Limited pharmacological studies have been conducted on plant species used against poultry helmint... more Limited pharmacological studies have been conducted on plant species used against poultry helminths. The objective of this study was to provide a basis for plant based anthelmintics as possible alternatives against poultry anthelmintic resistance. The study justified the need for alternative anthelmintics. The study places emphasis on the increasing anthelmintic resistance, mechanism of resistance, and preparational protocols for plant anthelmintics and their associated mechanism of action. Pharmaceutical studies on plants as alternative therapies for the control of helminth parasites have not been fully explored especially in several developing countries. Plants from a broad range of species produce a wide variety of compounds that are potential anthelmintics candidates. Important phenolic acids have been found in Brassica rapa L. and Terminalia avicenniodes Guill. and Perri that affect the cell signaling pathways and gene expression. Benzo (c) phenanthridine and isoquinoline alkaloids are neurotoxic to helminths. Steroidal saponins (polyphyllin D and dioscin) interact with helminthic mitochondrial activity, alter cell membrane permeability, vacuolation and membrane damage. Benzyl isothiocyanate glucosinolates interfere with DNA replication and protein expression, while isoflavones from Acacia oxyphylla cause helminth flaccid paralysis, inhibit energy generation, and affect calcium utilization. Condensed tannins have been shown to cause the death of nematodes and paralysis leading to expulsion from the gastro-intestinal tract. Flavonoids from Chenopodium album L and Mangifera indica L act through the action of phosphodiesterase and Ca 2+-ATPase, and flavonoids and tannins have been shown to act synergistically and are complementary to praziquantel. Artemisinins from Artemisia cina O. Berg are known to disrupt mitochondrial ATP production. Terpenoids from Cucurbita moschata L disrupt neurotransmission leading to paralysis as well as disruption of egg hatching. Yeast particle encapsulated terpenes are effective for the control of albendazole-resistant helminths.
In present study, the prevalence of monieziosis infections was determined in Soviet Merino sheep ... more In present study, the prevalence of monieziosis infections was determined in Soviet Merino sheep and risk factors associated therewith was identified in Astrakhan, a region of traditional development of sheep farming located in the south of the European part of Russia. One thousand five hundred Soviet Merino sheep, different in age and sex, from different districts in the Astrakhan region, were examined using the Fülleborn's technique for detection of eggs of genus Moniezia in fecal samples. Histological sections of gravid proglottids were stained for histological and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination. It was found that monieziosis was recorded (26.46 %) among the examined sheep. Moniezisois was found more prevalent in grazing female (41.52 %) and young sheep (35.61 %). The highest incidence of monieziosis in Soviet Merino sheep was found in spring (37.02 %). By histological and SEM examination, the gravid proglottids of genus Moniezia, showing several compartments inside it containing several eggs and the proglottids containing bilateral genital pores and craspedote.
It is clear that the chemical structure of a drug and its process, which are the determinants of ... more It is clear that the chemical structure of a drug and its process, which are the determinants of the degree of activity an anthelmintic have on the organs and tissues of trematodes, as well as their hosts. This study demonstrates changes in the microstructure of the small intestine of sheep with impulsive Paramphistomiasis after treatment with Antitrem. Seven days after giving “Antitrem (contain oxyclosanide and pyrantela pamoate, OLKAR Release, Russia)” at a dose of 200 mg/kg once perorally, fixed in 70% alcohol and administered according to generally accepted histological methods, the small intestine of the sheep which it was administered to was impulsively attacked by Paramphistomum cervi. Partial atrophy of intestinal mucosa, common dystrophic changes in the epithelium, and destruction of individual goblet cells represented the microstructural changes in the small intestine of infected sheep with Paramphistomum cervi after treatment with Antitrem. Microstructural changes in the small intestine of the sheep are composed of proliferative procedures, a reduction in the content of carbohydrate compounds, and a change in the protein component in the tissues of the organ and stagnation of the secretory product in the cells. Keywords: Paramphistomiasis; Trematodes; Anthelmintic; histological; Small intestine
While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public ... more While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife.
