He worked at the University of Novi Sad. At the Faculty of Law, the University of Belgrade he has been Professor Ordinarius (Full Professor) since 1998. He is a member of Montenegrin Academy of Science and Arts and member of Scientific Society of Serbia. He has published more than 240 works on criminal law, international criminal law and criminal policy. He wrote twenty-nine editions of his textbook Criminal Law - General part, the last of which appeared in 2024. Address: Belgrade
Dve decenije reforme krivičnog zakonodavstva - iskustva i pouke, Srpsko udruženje za krivičnopravnu teoriju i praksu, Zlatibor-Beograd, 2023, ISBN 978-86-6411-012-9, 2023
CRIMINAL LAW LEGISLATION REFORM - BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND TENDENCIES
Summary
The paper deals ... more CRIMINAL LAW LEGISLATION REFORM - BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND TENDENCIES
Summary
The paper deals with the fundamental issues of criminal legislation reform in Serbia in the last two decades. The emphasis is on the orientation and goals of the criminal policy of the new Criminal Code and its subsequent amendments. In contrast to the legal-dogmatic issues concerning some basic institutions of criminal law, in which significant improvements can be observed, in terms of criminal law policy, the Criminal Code, and especially its later amendments, are on the line of constant expansion of harsh criminal law repression. Legislator and politicians, expressing distrust in this regard in relation to the courts, constantly prescribe disproportionately harsh punishments. The present penal populism also plays an important role in this. This increasingly calls into question the character of criminal legislation in Serbia.
Out of a clear effort to base that legislation on the principles of the rule of law that were manifested during the adoption of the CC, subsequent changes of criminal legislation seriously jeopardized that orientation.
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW IN MONTENEGRO
WITH REFERENCE TO BYZANTINE LEGAL TRADITION
Summary
The... more DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW IN MONTENEGRO WITH REFERENCE TO BYZANTINE LEGAL TRADITION Summary The paper provides an overview and analysis of the development of Montenegrin criminal law until the adoption of the first modern criminal code in 1906. The development of criminal law ran parallel to the development and strengthening of the state. It is confirmed the hypothesis that the Byzantine legal tradition is significantly more present in the field of private than public law. Given that this applies to Roman law, then it is also expected with regard to Byzantine law, which represents modified Roman law. The development of criminal law in Montenegro showed that the Byzantine legal tradition was constantly weakening, and that at the beginning of the 20th century, when the first modern Montenegrin criminal code was adopted, it almost completely disappeared. Montenegrin criminal law developed under the influence of foreign law and tradition, as well as customs and own legal understandings. Of course, its formation was most influenced by existing social circumstances and conditions. Among these numerous factors, the Byzantine legal tradition had a certain place in a certain period. Today, however, the Byzantine legal tradition in the field of criminal law has been overcome not only in Montenegro, but in all modern legal systems, so it is not even desirable. Criminal law should be shaped according to other criteria and principles, and not according to the Byzantine legal tradition, which has nothing to offer in the field of criminal law. Byzantine criminal law did not have such achievements that would represent commonly accepted civilizational value. Studying the development of criminal law in Montenegro, the wider introduction of the penalty of deprivation of liberty can be seen as a turning point in leaving the Byzantine legal tradition and turning to modern criminal law common to European countries. This punishment is otherwise incompatible not only with Byzantium, but also with other medieval societies in which deprivation of liberty did not have the purpose of punishment, but in terms of its goals corresponded to what is called detention in modern criminal procedure. Although the topic of research was the development of criminal law in Montenegro, primarily from the aspect of the possible influence of the Byzantine legal tradition, the situation in the Primorje (Coast) was also briefly discussed. This is not only because it is part of Montenegro today, but because of the influence that law, including criminal law, had on Montenegrin law. Also, the influence of the Byzantine legal tradition was significantly more present in the Primorje than in the area of old Montenegro and Brda (Hills).
