Municipalities

Çöplerin birikmesini takiben çürümeyle birlikte kimyasal ve bakteriyel süreçler başlamakta ve organik çöp materyalleri dönüşüme uğrayarak çöpler dekompoze olmakta ve gaz oluşumu çöplerin kapatılmasını izleyen üç aylık aerobik reaksiyonların ardından başlayan anaerobik stabilizasyonu reaksiyonlarla başlar ve bir süre giderek çoğalır, Neticede biogas türü olan çöplük gazına dönüşmektedir. Çöplük gazı; Metan (CH 4), Karbondioksid (CO2) ve Azot (N2) den oluşan bir gaz karışımıdır.Kontrolsüz Metan gazının kendisi hali hazırda adeta bir saatli bombadır. Maden Ocaklarındaki grizu patlamasının sabıkalısı olan gazdır o. Gazın oluşumu çöpün cinsi,çöplüklerin örtüsü,çöplüğün işletilme şekline bağlı olarak değişir. Kötü koku yaymanın vereceği rahatsızlığın yanısıra çöplük gazlan; çevreyi menfi yönde etkilemekte,kirletmekte ve potansiyel riskler taşımaktadır. Bu olumsuz negatif etkiler içinden sağlık açısından bir tehdit olduğu gibi çöp sahalarındaki metan gazı salınımı bitkilerin oluşumunu da engeller. Habitat fauna ve flora etkilenir. Diğer yandan gaz sıkışması nedeniyle,(yakın zamanda Mayıs(2017) ayında Bodrum'da ki patlama ve yangında olduğu gibi) patlama tehlikesi ve yangın riski taşır hatta bu yangının yayılması ormanlara sıçradığında da doğayı tahrip etme riski taşır. Ayrıca çöplük gazlan; sera etkisini arttırdığı ve ozon tabakasının üst katmanlarına zarar verdiğinden dolayı çöplük gazlarının atmosfere atılması yasaktır ve Doğanın korunması için çöplük gazlarının yakılarak imha edilmesi zorunludurBu bir gaz yakma bacasında, kazanda, bir gaz motorunda veyahut üçünün kombinasyonundan oluşan bir sistemde gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Fotograf : http://www.eprenewable.com/landfill-gas-to-energy Diğer yandan çöp sahasında açılan kuyular aracılığıyla metan gazının toplanıp borular vasıtasıyla ile " Enerji Tesisine " iletilimesi sonrası gaz kurutucuda soğutularak nemi alındıktan sonra siklon seperatör ile gazdaki suyun ayrıştırılmasını müteakip blower " lar aracılığı ile

A new and updated version of the GASB's popular guide for municipal bond analysts and other users of governmental financial information who have some prior knowledge of accounting or government finance. Among the new topics covered are the recent pension and OPEB standards and disclosure of tax abatements.

Este documento apresenta os resultados da atualização do levantamento  e análises sobre as unidades de conservação municipais da Mata Atlântica, com ênfase no impacto do ICMS Ecológico como mecanismo indutor para a criação e implementação das áreas protegidas e possível financiador do sistema de proteção da biodiversidade nos municípios da Mata Atlântica.

Abstract. The paper presents an overview of public lighting energy consumption of (road and urban lighting) in Slovenian municipalities between 2007 and 2011. It discusses significant improvements in the quality of public lighting resulting from the increasing awareness of the importance of public lighting and technological possibilities available on the lighting market. Three case studies of recent lighting renovations in Slovenian municipalities are analysed to enable assessment of energy consumption reduction one can expect from increasing efficiency of lighting installations.

Drawing from Scharpf's joint decision making approach and his concept of the joint decision trap, the following paper researches the development of municipal infrastructure investment in relation to the overall financial situation. The analyzed data are being provided by a representative panel survey among 4,000 German municipalities conducted in 2016 by the German Institute of Urban Affairs. The starting point of the analysis is the description of a dilemma: growing financial disparities between the municipalities and a loss-making infrastructure of many cities and towns leads to an institutionalization of a growing number of grant programmes and forms of mixed financing. These programmes—so the analysis guiding thesis—do not provide adequate solutions for the hetero-geneity of municipal needs. By neglecting their individual needs they cannot take into account the growing disparities of municipal financial situations. Rather, they produce an institutional setting, which fosters sub-optimal policy-outcomes and is resilient to changes.

