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- Statistics, Algebra, Spatial econometrics, Sustainable Development, Spatial Analysis, Spatial Statistics, and 14 moreSpatial Modeling, Parameter estimation, Sustainable Developments, Geocomputation, Income Distribution, Income inequality, Geographically Weighted Regression, Urban Studies, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Human Geography, Urban And Regional Planning, Multidisciplinary design practices, Economic Geography, and Multivariate Statisticsedit
The distributional properties of the Moran coecient index (MC) measuring spatial autocorrelation were investigated by many authors, see e.g. [1]. The properties of MC for non-normal random variables were analysed by Grith in [2]. The... more
The distributional properties of the Moran coecient index (MC) measuring spatial autocorrelation were investigated by many authors, see e.g. [1]. The properties of MC for non-normal random variables were analysed by Grith in [2]. The general idea of that paper was to extend Pitman-Koopmans theorem for the mean and the variance of this index. The principal conclusion was that under independence assumption and big enough sample size the Pitman-Koopmans theorem results can be extended to some non-normal random variables. The independence and identically distributed property reduced the necessary sample size for this extension, as did the properties of symmetry and normal approximation. In the paper we continue the analysis performing simulations for randomly generated variables for the following distributions: beta, gamma, hypergeometric, inverse hypergeometric, log-normal, exponential, negative binomial, and t Student, as well as their mixtures and using Box-Cox power transformation.
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Distance learning in all types of schools from March 2020 to the beginning of June 2021 (with a short break in September 2020) was forced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously, in Poland, this form of teaching was used sporadically,... more
Distance learning in all types of schools from March 2020 to the beginning of June 2021 (with a short break in September 2020) was forced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously, in Poland, this form of teaching was used sporadically, basically only for extra-curricular activities. The vast majority of teachers did not have any experience in this field. The large-scale introduction of new forms of distance learning and knowledge transfer and enforcement methods created a number of challenges and opened up new opportunities. The presented study attempts to identify the advantages and disadvantages of distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in the opinion of primary and secondary school teachers in the Wielkopolska region. The analysis was carried out based on empirical material obtained from questionnaires addressed to all teachers from the Wielkopolska region (703 questionnaires were received). The survey results allowed the diagnosis of positive and negative aspects of distance...
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The findings presented in this paper are part of the comprehensive research carried out within the “Diversification of Social Attitudes in the Sphere of Educational Services during a Pandemic” project. This study examines the challenges... more
The findings presented in this paper are part of the comprehensive research carried out within the “Diversification of Social Attitudes in the Sphere of Educational Services during a Pandemic” project. This study examines the challenges that emerged during remote learning, focusing on parents’ involvement in their children’s learning process, as perceived by school principals. The conclusions are based on questionnaire interviews with principals of 36 randomly selected schools throughout the Wielkopolska region (Poland). The study spanned the second semester of the 2019/2020 school year and the first semester of 2020/2021. Several issues were identified in the interviews, including communication difficulties with students, lack of skills of teachers and students to work remotely, insufficient IT infrastructure at school and home, financial deficits impeding the purchase of new equipment, and a decline in students’ mental health. These problems were primarily related to the family (h...
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Kopczewska (2017) proposed a new empirical measure of spatial agglomeration (SPAG) of economic activity based on geolocations of firms. The aim of the paper is to introduce theoretical backgrounds of SPAG. The measure is a product of two... more
Kopczewska (2017) proposed a new empirical measure of spatial agglomeration (SPAG) of economic activity based on geolocations of firms. The aim of the paper is to introduce theoretical backgrounds of SPAG. The measure is a product of two random variables with beta and gamma distributions. The moments of the product are described and estimated for Poland with spatial centroids of LAU2 treated as geolocations of firms for empirical distribution as well as for the set of firms located in a regular region. Another approach to SPAG properties has its origin in a geometric probability concept. We present the research results on geometric probability, applied to SPAG, as distance probability distributions for a regular region.