This study was done to determine the impact of monieziosis infection combined with hypomicroeleme... more This study was done to determine the impact of monieziosis infection combined with hypomicroelementosis on some hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters of Soviet Merino sheep in the Astrakhan region, southern Russia. 20 sheep, aging 3 years old and average 43±1. 6 kg body weight is used. Sheep were divided into two groups. First group contained 10 sheep and these sheep were naturally infected with monieziosis and clinically were suffered from hypomicroelementosis, emaciation, reduced growth rate, anemia, diarrhea and pale mucosa. Second group contained 10 sheep were apparently healthy and free from internal parasites and they were used as a control group. The first group was given Praziver (praziquantel and ivermectin) for treatment monieziosis, while they intramuscularly injected with Sedimin (selenium, iodine and iron) and were introduced daily into the feed with CoCl2. Faecal and blood samples from both groups were collected, before and 30 days after treatment, and analyzed for some hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters. Our results revealed that there was a significant decrease in Hb and RBCs values, while total WBCs and eosinophils were significantly increased in the diseased group than in healthy one. Biochemical analysis showed a significant decrease in serum antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px) and a significant increase in serum DC and MDA in the diseased group as compared with the control group. Hormonal analysis showed a significant increase in ACTH, TSH, Cortisol and a significant decrease in serum T4 and T3. After treatment with Praziver, Sedemin and CoCl2, there was a significant effectiveness to maintain blood parameters within normal levels in the experimental group and increase reproductive outcome from these sheep.
BACKGROUND:Hydatidosis, is an infection caused by the cystic larval stage of the Echinococcus gra... more BACKGROUND:Hydatidosis, is an infection caused by the cystic larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus.This disease is a zoonotic disease has a worldwide distribution and common in developing and undeveloped countries. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to Studying the infection rate and predilection seats of hydatid cyst affections among slaughtered food animals in Aswan Governorate., southern Egypt and study the effect of age and sex of infected slaughtered animals on the infection with Hydatid cyst. Also study the effect of seasonal variations in the infection with Hydatid cyst among slaughtered animals. In addition the macroscopic examination, Microscopic examination Scanning electron microscopy and histopathological studies for the collected Hydatid cyst are examined METHODS,This investigation was carried out from August2015 to July2016 in two main slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate to study the hydatidosis in camels and sheep. by routine meat inspection , Hydatid cyst count and characterization was conducted. FINDINGS:A total of 2080 camels and 674sheep were examined. Of these, 173 (8.32%) camels and 3 (0.45%) sheep were found to harbour one or more Hydatid cysts.Female and older age slaughtered animals were more susceptible to infection with these metacestode than males and younger animals.Hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered animals is most commonly found in lung followed by liver while mixed infection in both lung and liver was found only in camel. Hydatid cyst in slaughtered camels was higher in autumn followed by winter, while Hydatid cyst in slaughtered sheep was found only in autumn season.Fertile cysts in lung and liver of slaughtered camels was (83.4%) and (30%), respectively. While the fertility of Hydatid cyst in infected lung and liver of sheep was (100%). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This study reported that slaughtered animals were infected with relatively high infection rate of hydatid cyst may be due to the presence of socio-economic conditions favourable for the disease and maintenance of high level of infection .So must design governmental control programs against Hydatidosis to minimize the infection rate in Aswan Governorate and ensure effective protection not only for animal population but also for humans at risk of contracting the infection
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology ( J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. (JESP)), 2017
Taeniasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease worldwide. This study determinedthe presenc... more Taeniasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease worldwide. This study determinedthe presenceof cysticercosis in cattle and buffaloes and discussing theirpublic health importance in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt.A total number of 45780 cattle, 223 buffaloes, were examined during the extended period from August 2015 till the end of July 2016. The existence of Cysticercus bovisinfection among slaughteredCattle and Buffaloes was studied at three different slaughterhouses (Aswan, Draw and Al-Sharq Al-Awsat) in Aswan Governorate.C.bovisin slaughteredcattle and buffaloeswas (7.5%& 1.34%),respectively. Cattle and buffaloes infected with C. bovis it wasfor young and old animals, respectively (7.5%&12.12%);(0.51%& (7.14%). C.bovisin slaughtered cattle was commonly found in the tongue muscles (70.46%),Heart (2.8%),masseter muscles (0.43%) and gluteal muscles (0.29%). While for buffaloes heart (100%) was the most common site infectedwith C.bovis.Moreover, Viable C.bovis was (86%) in slaughtered cattle and buffaloes.Taeniasis was detected in (0.4%)of examined patients with gastroenteritis. The infection among male is (1.5%)while it not detectedin females.Theresultsconfirmedthat cysticercosis is endemic among cattle and buffaloesin Aswan Governorate. Meat inspection is a must.
Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal siut Vet. Med. J. Vol., 2017
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, organ distribution, morphological c... more The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, organ distribution, morphological characters and economic importance of Cysticercusovisand Cysticercustenuicollisin sheep and goats. A total of 669 sheep and 484goats slaughtered at Aswan Slaughterhouse were carefully examined for these metacestodes. Cysticercusoviswas detected (1.94%) from slaughtered sheep. Cysticercustenuicolliswas found (13.3%) in sheep and (24.2%) in goats. The prevalence of both C.ovisand C.tenuicolliswas higher in females than males and their prevalence was higher in older animals compared to the younger ones. For Cysticercusovis, the highest infection was found in spring while the highest seasonal infection rate of Cysticercustenuicollisin slaughtered sheep and goats was noted in autumn season. The infection with C.oviswas only found in the heart, whileC.tenuicollisin slaughtered sheep and goats was found mainly in the omentum. Theseresults suggest that the high prevalence of the metacestodes infection in this area is a great concern for both medical and veterinary authorities to design therapeutic and preventive programs to overcome this problem.
Limited pharmacological studies have been conducted on plant species used against poultry helmint... more Limited pharmacological studies have been conducted on plant species used against poultry helminths. The objective of this study was to provide a basis for plant based anthelmintics as possible alternatives against poultry anthelmintic resistance. The study justified the need for alternative anthelmintics. The study places emphasis on the increasing anthelmintic resistance, mechanism of resistance, and preparational protocols for plant anthelmintics and their associated mechanism of action. Pharmaceutical studies on plants as alternative therapies for the control of helminth parasites have not been fully explored especially in several developing countries. Plants from a broad range of species produce a wide variety of compounds that are potential anthelmintics candidates. Important phenolic acids have been found in Brassica rapa L. and Terminalia avicenniodes Guill. and Perri that affect the cell signaling pathways and gene expression. Benzo (c) phenanthridine and isoquinoline alkaloids are neurotoxic to helminths. Steroidal saponins (polyphyllin D and dioscin) interact with helminthic mitochondrial activity, alter cell membrane permeability, vacuolation and membrane damage. Benzyl isothiocyanate glucosinolates interfere with DNA replication and protein expression, while isoflavones from Acacia oxyphylla cause helminth flaccid paralysis, inhibit energy generation, and affect calcium utilization. Condensed tannins have been shown to cause the death of nematodes and paralysis leading to expulsion from the gastro-intestinal tract. Flavonoids from Chenopodium album L and Mangifera indica L act through the action of phosphodiesterase and Ca 2+-ATPase, and flavonoids and tannins have been shown to act synergistically and are complementary to praziquantel. Artemisinins from Artemisia cina O. Berg are known to disrupt mitochondrial ATP production. Terpenoids from Cucurbita moschata L disrupt neurotransmission leading to paralysis as well as disruption of egg hatching. Yeast particle encapsulated terpenes are effective for the control of albendazole-resistant helminths.