The Bank of Municipalities in Turkey has a unique hybrid form in which infrastructural and superstructural investments of municipalities are financed and fullfilled. After 1980's in line with Turk ey's development and integration to neo-liberal based global economy, it is needed to reorganize The Bank of Municipalities. This change has been shaped by economic realities and necessities of neo-liberal economic model which has been adopted since 1980's. The emergence of The Bank of Municipalities as a problem in political arena, predominantly is the result of the pressure of international economic institutions, Fort that reason all the actors and factors that forced the transformation of The Bank of Municipalities with its all dimensions must be taken into account under the framework of systematic policy analysis. In this work, it is analysed that the changing policies about the role of The Bank of Municipalities in the area of financing local authorities. This process has been leading by the conception of " New Public Management ". Policy analysis of changing role of The Bank of Municipalities will be conducted within the framework of Laswell's " Stages Model of Public Policy Analysis ". In the road to the membership of European Union; within the framework of regional development and governance model in which local administration autonomy has been increasing, the more effective role of 'The Bank of Municipalities' and its relation with structural, organizati onal and functional recommendations will be presented systematically in the light of the paper findings. Keywords: the bank of monicipalities, reorganization policies, stages analysis model, opportunuties and risks .

Orselli, E., Bayrakci, E. and Kahraman, S. (2017). Citizen Satisfaction with Municipal Services: The Case of Konya Municipality, Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 73-82.

Local governments, which are the closest units to people in terms of providing services, pay special attention to such issues as life and service quality, citizen satisfaction, meeting demands and expectations of citizens while making future plans and evaluating how successful they are in the public eye. The level of citizen satisfaction, citizens' experiences and perceptions about local services and their ideas about the legitimacy, credibility and performance of Mayor affect the success of local governments, particularly municipalities, in a positive or a negative way. This study aims to develop "a citizen report" about the local services in Konya by identifying how satisfied people are with the quality of the local public services provided by Konya Municipality.

This dissertation proposes an historic perspective on the symbolic identity elements evolution used by municipalities in Portugal, from the 13th century heraldry to the new 21st century municipal brands.
Methodologically based on bibliographic revision and documental research, this work describes an historic approach, on the variations of municipal visual identities registered over five timeframes: from 13th to 16th centuries (mainly used in seals); from 16th century to the end of absolute monarchy (with no crown interference); through constitutional monarchy until early 20th century (with crown interference); from 1930 to 1991 (following new legislation and the major municipal heraldry reform); from 1991 to 2016 (following the latest heraldry legislation and analyzing the folding between 20th and 21st centuries).
This research reveals that more than half of the municipalities now prefer to use a brand, in the actual meaning of the term, over their coats of arms, fact which demands a deep reflection about the role of design and designers in this transition.
It’s the first approach to this subject at a national scale and through all history. Being a foundational work, the original contribute is focused on the investigational questions raised by it: what’s the political, social, economic and cultural impact revealed by the option of using a brand? What’s the role of design in contemporary heraldry? How to conciliate in project history and contemporariness, facing the new communication challenges municipalities are subject to? What are the consequences of the two coexistent parallel systems (blazon and brand) used to represent municipalities?

Na gospodarstvo podravske regije, ki je bilo že v preteklosti zaznamovano z vzponi in padci, je leta 2009 vplivala tudi svetovna gospodarska kriza. Avtorica predstavlja vpliv gospodarske krize na to regijo in njene občine ter kako so se nanjo odzvali ter okrevali. V prispevku so bile s pomočjo statističnih podatkov pojasnjene medobčinske razlike družbeno-gospodarske sestave pred zadnjo gospodarsko krizo. Posebna pozornost je bila na podlagi intervjujev namenjena delovanju deležnikov. Preverili smo vpliv strukturnih lastnosti občin pred gospodarsko krizo na njen vpliv in sposobnost okrevanja ter ugotovitve teoretično podkrepili z novejšim konceptom prožnosti, ki proučuje odziv na nenadne spremembe in okrevanje po njih.

Ključne besede: • Podravska statistična regija • občine • recesija • prožnost • družbeno-gospodarska sestava •


The world’s economic crisis in 2009 also influenced the Drava region, which had as well been influenced with rises and falls in the past. The purpose of this article is to introduce the influence of economic crisis on this region and its municipalities, how they responded to it and recovered from it. In this article inter-municipal differences in socio-economic structure have been explained with statistical data. Based on the interviews special attention was paid to stakeholders' functioning. Structural characteristics before the economic crisis have been examined. The findings have been evidenced by newer concept of resilience, which investigate response to sudden interruptions and recovery after then.