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Kopczewska (2017) proposed a new empirical measure of spatial agglomeration (SPAG) of economic activity based on geolocations of firms. The aim of the paper is to introduce theoretical backgrounds of SPAG. The measure is a product of two... more
Kopczewska (2017) proposed a new empirical measure of spatial agglomeration (SPAG) of economic activity based on geolocations of firms. The aim of the paper is to introduce theoretical backgrounds of SPAG. The measure is a product of two random variables with beta and gamma distributions. The moments of the product are described and estimated for Poland with spatial centroids of LAU2 treated as geolocations of firms for empirical distribution as well as for the set of firms located in a regular region. Another approach to SPAG properties has its origin in a geometric probability concept. We present the research results on geometric probability, applied to SPAG, as distance probability distributions for a regular region.
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Contemporary changes of socioeconomic development factors. The aim of the work is to determine the scope of contemporary changes of socioeconomic development factors, paying attention to the consequences for their interpretation and... more
Contemporary changes of socioeconomic development factors. The aim of the work is to determine the scope of contemporary changes of socioeconomic development factors, paying attention to the consequences for their interpretation and mechanism of impact relating to the regional and local level. The main goal is specified by formulating the following research questions: (1) What major megatrends shape contemporary developmental transformations? (2) What is the direction and scope of changes in socioeconomic development factors? (3) How are the conditions of development processes changing as a result of these changes and how they differentiate the processes of development in space? The article is a synthesis of the results of two research projects of the National Science Center: NN 306 79 19 40: Socioeconomic development and the development of areas of growth and areas of economic stagnation (2011–2014) and OPUS 10 – 2015/19/B/HS5/00012: New challenges of regional policy in shaping the factors of socioeconomic development of less developed regions (2016–2019) and the results of own authors' research – employees of the Regional Analysis Department at the Institute of SocioEconomic Geography and Spatial Management of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.
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W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie entropijnej statystyki Shannona i algorytmu opracowanego przez Semple’a i Gauthier w badaniu zmian w zróżnicowaniuregionalnym Polski. Dokonano oceny wartości poznawczej tej metody ze względu na... more
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie entropijnej statystyki Shannona i algorytmu opracowanego przez Semple’a i Gauthier w badaniu zmian w zróżnicowaniuregionalnym Polski. Dokonano oceny wartości poznawczej tej metody ze względu na możliwość analizy relacji między nierównościami między- i wewnątrzregionalnymi.The article presents the use of Shannon entropy statistics and algorithm developed by Semple and Gauthier in the study of changes in the Polish regional differences. The assessment of the cognitive value of this method due to the possibility of analyzing the relationship between inter- and intraregional inequalities is shown
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Dynamicznemu rozwojowi uslug, jaki nastepuje w Polsce od początku lat 90. XX w., towarzyszą przemiany związane ze strukturą sektora uslug. Analiza zmian zachodzących w gospodarce prowadzi do wniosku, ze coraz wiekszego znaczenia w... more
Dynamicznemu rozwojowi uslug, jaki nastepuje w Polsce od początku lat 90. XX w., towarzyszą przemiany związane ze strukturą sektora uslug. Analiza zmian zachodzących w gospodarce prowadzi do wniosku, ze coraz wiekszego znaczenia w sektorze uslug nabierają uslugi wyspecjalizowane, zatrudniające pracownikow o wysokich kwalifikacjach zawodowych, wśrod nich uslugi o wysokim nasyceniu wiedzą oraz grupa uslug dla producentow i dla biznesu. Celem pracy jest prezentacja przemian zachodzących w sektorze uslug w Polsce na tle innych panstw Europy. Analiza zmian strukturalnych zostanie przeprowadzona w oparciu o Polską Klasyfikacje Dzialalności (NACE), na podstawie danych publikowanych przez Glowny Urząd Statystyczny i Eurostat.