Apstrakt: U radu se analizira krivičnopravni institut krajnje nužde sa naglaskom na njegovo oprav... more Apstrakt: U radu se analizira krivičnopravni institut krajnje nužde sa naglaskom na njegovo opravdanje. Dva u teoriji postojeća pristupa kod opravdanja krajnje nužde ne bi trebalo postaviti tako da isključuju jedan drugog, već da budu komplementarni u smislu da se može govoriti o principu ograničene solidarnosti u čijoj osnovi je i princip pretežnog interesa. Pitanje postavljanja granica krajnjoj nuždi u tesnoj je vezi sa njenim opravdanjem i zahteva da se rasprave neka, pre svega, sporna pitanja za postojanje krajnje nužde. Gledanje na te uslove u svetlu opravdanja instituta krajnje nužde doprinosi tome da se jasnije sagledaju i reše određeni problemi koji se javljaju u vezi sa preciziranjem pojedinih uslova za primenu tog instituta. Neophodno je stalno podsećanje na problem opravdanja krajnje nužde koji je, prema mišljenju koje se zastupa u ovom radu, teško rešiv. Između ostalog, deficit na planu legitimnosti ovog instituta nužno vodi i postavljanju strogih uslova ne samo prilikom propisivanja, već i u njegovoj primeni.
MORAL WRONG AND CRIME
The relationship between criminal law and morality is multi-layered and co... more MORAL WRONG AND CRIME The relationship between criminal law and morality is multi-layered and complex. This relationship is marked by the relationship between criminal and moral wrong, which this paper deals with. Its goal is to perceive and analyze the similarities and differences between a crime and a moral offense. This could contribute to answering the question of whether, and to what extent, it is justified to take into account moral norms when creating and applying criminal law. The conclusion that the legislator should take into account the moral norms when prescribing criminal law norms, does not imply abandoning the basic criterion for the creation of criminal offences, which is the object of criminal law protection and the degree of its endangerment. Moral norms can contribute to giving a complex assessment of the significance of that object and its endangerment, but they do not in themselves provide an answer to the question of the need to criminalize certain behavior. When applying the law, courts should not assess whether a crime is at the same time a moral offense. Except for a small number of criminal offenses where their legal description in some way requires certain moral evaluations in determining whether an essential element of crime exists, this issue should be irrelevant to the court. Courts should not, in a particular case, especially when sentencing (which is sometimes difficult to avoid), take into account whether and to what extent the crime committed provoked moral condemnation, as this is not a circumstance that should affect the sentence. Also, the absence of moral condemnation, if all the conditions for the existence of a criminal offense in a particular case have been met, has no significance for the court in the application of the law.
Činjenica da u oblasti odmjeravanja kazne postoji nizak stepen vezanosti pravom, da pravo postavl... more Činjenica da u oblasti odmjeravanja kazne postoji nizak stepen vezanosti pravom, da pravo postavlja samo opšte i široke pravne okvire, omogućava sudovima da vode određenu kaznenu politiku. Ta kaznena politika bi trebalo da bude u skladu sa namjerama zakonodavca o tome kako reagovati u konkretnim slučajevima i koje krivične sankcije izricati. U većini zemalja, pa i u Crnoj Gori, sudska praksa ne ostvaruje očekivanja zakonodavca. Ostavljajući po strani pitanje zašto je to tako, generalno gledajući, zakonodavac je znatno stroži od sudske prakse. To ne znači da sudska praksa postupa suprotno zakonu, tj. contra legem. U okviru širokih ovlašćenja koja joj zakonodavac daje, ona koristi mogućnosti da kazne i druge krivične sankcije koje primjenjuje u odnosu na one koje su propisane budu blage. Iz više razloga nije opravdano ni poželjno da zakonodavac i sudska praksa po težini drugačije vrednuju i stepenuju ponašanja koja su propisana kao krivična djela. Postoji opravdana potreba da se konflikt između zakonodavca i sudske prakse bar ublaži. S jedne strane, sudska praksa bi morala u većoj mjeri da uvažava kaznenu politiku zakonodavca i da adekvatnije tumači uslove za primjenu određenih sankcija i odmjeravanje kazne. S druge strane, zakonodavac bi morao da odustane od pokušaja da propisivanjem sve strožih kazni prinudi sudsku praksu da vodi strožu kaznenu politiku čime produbljuje postojeći jaz i još više otežava sudskoj praksi da uporište za kaznenu politiku nalazi u zakonu.
