services and how the city’s infrastructure can contribute to social and economic development of its communities. This article endeavours to indicate how the COE manages its infrastructure in terms of three service delivery departments as a sample of the entire municipality. This article focuses on the improvement of infrastructure management in general and at the COE, in particular. It further aims to indicate how service departments can go about in employing asset-management guidelines whilst improving governance strategies. This study followed a mixed-method approach and the system’s theory served as the research methodology. The study covered a 5-year period from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 financial years and employed benchmarking ratios and calculations to indicate how best the city can improve its management of infrastructure, and measure its performance against those of equally sized metropolitan municipalities. The findings of the study reveal that even though the city is doing well in terms of certain aspects of service delivery, there still remain many issues regarding the management of infrastructure that impede its ability to provide sustainable services that can ultimately lead to economic growth and development. Recommendations to the city include the upskilling of especially the senior management in terms of the critical role they play in maintaining the city’s infrastructure assets. Another recommendation is that politicians do not only think in terms of adding to the city’s current infrastructure whilst not attending to the maintenance of existing assets and most critically, the city does not follow an integrated approach in terms of the comprehensive infrastructure programme. Keywords: basic services; infrastructure management; service delivery; service backlogs; basic services; protests; sustainable services; socio-economic development.
University of Johannesburg - Institutional Repository, 2021
Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal planning proce... more Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal planning processes by way of participatory budgeting (PB), in particular in the integrated development plan (IDP) and the annual budgeting process, form the basis of this study. The study focuses, in general, on the service delivery challenges of local government, and specifically in the City of Ekurhuleni (COE). The empirical analysis of the research consists of the lived experiences of people living in the COE. The dual guiding research question that is addressed focuses on how service delivery challenges can be addressed through PB in the COE by using phenomenology to provide insights to the lived experiences of community members. This qualitative study follows a qualitative approach consisting of unobtrusive methods and an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in terms of an inductive logical process that guided the data collection, analysis and the interpretation thereof. The basis of the primary data entailed the outcomes of 20 semi-structured personal interviews with a homogeneous group of people who find themselves at the lower economic-strata within the COE. The researcher followed the data analysis process as proposed by IPA in order to co-produce with participants’ deeper meanings and interpretations of their lived experience concerning their poor or no service delivery from the COE. The search for deeper meaning from the obtained rich data enabled the researcher to extrapolate themes that led to the development of subordinate themes and consequently, a third level of interpretation in terms of superordinate themes. The five developed superordinate themes were then applied to the theoretical framework to shed greater light to the nomothetic research. This study provided recommendations for improved service delivery mechanisms whereby the COE, with the involvement of its citizenry can contribute to PB. This means that the city will have to review all its organisational processes, policies and practices to involve communities to reduce the number of service delivery protests, since people will only participate to the extent that they believe that they are taken serious.
Africa's Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 2022
Abstract: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of commun... more Abstract: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of communities must create a milieu of interacting with communities in terms of planning, execution and the monitoring and evaluation of the success or failure of its programmes. Local government has a moral and a legislative duty to involve communities thereby extending and deepening democratic and accountable government processes.
This study aimed to analyse how democratic and accountable governance can assist in creating sustainable processes of involvement of its communities. Local government is government’s main contributor to the socio-economic growth and development, not only of a country but more so, its people. The article emphasises improvement in the current processes of community involvement in strategic planning and the execution of such plans in general and at the city of Ekurhuleni (COE) in particular, situated in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It further aims to indicate to the city that its processes are not taking into account communities’ feelings of self-worth, humanity and identity.
The study followed a qualitative approach in terms of the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and the network governance theory served as the theoretical framework.
The findings indicate that communities and community bodies who are to serve as actors in collaboration with the city in their planning and execution processes experience alienation from council, councillors and even ward committees and their members. Community actors are of the opinion that councillors only know them during their election campaigns, and when elections have come and gone, councillors are gone as well.