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Sang-Il Lee (2001, 2004) developed and analysed a new bivariate spatial association measure (cited by many authors who discussed the measure from theoretical as well as practical point of view). He noted that “a bivariate spatial... more
Sang-Il Lee (2001, 2004) developed and analysed a new bivariate spatial association measure (cited by many authors who discussed the measure from theoretical as well as practical point of view). He noted that “a bivariate spatial association measure should be a composite of three elements: univariate spatial associations of two variables and their point-to-point association in a certain form”. The idea led him to construction the bivariate measure L connected with decomposition of Moran’s I. The L statistics integrates Pearson’s r and Moran’s I and heavily depends on (introduced by Sang-Il Lee) a spatial smoothing scalar (SSS). In the paper we examine some results obtained by Sang-Il Lee dropping (changing) some theoretical assumption used in the definition (decomposition) of L.
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Analysis of the Labour Market in Metropolitan Areas: A Spatial Filtering Approach The power of today's computers allows us to perform computation on massive quantities of data on the one hand and produces enormous amounts of analysis... more
Analysis of the Labour Market in Metropolitan Areas: A Spatial Filtering Approach The power of today's computers allows us to perform computation on massive quantities of data on the one hand and produces enormous amounts of analysis output on the other, as noted by Griffith in his 2003 book. Besides, visualisation and spatial filtering (the core of considerations in Griffith's book) have a chance to be widely used in research practice, especially in geosciences and, more precisely, for georeferenced data. Following the idea proposed by Patuelli et al. (2006, 2009), we analysed the labour market in Poland, focusing on metropolitan areas and their surroundings. The analysis was performed on a data set for the unemployment rate in the 2,478 Polish communes. We took into account spatial autocorrelation and used spatial filtering techniques to construct components of an orthogonal map pattern. As shown in Tiefelsdorf & Griffith (2007), the spatial filtering techniques could be e...
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The distributional properties of the Moran coefficient index (MC) measuring spatial autocorrelation were investigated by many authors, see eg [1]. The properties of MC for non-normal random variables were analysed by Griffith in [2]. The... more
The distributional properties of the Moran coefficient index (MC) measuring spatial autocorrelation were investigated by many authors, see eg [1]. The properties of MC for non-normal random variables were analysed by Griffith in [2]. The general idea of that paper was to extend Pitman-Koopmans theorem for the mean and the variance of this index. The principal conclusion was that under independence assumption and big enough sample size the Pitman-Koopmans theorem results can be extended to some non-normal random ...
One of the most important problems in spatial econometrics is the compu-tation of the log of the Jacobian of variable transformations in models with spatial inter-actions. The computation is necessary in ML estimation and Bayesian... more
One of the most important problems in spatial econometrics is the compu-tation of the log of the Jacobian of variable transformations in models with spatial inter-actions. The computation is necessary in ML estimation and Bayesian analysis of models with spatial dependence (Smirnov and Anselin 2009). The effectiveness of the implementation of ML depends on computing effectiveness of the log-determinant of a matrix, especially for sparse and large matrices. The second problem is the numerical accuracy of computation of the ...
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The current level of development of the services sector in Poland is primarily a consequence of the political and economic conditions that existed in Poland in recent decades. In the period of real socialism, socio-economic policy was... more
The current level of development of the services sector in Poland is primarily a consequence of the political and economic conditions that existed in Poland in recent decades. In the period of real socialism, socio-economic policy was aimed at Polish industrial development. The share of employment in services in Poland before transformation in 1989 was significantly lower compared to that of developed European countries. Political, social and economic changes initiated in Poland in 1989 formed the basis for a more dynamic development of this sector. The first decade after transformation was characterized by a rapid increase in employment in service activities. In the years 1990–2011 the share of the employed in this sector increased from 37% to 55%. Dynamic development of services during this period was accompanied by changes related to the structure of the service sector. The changes were mostly based on the increasing share of individual service industries. In the service sector m...