Rad se bavi pitanjem krivičnopravne zaštite imovine zadužbine, odnosno
fondacije od napada koji d... more Rad se bavi pitanjem krivičnopravne zaštite imovine zadužbine, odnosno fondacije od napada koji dolaze „iznutra”, tj. od strane onih kojima je povjereno da se staraju o imovini fondacije. Ne postoji neko specifično krivično djelo čijim propisivanjem bi se štitila samo imovina fondacije. Zato se u radu analizira mogućnost primjene postojećih krivičnih djela protiv imovine i krivičnih djela protiv privrede u slučajevima napada na imovinu od strane onih koji zastupaju imovinske interese zadužbina I fondacija, tj. onih koji su u obavezi da se staraju o njihovoj imovini. Iako ne bez određenih teškoća, osnovno djelo, putem čije primjene bi trebalo ostvarivati krivičnopravnu zaštitu u ovoj oblasti, bilo bi krivično djelo zloupotrebe položaja u privrednom poslovanju iz člana 272 KZ CG. U radu se ukazuje i na neka druga krivična djela iz Krivičnog zakonika Crne Gore čija bi primjena došla u obzir, od kojih bi najvažnije bilo krivično djelo pronevjere.
SECURITY MEASURES OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT
(Compulsory psychiatric treatment as a criminal sanct... more SECURITY MEASURES OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT (Compulsory psychiatric treatment as a criminal sanction) The paper addresses numerous issues of the security measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment and confinement in a medical institution and the measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment at liberty. In addition to provisions of the Serbian Criminal Code, subject to the analysis were relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions as well as provisions of other laws applicable to involuntary psychiatric treatment ordered against perpetrators of criminal acts. The paper particularly focuses on two conceptual issues. The first is whether it would be justified to leave ordering security measures of psychiatric treatment against incompetent offenders out of the system of criminal sanctions and to resolve the problem by opting for an involuntary psychiatric treatment which would not have the nature of a criminal sanction. The second issue concerns implementation, more precisely, whether to shut down specialized prison psychiatric hospitals as the principal organizational units in charge of execution. The reasons in favor of an affirmative answer to the forgoing questions, however, are not convincing enough and neither are the experiences gathered in the few European countries opting for alternative concepts, as indicators of possible advantages of such solutions. Indeed, the true results of closing judicial psychiatric hospitals and turning towards an alternative, new implementation system (Italy, for inst.) are yet to be seen. The general conclusion arrived at in the paper is that, as regards security measures of psychiatric treatment, despite the fact that the present solutions have been applicable for quite a long time (CC of the SFRY from 1976) without having undergone any essential reconstruction in the process of adoption of the Serbian CC in 2005, no legislative steps leading towards conceptually different solutions could be justifiably taken. Instead, there is a need for improving and perfecting the existing solution by removing the problems identified in legislation as well as in implementation. Short of overstepping the boundaries of the present concept, numerous interventions in CC, CPC and Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions are still required as well as those in terms of modernizing the implementation of security measures of psychiatric treatment (ordering and execution thereof), to catch up with prevailing perceptions in contemporary criminal law and psychiatry.