In present study, the prevalence of monieziosis infections was determined in Soviet Merino sheep ... more In present study, the prevalence of monieziosis infections was determined in Soviet Merino sheep and risk factors associated therewith was identified in Astrakhan, a region of traditional development of sheep farming located in the south of the European part of Russia. One thousand five hundred Soviet Merino sheep, different in age and sex, from different districts in the Astrakhan region, were examined using the Fülleborn's technique for detection of eggs of genus Moniezia in fecal samples. Histological sections of gravid proglottids were stained for histological and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination. It was found that monieziosis was recorded (26.46 %) among the examined sheep. Moniezisois was found more prevalent in grazing female (41.52 %) and young sheep (35.61 %). The highest incidence of monieziosis in Soviet Merino sheep was found in spring (37.02 %). By histological and SEM examination, the gravid proglottids of genus Moniezia, showing several compartments inside it containing several eggs and the proglottids containing bilateral genital pores and craspedote.
It is clear that the chemical structure of a drug and its process, which are the determinants of ... more It is clear that the chemical structure of a drug and its process, which are the determinants of the degree of activity an anthelmintic have on the organs and tissues of trematodes, as well as their hosts. This study demonstrates changes in the microstructure of the small intestine of sheep with impulsive Paramphistomiasis after treatment with Antitrem. Seven days after giving “Antitrem (contain oxyclosanide and pyrantela pamoate, OLKAR Release, Russia)” at a dose of 200 mg/kg once perorally, fixed in 70% alcohol and administered according to generally accepted histological methods, the small intestine of the sheep which it was administered to was impulsively attacked by Paramphistomum cervi. Partial atrophy of intestinal mucosa, common dystrophic changes in the epithelium, and destruction of individual goblet cells represented the microstructural changes in the small intestine of infected sheep with Paramphistomum cervi after treatment with Antitrem. Microstructural changes in the small intestine of the sheep are composed of proliferative procedures, a reduction in the content of carbohydrate compounds, and a change in the protein component in the tissues of the organ and stagnation of the secretory product in the cells. Keywords: Paramphistomiasis; Trematodes; Anthelmintic; histological; Small intestine
While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public ... more While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife.
This study was done to determine the impact of monieziosis infection combined with hypomicroeleme... more This study was done to determine the impact of monieziosis infection combined with hypomicroelementosis on some hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters of Soviet Merino sheep in the Astrakhan region, southern Russia. 20 sheep, aging 3 years old and average 43±1. 6 kg body weight is used. Sheep were divided into two groups. First group contained 10 sheep and these sheep were naturally infected with monieziosis and clinically were suffered from hypomicroelementosis, emaciation, reduced growth rate, anemia, diarrhea and pale mucosa. Second group contained 10 sheep were apparently healthy and free from internal parasites and they were used as a control group. The first group was given Praziver (praziquantel and ivermectin) for treatment monieziosis, while they intramuscularly injected with Sedimin (selenium, iodine and iron) and were introduced daily into the feed with CoCl2. Faecal and blood samples from both groups were collected, before and 30 days after treatment, and analyzed for some hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters. Our results revealed that there was a significant decrease in Hb and RBCs values, while total WBCs and eosinophils were significantly increased in the diseased group than in healthy one. Biochemical analysis showed a significant decrease in serum antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px) and a significant increase in serum DC and MDA in the diseased group as compared with the control group. Hormonal analysis showed a significant increase in ACTH, TSH, Cortisol and a significant decrease in serum T4 and T3. After treatment with Praziver, Sedemin and CoCl2, there was a significant effectiveness to maintain blood parameters within normal levels in the experimental group and increase reproductive outcome from these sheep.