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Celem przedstawianego opracowania jest analiza zróżnicowania postaw społecznych studentów w czasie pandemii wobec zmian funkcjonowania uczelni oraz sposobów prowadzenia zajęć dydaktycznych. W połowie marca 2020 roku, po zawieszeniu zajęć... more
Celem przedstawianego opracowania jest analiza zróżnicowania postaw społecznych studentów w czasie pandemii wobec zmian funkcjonowania uczelni oraz sposobów prowadzenia zajęć dydaktycznych. W połowie marca 2020 roku, po zawieszeniu zajęć na uczelniach, społeczność akademicka stanęła przed dylematem wyboru nowych możliwości kontynuowania kształcenia i wyboru najbardziej odpowiednich jego form. Pomimo udostępnienia przez uczelnie platform e-learningowych można było zaobserwować zróżnicowany stopień ich wykorzystania, zarówno przez studentów, jak i nauczycieli akademickich. W przypadku studentów duża ich część dość szybko zaakceptowała nowe formy zdalnej realizacji zajęć dydaktycznych, ale też część z nich z różnych względów nie podjęła aktywności w tym zakresie. Głównie ujawniły się problemy związane z możliwościami technicznymi i organizacyjnymi korzystania z nowych narzędzi cyfrowych. W związku z nową sytuacją ważne z punktu widzenia podstawowych celów szkolnictwa wyższego staje się...
Celem pracy jest analiza nierowności wewnątrzregionalnych w wojewodztwie wielkopolskim. Nierowności te badane są w oparciu o analize zmian spoleczno-gospodarczych w malych miastach wojewodztwa wielkopolskiego w trzech przekrojach... more
Celem pracy jest analiza nierowności wewnątrzregionalnych w wojewodztwie wielkopolskim. Nierowności te badane są w oparciu o analize zmian spoleczno-gospodarczych w malych miastach wojewodztwa wielkopolskiego w trzech przekrojach czasowych w 1992, 2000 i 2008 r. Jest to kontynuacja badan przedstawionych w pracy Koneckiej-Szydlowskiej, Haukego (2011).Wskaźniki zastosowane w analizie uwzgledniają rozne aspekty badanego zjawiska i odnoszą sie do nastepujących zagadnien: sytuacji ludnościowej, infrastruktury technicznej i mieszkalnictwa oraz gospodarki.Wanalizie wykorzystano techniki eksploracyjne oparte na modelach regresyjnych zbudowanych i oszacowanych dla badanych wskaźnikow w trzech powyzszych przekrojach czasowych oraz dla roznic miedzy rokiem 2000 a 1992 i miedzy rokiem 2008 a 2000. Modele te konstruowane i interpretowane byly w podobny sposob jak w analizie konwergencji. Interpretacja ich jest rozszerzeniem idei konwergencji zwyczajowo analizowanej dla PKB.
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We consider an k x k universal matrix G introduced by Hellwig (1976). We analyze two problems: the nonsingularity of the matrix G and the sign-consistency of the elements of the vector r = (ri) and of the solutrion b = (bi) to the system... more
We consider an k x k universal matrix G introduced by Hellwig (1976). We analyze two problems: the nonsingularity of the matrix G and the sign-consistency of the elements of the vector r = (ri) and of the solutrion b = (bi) to the system Gb = r. Obtained results generalize the results presented by Kolupa (1977, 1980).
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W artykule przedstawiono badanie zmian w zróżnicowaniu regionalnym 11 postsocjalistycznych państw członkowskich UE w latach 2000–2014 w oparciu o entropijną statystykę Shannona i algorytm opracowany przez Semple’a i Gauthiera. Praca... more
W artykule przedstawiono badanie zmian w zróżnicowaniu regionalnym 11 postsocjalistycznych państw członkowskich UE w latach 2000–2014 w oparciu o entropijną statystykę Shannona i algorytm opracowany przez Semple’a i Gauthiera. Praca stanowi kontynuację rozważań przedstawianych przez Czyż i Hauke (2015) w odniesieniu do Polski. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie zmian wartości produktu krajowego brutto (PKB) per capita w układzie 218 regionów. Regiony te są częściowo skorygowanymi przez połączenia jednostkami statystycznymi NUTS3. Zostały one wyznaczone przez Perdała (2018).
