Department of Kurdish Studies

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zilustrowanie różnorodności postaw i poglądów współczesnych emigrantów w powieściach irackich. Nierzadko iraccy pisarze, którzy byli prześladowani, aresztowani lub byli świadkami śmierci swoich bliskich, wyemigrowali wspominając Irak, jako miejsce kaźni. W przytoczonych powieściach ukazane zostały losy bohaterów, których życie nierzadko było wypełnione dramatycznymi wspomnieniami o utraconej ojczyźnie, bliskich oraz pozbawionych nadziei na powrót do domu. Historie tych postaci potwierdzają, że decyzja o emigracji jest trudna, gdyż wymaga dostosowania kultury, obyczajów i języka, co często prowadzi do hybrydyzacji tożsamości. Brak wiedzy o nowej rzeczywistości, która często towarzyszy emigrantom w nowym kraju, spycha ich na margines życia społecznego, w którym starają się przetrwać. W tym artykule zostały przedstawione wybrane dzieła irackich pisarzy, takich jak Mhamud Sa'id, Mhusin ar-Ramlī, Nuhà ar-Rādī i Haifā'a Zangana, którzy doświadczyli tego samego losu, co ich bohaterowie.

e purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency  to  abandon  religion  is  increasing  in  this  country.  With  the  fall  of  the  regime  of  Saddam  Hussein and his party, Shiites took power in the country, who, guided by religious doctrine, often limit the freedoms and rights of citizens. In addition, the authorities in the country still maintain a policy of ethnic and religious divisions towards citizens, which leads to social conflicts. Another dangerous factor is the emergence of religious terrorist organizations and private militias that persecute dissenters. Although atheism is not punished by state law, many people who deny God’s existence are arrested or killed. The only safe places for them are secret meetings or a virtual space where they can discuss and seek answers to their doubts.Keywords: Iraq, atheism, apostate, Islam, religion, law

Jews have lived in Iraq and Kurdistan for thousands of years. The vision of the founding of the State of Israel and the emergence of the Nazi ideology in Europe caused that the participation of Jews in social and cultural life and contribution to the development of education and the economy in Iraq ceased to have meaning. The strong influence of Nazi and anti-Zionist ideology led to discrimination and persecution of the Jewish minority in this country. The effect of this was the establishment of laws in the 1950s, which in exchange for permission to travel to Israel deprived Jews of Iraqi citizenship. Nowadays, the legal situation in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan has changed aTher the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime. Currently, Kurdish law allows the appointment of representatives of ethnic and religious minorities, the creation of a cultural centres and the reconstruction of important places of worship, as well as obtaining compensation for lost property as a result of repression o...

The purpose of this article is to present the situation of atheists and apostates in Iraq, as the tendency to abandon religion is increasing in this country. With the fall of the regime of Saddam Hussein and his party, Shiites took power in the country who, guided by religious doctrine, often limit the freedoms and rights of citizens. In addition, the authorities in the country still maintain a policy of ethnic and religious divisions towards citizens, which leads to social conflicts. Another dangerous factor is the emergence of religious terrorist organizations and private militias that persecute dissenters. Although atheism is not punished by state law, many people who deny God’s existence are arrested or killed, The only safe places for them are secret meetings or a virtual space where they can discuss and seek answers to their doubts.