BACKGROUND:Hydatidosis, is an infection caused by the cystic larval stage of the Echinococcus gra... more BACKGROUND:Hydatidosis, is an infection caused by the cystic larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus.This disease is a zoonotic disease has a worldwide distribution and common in developing and undeveloped countries. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to Studying the infection rate and predilection seats of hydatid cyst affections among slaughtered food animals in Aswan Governorate., southern Egypt and study the effect of age and sex of infected slaughtered animals on the infection with Hydatid cyst. Also study the effect of seasonal variations in the infection with Hydatid cyst among slaughtered animals. In addition the macroscopic examination, Microscopic examination Scanning electron microscopy and histopathological studies for the collected Hydatid cyst are examined METHODS,This investigation was carried out from August2015 to July2016 in two main slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate to study the hydatidosis in camels and sheep. by routine meat inspection , Hydatid cyst count and characterization was conducted. FINDINGS:A total of 2080 camels and 674sheep were examined. Of these, 173 (8.32%) camels and 3 (0.45%) sheep were found to harbour one or more Hydatid cysts.Female and older age slaughtered animals were more susceptible to infection with these metacestode than males and younger animals.Hydatid cyst infection in slaughtered animals is most commonly found in lung followed by liver while mixed infection in both lung and liver was found only in camel. Hydatid cyst in slaughtered camels was higher in autumn followed by winter, while Hydatid cyst in slaughtered sheep was found only in autumn season.Fertile cysts in lung and liver of slaughtered camels was (83.4%) and (30%), respectively. While the fertility of Hydatid cyst in infected lung and liver of sheep was (100%). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This study reported that slaughtered animals were infected with relatively high infection rate of hydatid cyst may be due to the presence of socio-economic conditions favourable for the disease and maintenance of high level of infection .So must design governmental control programs against Hydatidosis to minimize the infection rate in Aswan Governorate and ensure effective protection not only for animal population but also for humans at risk of contracting the infection
Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology ( J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. (JESP)), 2017
Taeniasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease worldwide. This study determinedthe presenc... more Taeniasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease worldwide. This study determinedthe presenceof cysticercosis in cattle and buffaloes and discussing theirpublic health importance in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt.A total number of 45780 cattle, 223 buffaloes, were examined during the extended period from August 2015 till the end of July 2016. The existence of Cysticercus bovisinfection among slaughteredCattle and Buffaloes was studied at three different slaughterhouses (Aswan, Draw and Al-Sharq Al-Awsat) in Aswan Governorate.C.bovisin slaughteredcattle and buffaloeswas (7.5%& 1.34%),respectively. Cattle and buffaloes infected with C. bovis it wasfor young and old animals, respectively (7.5%&12.12%);(0.51%& (7.14%). C.bovisin slaughtered cattle was commonly found in the tongue muscles (70.46%),Heart (2.8%),masseter muscles (0.43%) and gluteal muscles (0.29%). While for buffaloes heart (100%) was the most common site infectedwith C.bovis.Moreover, Viable C.bovis was (86%) in slaughtered cattle and buffaloes.Taeniasis was detected in (0.4%)of examined patients with gastroenteritis. The infection among male is (1.5%)while it not detectedin females.Theresultsconfirmedthat cysticercosis is endemic among cattle and buffaloesin Aswan Governorate. Meat inspection is a must.
Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal siut Vet. Med. J. Vol., 2017
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, organ distribution, morphological c... more The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, organ distribution, morphological characters and economic importance of Cysticercusovisand Cysticercustenuicollisin sheep and goats. A total of 669 sheep and 484goats slaughtered at Aswan Slaughterhouse were carefully examined for these metacestodes. Cysticercusoviswas detected (1.94%) from slaughtered sheep. Cysticercustenuicolliswas found (13.3%) in sheep and (24.2%) in goats. The prevalence of both C.ovisand C.tenuicolliswas higher in females than males and their prevalence was higher in older animals compared to the younger ones. For Cysticercusovis, the highest infection was found in spring while the highest seasonal infection rate of Cysticercustenuicollisin slaughtered sheep and goats was noted in autumn season. The infection with C.oviswas only found in the heart, whileC.tenuicollisin slaughtered sheep and goats was found mainly in the omentum. Theseresults suggest that the high prevalence of the metacestodes infection in this area is a great concern for both medical and veterinary authorities to design therapeutic and preventive programs to overcome this problem.
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