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Entropy has been proposed as a significant tool for an analysis of spatial differences. Using Semple and Gauthier’s (1972) transformation of the Shannon entropy statistic into an entropy measure of inequality and their algorithm, an... more
Entropy has been proposed as a significant tool for an analysis of spatial differences. Using Semple and Gauthier’s (1972) transformation of the Shannon entropy statistic into an entropy measure of inequality and their algorithm, an estimation is made of changes in regional inequality in Poland over the years 2005–2012. The inequality is decomposed into total, inter- and intra-regional types, and an analysis is made of relations holding between them.
Moran (1950) introduced a weighted correlation coecient (index I) used as the measure detecting a departure from the spatial randomness for data collected at particular geographic localities. Till today it is the most com- monly used... more
Moran (1950) introduced a weighted correlation coecient (index I) used as the measure detecting a departure from the spatial randomness for data collected at particular geographic localities. Till today it is the most com- monly used measure showing the amount of spatial autocorrelation in a geo- referenced data set. The index heavily depends on the structure of the net- work via a corresponding connectivity matrix C. The shape of the matrix C (being in fact a special case of the sparse matrix) leads to dierent values of the index I. In consequence the characteristics of the matrix C inform about possible values of I. In the paper we analyze algebraic characteristics of some shapes of matrix C describing theoretical (regular tesselations) and empirical (obtained via simulations on a real data) networks.
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Let M n , M n ≥ , and M n > stand respectively for the sets of all complex, Hermitian nonnegative definite, and positive definite n×n matrices. Assume S positive. Then the set M n ≥ (S)={A∈M n :SA∈M n ≥ } is a convex cone. On this cone... more
Let M n , M n ≥ , and M n > stand respectively for the sets of all complex, Hermitian nonnegative definite, and positive definite n×n matrices. Assume S positive. Then the set M n ≥ (S)={A∈M n :SA∈M n ≥ } is a convex cone. On this cone the partial order defined by A≤ SL B iff (B-A)∈M n ≥ (S) is considered; for S=I this is just the Loewner ordering ≤ L restricted to the cone of nonnegative definite matrices. The ≤ SL -ordering is characterized in several different ways using the spectral radius ρ, various types of generalized inverses, and inclusion relations between range spaces; it is put in perspective with various other partial orderings considered e.g. by C. Stepniak [Linear Algebra Appl. 94, 263-272 (1987; Zbl 0626.15008)] and J. K. Baksalary and S. K. Mitra [ibid. 149, 73-89 (1991; Zbl 0717.15004)] to name just a few. As sample results we mention A≤ SL B iff ρ(B - A)≤1 for every generalized inverse B - of B iff there exists an N∈M n > such that AN -1 A * ≤ L BN -1 B * . ...
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In a market economy, the business cycle displays fluctuations. The reasons for the alternating boom and recession periods in a country or region can be internal or 'imported' from outside, which is an ever more frequent occurrence... more
In a market economy, the business cycle displays fluctuations. The reasons for the alternating boom and recession periods in a country or region can be internal or 'imported' from outside, which is an ever more frequent occurrence in the conditions of advancing globalisation. Since 1989, i.e. the start of the systemic and economic transformation in Poland, the country's economy had gone through a period of collapse (1989-1992) and serious slowdown (1999-2002) caused primarily by internal sources. The last period of contraction that Poland and its regions entered in 2009 was brought about by external factors. This was the first time that the effect of globalisation on the operation of individual states manifested itself so clearly, bringing out regional differences in this field (cf. Rybiński 2007; Ágh, Kis-Varga (ed.) 2009; Gorzelak 2009; Gowan 2009; Stiglitz 2009). The crisis has altered the development trajectories of individual regions and the distribution of growth a...