Key words
Drava statistical region, municipalities, recession, resilience, socio-economic structure

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cómo se despliega la relación entre la configuración territorial municipal y la representación política en tres ciudades — Londres, Medellín y Río de Janeiro —. Se tiene como propósito explorar cuáles han sido las condiciones y procesos histórico-territoriales que han posibilitado o inhibido la descentralización político-administrativa y la participación ciudadana, tanto en el gobierno municipal como en sus respectivas unidades territoriales submunicipales, llámense estas comunas, boroughs o regiones administrativas. Se parte de problematizar las nociones de descentralización político-administrativa y participación ciudadana bajo la perspectiva de comunidad política territorial (polity), categoría donde se integran aportes y discusiones de autores tales como Dahl, Castoriadis, Raffestin, Habermas, Lefebvre y Harvey. Luego de ello, se muestra la disposición actual de la división político-administrativa de cada ciudad y se compara cómo estas configuran o no ámbitos de participación y representación política ciudadana. Dadas las grandes diferencias observadas, el trabajo avanza en una indagación histórica y territorial de los contextos político-normativos nacionales y los procesos territoriales en la constitución del espacio político urbano y municipal de cada ciudad, a la vez que se examina la existencia o no de matrices históricas de construcción territorial y participación política que ayuden a explicar tales diferencias.
Para una lectura del articulo completo y mejor visualización descargar el archivo de su sitio original: http://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/territorios/article/viewFile/3368/3090

تعد المجالس البلدية القوية إحدى سمات ومكونات أي نظام ديمقراطي قوي، وبعد الثورة الليبية كانت هناك آمال عريضة بأن تكون المجالس البلدية المنتخبة خطوة على طريق التحول الديمقراطي، بما يخدم تحقيق معنى اللامركزية الإدارية ومصالح وطموحات المواطن الليبي في خدمات أفضل، حيث إن مجالس البلدية تعد رافداً مهماً من الروافد التي تساعد على تحسين الأوضاع على مستوى كل بلدية، إذ هي أقدر على تقدير ظروف واحتياجات مواطنيها، وبالتالي تكون قادرة على إيجاد الحلول الناجعة لكل ما يعتري البلدية من مشاكل أو صعوبات، إلى جانب أن ذلك سيسهم في القضاء على المركزية من خلال ما تقوم به هذه المجالس من توفير الخدمات كافة لمواطنيها وتكون آليات عملها والرقابة عليها مباشرة من قبل وزارة الحكم المحلي فهل تصبح البلديات الليبية نواة لحلحلة الأزمة؟

Primer manual de mitigación de riesgos y desastres para Puerto Rico, desarrollado gracias al Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños de Hunter College (CUNY) y el Instituto de Desarrollo Empresarial y Acción Comunitaria (IdeaComún).  Define mitigación de riesgos; vincula los cursos de acción (COAs) del Informe de Recuperación del Gobernador con el área de mitigación; describe los tres programas que financian la mitigación aplicables a la recuperación de Puerto Rico: Mitigación bajo el Programa Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Relief (CDBG-DR) de HUD; Mitigación 406 bajo el Programa de Public Assistance (PA) de FEMA; y el Hazard Mitigation Grants Program (HMGP/404) de FEMA; explica la importancia de los planes de mitigación municipales; y provee una guía y recursos de apoyo para el acceso inicial a los fondos HMGP mediante cartas de intención, entre otros.

Este documento pretende generar un interés por los gobiernos municipales japoneses, quienes poseen numerosas capacidades y, aunque no se crea, también debilidades, según he podido constatar durante mis estancias en este país, siendo una de las más importantes el saber lidiar con el despoblamiento de sus zonas urbanas medias y rurales, debido al decrecimiento poblacional del país y a la muy alta atracción que representa la gran metrópoli de Tokio para la población joven. Se describe brevemente su estructura de gobierno y operativa, así como su perfil financiero. En el transcurso se hace una comparación somera con los municipios mexicanos.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the problems of the business of local municipality in the Slovak Republic and analyze problem areas. Business activities of municipalities serve as a secondary source of revenue and create a competitive environment for other businesses. At the same time they pose potential risks and the possibility of resultant losses as business plans resides. Apart from the risk of property or financial loss for municipalities, there is the other specific pitfalls operation of business activities of municipalities' obligations under existing legislation and application practice functioning of municipal business in Slovakia.