Recommendations include that when dealing with community affairs there should be no political party affiliation and that councillors must know that communication is a two-way tool that should benefit all parties. Councillors are to commit themselves to the improvement of community members’ lives and socio-economic upliftment.
Keywords: public participation; democracy; accountability; governance; interpretative phenomenological analysis; feelings; identity; humanity; service delivery.
ABSTRACT
Municipalities are to achieve the objectives of local government which, inter alia, incl... more ABSTRACT Municipalities are to achieve the objectives of local government which, inter alia, include the provision of effective, efficient and sustainable services to communities, as well as encouraging and facilitating social and economic development. Municipalities must comply with governance requirements and are obliged to implement, execute and satisfy commitments undertaken with their communities. There has been a constant increase in the number of service delivery protests by the public for service delivery improvements while many municipalities are struggling with effective and sustainable service delivery due to the poor state of their infrastructure assets. Also, year after year, the Auditor General refers to the inadequate and mediocre condition of municipalities’ infrastructures which is exacerbated by several municipalities being unable to credibly or accurately account for their infrastructure assets or the condition thereof. This presentation aims to determine what the nature of infrastructure issues are, what challenges are faced by the City of Ekurhuleni (COE) and what practical steps can be taken to ensure compliance to improve infrastructure management in order to implement basic effective, efficient and sustainable service delivery. The focus of this study centres on the improvement of infrastructure management in general, with specific emphasis and consideration of the COE. The research considers how the city can utilise its asset management guidelines to contribute to economic growth and development, concurrently developing, expanding and improving its governance strategies and thereby improve the lives of its citizenry. Certain principal findings indicate that the city faces a number of infrastructure management challenges, which encompass issues apropos budgeting, planning and SCM processes; technical staff shortages; succession planning and retention; senior management non-involvement and commitment; political support; and inadequate or non-existent knowledge of infrastructural asset conditions.
Abstract: Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal plan... more Abstract: Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal planning processes by way of participatory budgeting (PB), in particular in the integrated development plan (IDP) and the annual budgeting process, form the basis of this study. The study focuses, in general, on the service delivery challenges of local government, and specifically in the City of Ekurhuleni (COE). The empirical analysis of the research consists of the lived experiences of people living in the COE. The dual guiding research question that is addressed focuses on how service delivery challenges can be addressed through PB in the COE by using phenomenology to provide insights to the lived experiences of community members. This qualitative study follows a qualitative approach consisting of unobtrusive methods and an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in terms of an inductive logical process that guided the data collection, analysis and the interpretation thereof. The b...
Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 2022
Background: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of commu... more Background: Local government as the sphere of government that directly impacts the lives of communities must create a milieu of interacting with communities in terms of planning, execution and the monitoring and evaluation of the success or failure of its programmes. Local government has a moral and a legislative duty to involve communities thereby extending and deepening democratic and accountable government processes.Aim: This study aimed to analyse how democratic and accountable governance can assist in creating sustainable processes of involvement of its communities. Local government is government’s main contributor to the socio-economic growth and development, not only of a country but more so, its people. The article emphasises improvement in the current processes of community involvement in strategic planning and the execution of such plans in general and at the city of Ekurhuleni (COE) in particular. It further aims to indicate to the city that its processes are not taking i...