Convergence intended to achieve economic, social and territorial cohesion (which is one of the fundamental targets of the European Union) is a significant stage on the way, widely taken today, towards sustainable development. However,... more
Convergence intended to achieve economic, social and territorial cohesion (which is one of the fundamental targets of the European Union) is a significant stage on the way, widely taken today, towards sustainable development. However, most research results lead to the conclusion that the socio-economic development of European countries follows a path of widening polarisation which increases the divergence of their development despite measures taken to increase their cohesion. The situation in Poland in this respect demonstrates the same tendency: there is significant polarisation of development between Warsaw and the more uniform towns of western Poland on the one hand, or the more heterogeneous towns in economically weaker and peripheral regions, e.g. in eastern Poland, on the other [cf. e.g. Meijers et al. 2007]. This article seeks to give an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of polarisation of socio-economic development in Poland by examining towns at various spatial scales: nati...
This poster seeks to identify the distribution of areas of economic growth and areas of stagnation as well as directions of regional policy intervention in them in three new EU member states: Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia. The research... more
This poster seeks to identify the distribution of areas of economic growth and areas of stagnation as well as directions of regional policy intervention in them in three new EU member states: Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia. The research procedure embraced the two stages: 1. Identification of the distribution of growth and stagnation areas considered in a partial and a general approach to socio-economic development; 2. Analysis of the dependence between the public-means intervention offered under regional policies and the identified distribution of growth and stagnation areas. The analysis was conducted at the level of NUTS 4 units. The results presented here were obtained at one stage of the research project Socio-economic development and the formation of areas of economic growth and stagnation, co-financed by the National Science Centre in Poland (N N306 791940). This is a project (headed by Prof. Paweł Churski) undertaken by the Research Group, Regional Analysis Department, Instit...
The social and economic growth has been characterized by polarization. This phenomenon results in an emergence of the economic growth and stagnation areas. The distribution of these areas and its variability are affected by diverse growth... more
The social and economic growth has been characterized by polarization. This phenomenon results in an emergence of the economic growth and stagnation areas. The distribution of these areas and its variability are affected by diverse growth factors which lead to convergence or divergence of the growth rate. While the very fact of developmental differences is accepted in market economy, the increasing growth diversity results in numerous negative consequences and is perceived as one of the strongest barriers to an economy’s good performance. This leads to a situation when intervention is imperative as part of the cohesion policy which, irrespective of the adopted model (be it the compensation or the polarization-diffusion model) is aimed at growth convergence on all the spatial levels. This monograph is an attempt at identifying and interpreting the above regularities and sums up an international research project financed by the National Science Centre (NN 306 79 19 40) on Socio-econom...
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Properties of eigenvalues of matrices used in statistical analysis provide an important base in the description of statistical properties within analyzed problem. The paper extends some characterizations of diagonalizable matrices whose... more
Properties of eigenvalues of matrices used in statistical analysis provide an important base in the description of statistical properties within analyzed problem. The paper extends some characterizations of diagonalizable matrices whose sum has nonnegative eigenvalues. In the paper there are presented some general comments as well as examples of matrices from speci c subsets.
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Sang-Il Lee (2001, 2004) developed and analysed a new bivariate spatial association measure (cited by many authors who discussed the measure from theoretical as well as practical point of view). He noted that “a bivariate spatial... more
Sang-Il Lee (2001, 2004) developed and analysed a new bivariate spatial association measure (cited by many authors who discussed the measure from theoretical as well as practical point of view). He noted that “a bivariate spatial association measure should be a composite of three elements: univariate spatial associations of two variables and their point-to-point association in a certain form”. The idea led him to construction the bivariate measure L connected with decomposition of Moran’s I.
The L statistics integrates Pearson’s r and Moran’s I and heavily depends on (introduced by Sang-Il Lee) a spatial smoothing scalar (SSS). In the paper we examine some results obtained by Sang-Il Lee dropping (changing) some theoretical assumption used in the definition (decomposition) of L.
The L statistics integrates Pearson’s r and Moran’s I and heavily depends on (introduced by Sang-Il Lee) a spatial smoothing scalar (SSS). In the paper we examine some results obtained by Sang-Il Lee dropping (changing) some theoretical assumption used in the definition (decomposition) of L.