The role of values in determining how decisions are made in local government, and how priorities are set and operationalized in the face of declining resources, have become an increasingly important area of study. This article discusses ethical leadership, especially the challenges of ethical leadership in local government efforts. Ethical leadership has been conceptualized in various ways by different scholars; the analytical approach applied for this article is a three-stage model for ethical leadership. The stages are expressed in terms of analysing the particular challenges associated with each stage. In other words, it is assumed that the recognition of challenges in each juncture of ethical leadership can lead to better ethical leadership practices. Secondly, the article discusses what developmental actions have potential in each stage of ethical leadership.

Between 3 and 5 million households in India live in slums that occupy Urban Local Body (ULB) lands. These households lack security of tenure and are liable for eviction, a condition that discourages them from investing in their own socio-economic development. Unless the land which these slums are occupying is hazardous, or required for critical city infrastructure, ULBs can extend a “Land Rental” model to these communities. This paper argues for the conversion of slums occupying ULB lands to rental housing, thus redefining the household as tenant and the ULB the social landlord that rents  land to the household. Such a model will provide much-needed security of tenure to these vulnerable households. At the same time, ULBs can recover a nominal rent on the land, creating a win-win situation. An added advantage will be that the tenants,  usually  more than a third of the households in a slum, can also continue their life without disruption as the housing unit continues to be recognised as an asset of the slum household. ULBs can gain a significant source of revenue even at nominal rental rates, enabling them to raise market finance when required and thus increasing their fiscal autonomy. The following sections outline the case for this proposition, strategic options for its implementation and potential threats and opportunities.

Índice y planteamiento del libro (que se puede adquirir en el enlace final). Ante los problemas de fragmentación y financiación que presenta la Administración local en España, y superado el diseño de la planta municipal por obsoleto, se plantea su reforma desde la perspectiva de la Estrategia del Norte de Europa. En una primera parte, se analiza el modelo municipal en España, su evolución hasta la Constitución de 1978 y las bases constitucionales —autonomía local, suficiencia de medios y subsidiariedad—; un modelo con síntomas de agotamiento por la incidencia del inframunicipalismo y la endémica insuficiencia financiera. En una segunda parte, se comparan los procesos más relevantes de fusión municipal desarrollados en Europa, a fin de concretar los principios que definen una estrategia común, un procedimiento tipo y sus herramientas de financiación. También se analiza el modelo territorial resultante, así como la incidencia de las fusiones sobre la Hacienda local. La última parte del estudio estudia cómo implementar esta estrategia en España. De un lado, su viabilidad jurídica, las principales críticas y su comparación con otros intentos de vertebración territorial aplicados sin éxito. De otro lado, se exponen los elementos necesarios para llevar a cabo la reordenación del territorio en España mediante fusiones coactivas, las consecuencias mediatas e inmediatas en la estructura institucional y los cambios en el sistema de financiación. En definitiva, una propuesta jurídica, rigurosa y viable, para alcanzar una planta municipal sostenible, soporte fundamental de un nivel local autónomo que sirve de base al desarrollo correcto del Estado Social.

El libro se puede adquirir en:
https://www.dykinson.com/libros/la-fusion-de-municipios-como-estrategia/9788490858226/

Während die Mehrheit der kommunalen Finanzabteilungen das Mammutprojekt der Doppikumstellung gerade hinter sich gebracht hat und dabei ist mit dem neuen System zu arbeiten, bereitet die Europäische Kommission auf europäischer Ebene aktuell neue Rechnungslegungsstandards für den öffentlichen Sektor (sog. EPSAS) vor.

Dieser Artikel gibt einen "State of the Art" der zum Erstellungszeitpunkt dieses Artikels potenziell bevorstehenden Änderungen durch EPSAS für das Haushalts-, Kassen- und Rechnungswesen für Kommunen.

Ted Howard is Co-Founder and President of the Democracy Collaborative, a Washington, D.C.-based ‘think-do tank’ that develops and promotes ideas for a more democratic economy. He has been one of the main architects of the ‘Cleveland Model’ of inclusive local development in Ohio, which has served as an important inspiration for the development of the ‘Preston Model’ in the UK. Howard is now an adviser to the Labour Party’s new Community Wealth Building Unit, which is
looking to extend the lessons of Cleveland and Preston throughout the country. Martin O’Neill of Renewal caught up with Ted Howard in Preston, where he was participating in the conference that launched Labour’s national Community Wealth Building initiative.

This brief paper provides an example of the use of Altman's Z-Score in evaluating the probability of municipal default. It includes a short discussion of hedge fund strategy with regard to municipal default and advances an argument that political and institutional factors should be taken into account in addition to quantitative metrics when evaluating the investment risk of municipal debt.