Africa's Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 2021
Property, plant and equipment (PPE) represent a significant portion of the asset base of any muni... more Property, plant and equipment (PPE) represent a significant portion of the asset base of any municipality and thus a municipality has a moral and legislative duty to safeguard these assets against damage and/or wilful neglect. This article explored how infrastructure management within the City of Ekurhuleni (COE), Gauteng province in the Republic of South Africa, can assist in the provision of sustainable services and how the city’s infrastructure can contribute to social and economic development of its communities. This article endeavours to indicate how the COE manages its infrastructure in terms of three service delivery departments as a sample of the entire municipality. This article focuses on the improvement of infrastructure management in general and at the COE, in particular. It further aims to indicate how service departments can go about in employing asset-management guidelines whilst improving governance strategies. This study followed a mixed-method approach and the system’s theory served as the research methodology. The study covered a 5-year period from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019 financial years and employed benchmarking ratios and calculations to indicate how best the city can improve its management of infrastructure, and measure its performance against those of equally sized metropolitan municipalities. The findings of the study reveal that even though the city is doing well in terms of certain aspects of service delivery, there still remain many issues regarding the management of infrastructure that impede its ability to provide sustainable services that can ultimately lead to economic growth and development. Recommendations to the city include the upskilling of especially the senior management in terms of the critical role they play in maintaining the city’s infrastructure assets. Another recommendation is that politicians do not only think in terms of adding to the city’s current infrastructure whilst not attending to the maintenance of existing assets and most critically, the city does not follow an integrated approach in terms of the comprehensive infrastructure programme. Keywords: basic services; infrastructure management; service delivery; service backlogs; basic services; protests; sustainable services; socio-economic development.
University of Johannesburg - Institutional Repository, 2021
Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal planning proce... more Improving municipal service delivery and getting communities involved in municipal planning processes by way of participatory budgeting (PB), in particular in the integrated development plan (IDP) and the annual budgeting process, form the basis of this study. The study focuses, in general, on the service delivery challenges of local government, and specifically in the City of Ekurhuleni (COE). The empirical analysis of the research consists of the lived experiences of people living in the COE. The dual guiding research question that is addressed focuses on how service delivery challenges can be addressed through PB in the COE by using phenomenology to provide insights to the lived experiences of community members. This qualitative study follows a qualitative approach consisting of unobtrusive methods and an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in terms of an inductive logical process that guided the data collection, analysis and the interpretation thereof. The basis of the primary data entailed the outcomes of 20 semi-structured personal interviews with a homogeneous group of people who find themselves at the lower economic-strata within the COE. The researcher followed the data analysis process as proposed by IPA in order to co-produce with participants’ deeper meanings and interpretations of their lived experience concerning their poor or no service delivery from the COE. The search for deeper meaning from the obtained rich data enabled the researcher to extrapolate themes that led to the development of subordinate themes and consequently, a third level of interpretation in terms of superordinate themes. The five developed superordinate themes were then applied to the theoretical framework to shed greater light to the nomothetic research. This study provided recommendations for improved service delivery mechanisms whereby the COE, with the involvement of its citizenry can contribute to PB. This means that the city will have to review all its organisational processes, policies and practices to involve communities to reduce the number of service delivery protests, since people will only participate to the extent that they believe that they are taken serious.
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This study aimed to analyse how democratic and accountable governance can assist in creating sustainable processes of involvement of its communities. Local government is government’s main contributor to the socio-economic growth and development, not only of a country but more so, its people. The article emphasises improvement in the current processes of community involvement in strategic planning and the execution of such plans in general and at the city of Ekurhuleni (COE) in particular, situated in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It further aims to indicate to the city that its processes are not taking into account communities’ feelings of self-worth, humanity and identity.
The study followed a qualitative approach in terms of the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and the network governance theory served as the theoretical framework.
The findings indicate that communities and community bodies who are to serve as actors in collaboration with the city in their planning and execution processes experience alienation from council, councillors and even ward committees and their members. Community actors are of the opinion that councillors only know them during their election campaigns, and when elections have come and gone, councillors are gone as well.
Recommendations include that when dealing with community affairs there should be no political party affiliation and that councillors must know that communication is a two-way tool that should benefit all parties. Councillors are to commit themselves to the improvement of community members’ lives and socio-economic upliftment.
Keywords: public participation; democracy; accountability; governance; interpretative phenomenological analysis; feelings; identity; humanity; service delivery.
Municipalities are to achieve the objectives of local government which, inter alia, include the provision of effective, efficient and sustainable services to communities, as well as encouraging and facilitating social and economic development. Municipalities must comply with governance requirements and are obliged to implement, execute and satisfy commitments undertaken with their communities. There has been a constant increase in the number of service delivery protests by the public for service delivery improvements while many municipalities are struggling with effective and sustainable service delivery due to the poor state of their infrastructure assets. Also, year after year, the Auditor General refers to the inadequate and mediocre condition of municipalities’ infrastructures which is exacerbated by several municipalities being unable to credibly or accurately account for their infrastructure assets or the condition thereof.