RESUMEN: Un año más dos tendencias contrapuestas se ponen de relieve en estas páginas: el incremento progresivo de las exigencias europeas en materia de contaminación acústica y la dificultad de implementarlas a nivel local. Dan prueba de ello, por un lado, la guía sobre contaminación acústica editada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud que pone el acento en la necesidad de reducir significativamente los valores máximos de ruido recomendados para infraestructuras de movilidad. En el otro extremo, la Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente, que pone de manifiesto la dificultad de asumir el objetivo de disminuir significativamente la contaminación acústica para 2020. Elemento que también confirma la jurisprudencia de las diferentes instancias, desde el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos hasta los tribunales superiores de justicia, que dan fe de la gran dificultad para aplicar estas políticas a nivel local

RESUMEN: A pesar de no haberse producido en 2017 grandes avances normativos ni jurisprudenciales en materia de ruido se constata a nivel europeo la necesidad de priorizar la lucha contra la segunda fuente de contaminación en número de enfermos y muertes en Europa. Estas páginas se centran este año en analizar críticamente el segundo Informe del Consejo sobre la aplicación de la Directiva en materia de ruido ambiental y las conclusiones de la conferencia Noise in Europe. Repasando también la agenda normativa estatal para los próximos meses y los recientes pronunciamientos judiciales sobre ruido. Entre los que destacan la STS 575/2017, de 13 de abril, un nuevo capítulo del largo conflicto por el sobrevuelo de aviones en una urbanización próxima al aeropuerto de Barajas

Vršitelj dužnosti pročelnika upravnog odjela jedinice lokalne samouprave ili gradskog ureda Grada Zagreba nije reguliran ni jednim zakonom. Neki stručnjaci smatraju da je riječ o pravnoj praznini, odnosno o slučaju podnormiranosti, budući da je institut pročelnika reguliran, kako za ostale jedinice lokalne samouprave tako i za Grad Zagreb, ali zakoni ne propisuju postupanje u slučajevima koji mogu nastati u praksi da primjerice pročelnik umre, nestane, iznenada izgubi zdravstvenu sposobnost za obavljanje službe, zatraži razrješenje, odluči otići u prijevremenu mirovinu i drugim sličnim izvanrednim slučajevima koji se ne mogu unaprijed predvidjeti. Što tada? Kako odmah nadomjestiti pročelnika, kad to zapravo u tim situacijama nije moguće? Bilo bi prikladno da se takav institut regulira zakonom o lokalnoj samoupravi ili lokalnim službenicima, ali zasad to nije slučaj. U praksi se međutim imenovanje vršitelja dužnosti pročelnika upravnih tijela jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave ipak koristi.

The Rise of the Citizen: Challenges and Choices  - probes, for the first time, differences in how people in Kosovo's local administrative units, or "municipalities", are faring in terms of human development. The report provides a wealth of data explaining the patterns of development in Kosovo and how the gains and losses of recent years have affected different regions and different ethnic, demographic and even age groups. The picture, unsurprisingly, is a varied one with pockets of prosperity, along-side pockets of extreme vulnerability. The Human Development Survey (HDS) for this report covered 6,000 households and more than 39,000 individuals across all 30 municipalities. The HDS effectively establishes a baseline of indicators for all municipalities in Kosovo. Local decision-makers and other domestic and international stakeholders can also make use of accurate data categorized by municipality on: life expectancy, adult literacy, mean years of schooling, percentage of people without tap water, percentage of unemployed people, percentage of people living below the poverty line, percentage of people without access to economic resources, household demographics, and average household income and expenditures.

The management skills of supervisors and managers are detrimental when it comes to assessing how organizations are effectively run, especially during a time in history that is experiencing rapid change. The purpose of this study is to investigate to what degree management
skills contribute to the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization. Also, the study considers
the correlations between manager efficiency and conceptual human and technical skills of those in
the workplace.
As a result of the analysis performed, human, conceptual, and technical skills contributed
significantly to manager effectiveness in the workplace.

Este manual nace en el seno de la Asociación de Letrados de Entidades Locales con ánimo de convertirse en referente obligado para aquellos profesionales que se dedican al asesoramiento, representación y defensa de las Entidades Locales en España. La obra pone el foco en los principios y pautas que sustentan la tarea de prestar asesoramiento legal en el ámbito de la Administración Local. Al mismo tiempo, es un compendio que sirve tanto para quienes ejercitan su labor, desde los Municipios, Provincias, Cabildos o Consells insulares, como para todos aquellos juristas y profesionales que interactúan con o contra las Entidades Locales.