This presentation aims to determine what the nature of infrastructure issues are, what challenges are faced by the City of Ekurhuleni (COE) and what practical steps can be taken to ensure compliance to improve infrastructure management in order to implement basic effective, efficient and sustainable service delivery. The focus of this study centres on the improvement of infrastructure management in general, with specific emphasis and consideration of the COE. The research considers how the city can utilise its asset management guidelines to contribute to economic growth and development, concurrently developing, expanding and improving its governance strategies and thereby improve the lives of its citizenry. Certain principal findings indicate that the city faces a number of infrastructure management challenges, which encompass issues apropos budgeting, planning and SCM processes; technical staff shortages; succession planning and retention; senior management non-involvement and commitment; political support; and inadequate or non-existent knowledge of infrastructural asset conditions.
can go about in employing asset-management guidelines whilst improving governance strategies. This study followed a mixed-method approach and the system’s theory served as the research methodology. The study covered a 5-year period from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019
financial years and employed benchmarking ratios and calculations to indicate how best the city can improve its management of infrastructure, and measure its performance against those of equally sized metropolitan municipalities. The findings of the study reveal that even though the city is doing well in terms of certain aspects of service delivery, there still remain many issues regarding the management
of infrastructure that impede its ability to provide sustainable services that can ultimately lead to economic growth and development.
Recommendations to the city include the upskilling of especially the senior management in terms of the critical role they play in maintaining the city’s infrastructure assets. Another recommendation is that politicians do not only think in terms of adding to the
city’s current infrastructure whilst not attending to the maintenance of existing assets and most critically, the city does not follow an integrated approach in terms of the comprehensive infrastructure programme.
Keywords: basic services; infrastructure management; service delivery; service backlogs; basic services; protests; sustainable services; socio-economic development.
The dual guiding research question that is addressed focuses on how service delivery challenges can be addressed through PB in the COE by using phenomenology to provide insights to the lived experiences of community members.
This qualitative study follows a qualitative approach consisting of unobtrusive methods and an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in terms of an inductive logical process that guided the data collection, analysis and the interpretation thereof. The basis of the primary data entailed the outcomes of 20 semi-structured personal interviews with a homogeneous group of people who find themselves at the lower economic-strata within the COE. The researcher followed the data analysis process as proposed by IPA in order to co-produce with participants’ deeper meanings and interpretations of their lived experience concerning their poor or no service delivery from the COE. The search for deeper meaning from the obtained rich data enabled the researcher to extrapolate themes that led to the development of subordinate themes and consequently, a third level of interpretation in terms of superordinate themes. The five developed superordinate themes were then applied to the theoretical framework to shed greater light to the nomothetic research.
This study provided recommendations for improved service delivery mechanisms whereby the COE, with the involvement of its citizenry can contribute to PB. This means that the city will have to review all its organisational processes, policies and practices to involve communities to reduce the number of service delivery protests, since people will only participate to the extent that they believe that they are taken serious.
This study aimed to analyse how democratic and accountable governance can assist in creating sustainable processes of involvement of its communities. Local government is government’s main contributor to the socio-economic growth and development, not only of a country but more so, its people. The article emphasises improvement in the current processes of community involvement in strategic planning and the execution of such plans in general and at the city of Ekurhuleni (COE) in particular, situated in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It further aims to indicate to the city that its processes are not taking into account communities’ feelings of self-worth, humanity and identity.
The study followed a qualitative approach in terms of the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and the network governance theory served as the theoretical framework.
The findings indicate that communities and community bodies who are to serve as actors in collaboration with the city in their planning and execution processes experience alienation from council, councillors and even ward committees and their members. Community actors are of the opinion that councillors only know them during their election campaigns, and when elections have come and gone, councillors are gone as well.