De esta forma, ad intra y ad extra, contribuye a desentrañar la paradoja que se da en el ámbito municipal, pues siendo el nivel más próximo a la ciudadanía, a menudo su singularidad normativa resulta desconocida. Del mismo modo, este manual traspone y sintetiza la experiencia jurisprudencial adquirida por Letrados y Letradas de reconocido prestigio, desde la especificidad que otorga el ejercicio contencioso propio de la condición local.

En definitiva, en esta obra se da cuenta, a modo de vademécum, no sólo de la variedad institucional que aglutina el nivel local, sino también de la casuística y controversias que se plantean con mayor frecuencia ante los distintos órdenes jurisdiccionales, tanto en instancias nacionales como europeas.

This paper presents the results of an empirical study aimed at evaluating the cost efficiency of 108 Italian major municipalities, and investigating to what extent the municipality efficiency is also associated to the effectiveness of public expenditure, and consequently to quality of services offered to citizens. The study implements Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate the efficiency score and understand if it is influenced by scale economies and determine the type of these economies. For this purpose, every municipality was modeled as a production function using 6 cost item inputs and 2 outputs. Finally, the study implemented a truncated regression equation using the bootstrapped efficiency estimate as the dependent variable, and a selection of indicators measuring the quality of public services offered in the context as the independent variables.

Results reveal that there exist important scale inefficiencies in a number of municipalities, but unexpectedly a great amount of inefficiencies are caused by decreasing returns to scale. Additionally, the study suggests that a trade-off between expenditure efficiency and effectiveness, i.e. the quality of public service, seems to exist.

The focus of Regional Urban Systems in the Roman World is on urban hierarchies and interactions in large geographical areas rather than on individual cities. Based on a painstaking examination of archaeological and epigraphic evidence relating to more than 1,000 cities, the volume offers comprehensive reconstructions of the urban systems of Roman Gaul, North Africa, Sicily, Greece and Asia Minor. In addition it examines the transformation of the settlement systems of the Iberian Peninsula and the central and northern Balkan following the imposition of Roman rule. Throughout the volume regional urban configurations are examined from a rich variety of perspectives, ranging from climate and landscape, administration and politics, economic interactions and social relationships all the way to region-specific ways of shaping the townscapes of individual cities.

The local government system of Finland is based on a dualistic principle where the political and professional management are separated. The local council and the executive board are responsible for political management while the municipal manager handles professional management. The purpose of the article is to provide a deeper understanding of the juridical frame of Finland's municipal management system. The literature indicates that the current management system involves several judicial contradictions: confusion of politics and administration in local government; reduction of the council's decision-making power; and complications in the actual jurisdiction of local government. The Local Government Act (Act 410/2015) Section 147 regulates, that the new provisions concerning municipal management shall apply from the start of the term of local councils elected in 2017. These provisions contain amendments and new regulations aiming to clarify these contradictions. In order to outline the juridical frame of the future management system, this article analyzes these legislative changes.

Según el autor Michel Godet “La prospectiva, constituye una anticipación (preactiva y proactiva) para iluminar las acciones presentes con la luz de los futuros posibles y deseables” (Godet, 2007, 6). En el caso del cantón de Tarrazú de Costa Rica, el estudio prospectivo se determinó por medio de diversas fases, que comprenden un diagnóstico de partida, el análisis de las opiniones de los expertos sobre diferentes variables bajo la metodología Delphi, el uso de diversos software como MICMAC y Mactor y el desarrollo de escenarios pertinentes que ayudarán a anticipar futuros cambios en el cantón. El artículo resume los resultados de un ejercicio que busca brindar insumos estratégicos para que los actores clave puedan tomar decisiones acertadas utilizando como referencia los escenarios futuros, y las orientaciones que este ejercicio prospectivo brinda sobre las oportunidades y amenazas futuras.

Der von Bund, Kommunen und Selbsthilfeorganisationen ausgerufene ‚demenzfreundliche‘ Umbau der Gesellschaft wird einer kritischen Analyse unterzogen. Hierfür werden die polit-ökonomischen und wohlfahrtstaatlichen Rahmenbedingungen des sozialpolitischen Konzepts der ‚sorgenden Gemeinschaft‘ rekonstruiert, welches die Zivilgesellschaft zu einer wesentlichen Akteurin ‚demenzsensibler‘ Kommunen erklärt. Unter den gegebenen Bedingungen läuft diese Entwicklung Gefahr, den mangelnden Ausbau sozialstaatlicher Transfer- und Dienstleistungen in der Altensorge abzufedern. Am Beispiel des Konzepts der ‚demenzfreundlichen Kommune‘ wird gezeigt, dass bürgerschaftliche Sorgepraktiken Menschen mit Demenz zugleich Emanzipationsgewinne in Form von steigender sozialer Partizipation und Selbstbestimmung ermöglichen. Ausgehend von diesem Spannungsverhältnis wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie gemeinwesenorientierte Care-Arrangements jenseits der Dichotomie von sozialstaatlichem Sparmodell und idealistisch verklärter Sorgegemeinschaft zu fassen wären.

The report consolidates the performance information of Western Cape municipalities during 2009/10 into a Provincial Annual Report and provides an overview of the successes and challenges facing the local government sphere in the Province. It also highlights the role of the Provincial government in supporting municipalities in order to provide a comprehensive picture of the state of affairs in the Western Cape.

En 2015 et 2016, l’organisation décentralisée de la République a connu une série d’évolutions
notables. Un phénomène est toutefois resté dans l’ombre, celui des « communes nouvelles » ou
pour le dire autrement de la fusion communale. Or, ces deux dernières années auront été marquées
par un foisonnement inédit de projets de communes nouvelles dans l’Hexagone. Malgré le
manque de recul, il est cependant possible de formuler trois grandes hypothèses qui participent
à l’explication de cette révolution territoriale silencieuse. La première hypothèse est celle d’une exception française quant à son organisation territoriale. La seconde hypothèse tient à la pression émanant de l’Union européenne sur les gouvernements successifs et visant l’adoption des réformes de structure afin de contenir l’emballement de la dette publique. Enfin, la troisième hypothèse est celle de la dynamique découlant de la gouvernance territoriale dans laquelle les
systèmes d’acteurs locaux se saisissent des opportunités de fusion selon des modalités variées.

Bu araştırmada, Afyonkarahisar’da ikamet eden yerel halkın, belediyenin turizme yönelik faaliyetlerinin yeterliliği ile ilgili değerlendirmelerine yer verilmiştir. Belediyenin turizm ile ilgili faaliyetleri; kültürel faaliyetler, tanıtım-pazarlama faaliyetleri, çevre faaliyetleri ve denetim faaliyetleri olarak dört boyutta incelenmiştir. Araştırmada konuyla ilgili verilerin toplanmasında anket tekniğinden yararlanılmış ve Afyonkarahisar il merkezinde ikamet eden 2044 kişiye uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan anket sonucunda yerel halk, belediyenin turizmle ilgili, kültürel, tanıtım, çevre ve denetim boyutlarındaki faaliyetlerinin pek de yeterli olmadığını belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca yerel halkın söz konusu bu değerlendirmelerinin bazı bireysel özelliklerine göre de (cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu, ikametgâh süresi, gelir durumu, meslek durumu) farklılık gösterdiği araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular arasındadır.

"Effective responses to climate change require that climate change considerations be included in relevant social, economic and environmental policies at all levels of government. Municipal governments have a particularly critical role to play in establishing on‑the‑ground policies that address local opportunities and vulnerabilities arising from climate change.
The municipalities of Cape Town and eThekwini have been early movers in mainstreaming climate change within their municipals. Known as integrated development plans (IDPs), these require requires research support, specialised technical expertise, political backing and significant financial and human resources.
This Inside Story, written by Marie Parramon-Gurney & Andrew Gilder from IMBEWU Sustainablility Legal Specialists and Ernesta Swanepoel, an Independent Consultant, argues that mainstreaming climate change into IDPs is necessary but not sufficient to achieve climate compatible development. Sectoral measures, collaboration with central government and with civil society and the private sector are also vital.
The Inside Story reviews how the towns of Cape Town and eThekwini are mainstreaming climate change into IDPs and picks out the challenges, implications and key lessons of their experiences."

El siguiente trabajo analiza exhaustivamente la forma cómo son gestionados los distintos elementos y variables que componen e inciden en la estrategia de innovación de los Municipios de Puente Alto, Peñalolén y Renca. Se propone un análisis detallado de la estructura operacional y funcional que sustenta la gestión de la innovación en cada uno de los tres casos, para, a partir de ahí, establecer elementos comunes y diferenciadores que sustentan la comparación entre cada uno de los tres modelos propuestos de innovación a nivel local. Finalmente, y producto del análisis mencionado, se desarrollan propuestas de buenas prácticas para instalar un modelo de gestión de la innovación municipal, dando cuenta de las condiciones que deben existir para su implementación.