Recommendations include that when dealing with community affairs there should be no political party affiliation and that councillors must know that communication is a two-way tool that should benefit all parties. Councillors are to commit themselves to the improvement of community members’ lives and socio-economic upliftment.
Keywords: public participation; democracy; accountability; governance; interpretative phenomenological analysis; feelings; identity; humanity; service delivery.
Municipalities are to achieve the objectives of local government which, inter alia, include the provision of effective, efficient and sustainable services to communities, as well as encouraging and facilitating social and economic development. Municipalities must comply with governance requirements and are obliged to implement, execute and satisfy commitments undertaken with their communities. There has been a constant increase in the number of service delivery protests by the public for service delivery improvements while many municipalities are struggling with effective and sustainable service delivery due to the poor state of their infrastructure assets. Also, year after year, the Auditor General refers to the inadequate and mediocre condition of municipalities’ infrastructures which is exacerbated by several municipalities being unable to credibly or accurately account for their infrastructure assets or the condition thereof.
This presentation aims to determine what the nature of infrastructure issues are, what challenges are faced by the City of Ekurhuleni (COE) and what practical steps can be taken to ensure compliance to improve infrastructure management in order to implement basic effective, efficient and sustainable service delivery. The focus of this study centres on the improvement of infrastructure management in general, with specific emphasis and consideration of the COE. The research considers how the city can utilise its asset management guidelines to contribute to economic growth and development, concurrently developing, expanding and improving its governance strategies and thereby improve the lives of its citizenry. Certain principal findings indicate that the city faces a number of infrastructure management challenges, which encompass issues apropos budgeting, planning and SCM processes; technical staff shortages; succession planning and retention; senior management non-involvement and commitment; political support; and inadequate or non-existent knowledge of infrastructural asset conditions.
can go about in employing asset-management guidelines whilst improving governance strategies. This study followed a mixed-method approach and the system’s theory served as the research methodology. The study covered a 5-year period from 2014/2015 to 2018/2019
financial years and employed benchmarking ratios and calculations to indicate how best the city can improve its management of infrastructure, and measure its performance against those of equally sized metropolitan municipalities. The findings of the study reveal that even though the city is doing well in terms of certain aspects of service delivery, there still remain many issues regarding the management
of infrastructure that impede its ability to provide sustainable services that can ultimately lead to economic growth and development.
Recommendations to the city include the upskilling of especially the senior management in terms of the critical role they play in maintaining the city’s infrastructure assets. Another recommendation is that politicians do not only think in terms of adding to the
city’s current infrastructure whilst not attending to the maintenance of existing assets and most critically, the city does not follow an integrated approach in terms of the comprehensive infrastructure programme.
Keywords: basic services; infrastructure management; service delivery; service backlogs; basic services; protests; sustainable services; socio-economic development.
The dual guiding research question that is addressed focuses on how service delivery challenges can be addressed through PB in the COE by using phenomenology to provide insights to the lived experiences of community members.
This qualitative study follows a qualitative approach consisting of unobtrusive methods and an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) in terms of an inductive logical process that guided the data collection, analysis and the interpretation thereof. The basis of the primary data entailed the outcomes of 20 semi-structured personal interviews with a homogeneous group of people who find themselves at the lower economic-strata within the COE. The researcher followed the data analysis process as proposed by IPA in order to co-produce with participants’ deeper meanings and interpretations of their lived experience concerning their poor or no service delivery from the COE. The search for deeper meaning from the obtained rich data enabled the researcher to extrapolate themes that led to the development of subordinate themes and consequently, a third level of interpretation in terms of superordinate themes. The five developed superordinate themes were then applied to the theoretical framework to shed greater light to the nomothetic research.
This study provided recommendations for improved service delivery mechanisms whereby the COE, with the involvement of its citizenry can contribute to PB. This means that the city will have to review all its organisational processes, policies and practices to involve communities to reduce the number of service delivery protests, since people will only participate to the extent that they believe that they are taken serious.