The presented book is devoted to local development and its governance by forming, on the strategic level, the relationships connecting municipalities with supralocal, i.e. regional, national and global milieu. It is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter constitutes the theoretical and conceptual foundation of the entire study. It discusses the crucial concepts used, such as Fordism and Post-Fordism, localism and new localism, localness and a local system, socio-economic development and sustainable development, as well as the relationships and the historical background of the evolution of these concepts. It also presents the definitions of local development included in the world literature, as well as two new approaches to local development created by the author – the local and supralocal one. These approaches were discussed in the model, process (dynamic) and structural (static) oriented variants. Next the author’s original typology of supralocal relationships of the local systems, which determine local development, was presented. Within its framework the relationships of valorisation and animation were identified as favourable for the local development, and also the relationships of suppression and depreciation as unfavourable for such development.
The second chapter discusses the implementation of local development concept. First the essence and the entities of local and supralocal policies of local development were presented. Next the reader’s attention was directed towards the issue of municipal governance of local development presenting it as the component of public governance. The mechanism of local development formation by the local authorities, using the instruments at their disposal, was also explained. It was followed by presenting the motives and the concept of strategic approach in the municipal governance of local development, showing them as an alternative for an administrative approach. Next the new, author’s category of supralocal perspective of municipal strategic governance of local development was defined. It consists of the characteristics of this governance related to supralocal relationships of a local system defined as exogenous utilitarianness, neo-endogenous absorptivity, protectiveness, retentionness and supralocal easementing, as well as the relevant activities of the local authorities.
The third chapter presents the analysis results of contemporary, world studies on supralocal relationships of local systems and their formation. On its basis the general research problem was identified and described, consisting in the insufficiency of knowledge in this matter despite the theoretical and practical rationale of having it. It was followed by presenting the reasons for which it is indispensable to carry out pilot, subject specific studies covering the selected group of local authorities and aimed at solving the fragment of this problem. The authorities of Polish small towns were selected as such a group. Next the supralocal reasons of contemporary socioeconomic situations of these towns were described in detail along with the interest in their supralocal relationships of science, local governments, supralocal authorities, business environments and the residents of these towns. Further part of this chapter presents the research goals, objects, strategy, methods and techniques, as well as the information sources. The adopted primary research goals were the identification of the characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development strategic governance of small towns, followed by enunciating the general characteristics of this perspective. The adopted secondary research goals were marking improvement methods of this governance perspective out along with the verification of usefulness of the selected information sources, research methods and techniques in diagnosing it.
The local authorities of 369 Polish towns with the residents’ number ranging from 5 to 20 thousand constituted the research population. The applied research method was a diagnostic survey using the technique of long personal interview, the method of content analysis using the encoding technique and the method of qualitative field research using the participant observation technique. The following information sources were adopted: town mayors, local development strategies and the groups of people playing key roles in the construction and implementation of these strategies. All the methods, techniques and sources were combined in accordance with triangulation research strategy. The chapter was completed with the description of the research questions and tools used and the report of the course of conducted research. The research results are presented in chapter four. It contains the detailed information how the studied authorities perceive the importance of particular supralocal relationships of their towns and their own roles in these relationships formation. It also includes information about the relationships which are mainly affected by exogenous utilitarianness, absorptivity, protectiveness and retentionness of strategic governance carried out by the analysed authorities, about the instruments used in this area and also about the positionality, neo-endogeneity and supralocal easementing of such governance. The provided information was illustrated by several comprehensive tables and several dozens graphs.
Based on the above information, the general characteristics of supralocal perspective of local development governance of Polish small towns is presented in the last, fifth chapter. Apart from its main components, i.e. the relationships perceived as strategically significant and formed on the strategic level, its unification was characterized along with its contextual specificity for the supralocal milieu. Fordist and Post-Fordist values dominating in this perspective of governance were also indicated. The impact of supralocal development policies, carried out by Polish state and regional authorities, on this governance, was also discussed. It was all concluded by the assessment of the level of transformation of administrative approach towards local development governance into a strategic one. Next, based on the analysis of legal acts, literature studies and cause and effect analysis the problem specific recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the discussed governance perspective. They were addressed to the analysed authorities, public governance related scientific environment and Polish state authorities. By analysing the course and the results of research the usefulness of methods, techniques and research tools, along with information sources in different, analogical studies, was also shown. The publication was finished with indicating the rationale, directions and methods for the conducted research continuation.