Based on certain international legal acts (Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA dated 28 Novem... more Based on certain international legal acts (Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA dated 28 November 2008), but without limiting it solely to racist and xenophobic motivation, the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia (SCC) introduced a new provision (effective of 1 January 2013) with a view to ensuring a more severe punishment for criminal offences committed against members of certain social groups out of hatred based on such membership. Despite the fact that the general principles of sentencing specified in the SCC foresee that the court will take into account , inter alia, the motives for committing the offence, this provision is of general nature and does not explicitly mention hate as an aggravating circumstance nor, indeed, does it foresee hate as a statutory aggravating circumstance. This might be seen as a justifiable reason for introducing such a provision, regardless of the fact that it implies departing from the general principles in meting out the punishment. This provision is the only mandatory aggravating circumstance in the SCC. However, it is primarily a criminological notion which does not constitute a precise criminal law category. Existing perceptions of "hate crimes" are quite diverse. It is difficult to say whether the solution opted for by the legislator in Serbia shall incite the pronouncement of more severe punishments for crimes committed out of hate on the above grounds. In any case, this is a symbolic gesture on the part of the legislator which should be upheld as such, but if one should ask whether criminal law can suppress hate (against any person), no optimistic view could be based on realistic approach to limited ca¬pacities of criminal law.
U radu se ukazuje na najvažnije momente u životu Nikole Srzentića, teoretičara i profesora krivi... more U radu se ukazuje na najvažnije momente u životu Nikole Srzentića, teoretičara i profesora krivičnog prava, analiziraju i daju ocjene njegovog doprinosa pravnoj nauci kao i stvaranju krivičnog zakonodavstva u Jugoslaviji i Crnoj Gori. Neki njegovi stavovi, i pored toga što je pravna nauka kao i svaka druga nauka u stalnom razvoju, i danas su aktuelni i imaju skoro univerzalni karakter.
DOES SERBIA NEED A CRIMINAL LEGISLATION REFORM?
The “punishment frenzy” in Serbia does not come s... more DOES SERBIA NEED A CRIMINAL LEGISLATION REFORM? The “punishment frenzy” in Serbia does not come solely as a consequence of the conviction that this is an effective way to suppress criminality but also as a result of popularly-shared belief that severe punishments can provide a higher level of social justice. However, overreaction in terms of punishment as a compensation for the shortage of justice has its disadvantages and it can, in the best case scenario, only calm down the public to a certain extent, but certainly not bring true justice. A moderate, rational and realistically grounded criminal legislation would stand a better chance of successfully realizing its function than its excessively broad and overly severe counterpart. Amendments to the CC entered in 2012 represent a discontinuation relative to those adopted in 2009 which contained poor solutions with respect to a multitude of issues in both essential and legislative and technical sense. Still, signals coming from debates held in the National Assembly are not promising. They indicate a climate not so favorable for further improvement of criminal legislation. A comprehensive reform of criminal legislation requires a relatively stable social, political and economic situation.
Ustav Republike Srbije, krivično zakonodavstvo I organizacija pravosuđa, 2007
Iako je ustav najviši pravni akt jedne zemlje, njegov uticaj na materijalno krivično zakonodavstv... more Iako je ustav najviši pravni akt jedne zemlje, njegov uticaj na materijalno krivično zakonodavstvo nije onolii koliko se to obično misli. To pokazuje I činjenica da je u nekim zemljama u toku važenja istog krivičnog zakonika doneto više ustava, a da to nije zahtevalo nikakve promene krivičnog zakonodavstva. U radu se dalje razmatra pitanje na čemu se onda zasniva krivično zakonodavstvo, ako već ustav nije neposredan osnov koji ga I suštinski oblikuje.
CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF DOCUMENT FORGERY
IN MONTENEGRIN CRIMINAL LAW
The material elements of the cri... more CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF DOCUMENT FORGERY IN MONTENEGRIN CRIMINAL LAW The material elements of the criminal offence of document forgery are the act of perpetration and the object of forgery. The offence can be committed by fife acts alternatively. The object of forgery is a document that is very broadly defined. Analyzing and explaining these elements, the author critically re-examines the legal solution in the Criminal Code of Montenegro. The specificity of this solution, which is that the issuance of a real but untruthful document is envisaged as a form of the act of perpretration, cannot be justified when it comes to private documents. Also, raising the rank of perpretration to the inclusion of the preparatory work of obtaining a false or untruthful document for use is dubious in view of criminal policy. The paper also deals with several controversial issues that arise in court practice. Having in mind the arguments and attitudes represented in theory and practice, certain answers are given to these questions, starting from those which deal with a distinction between making a fake and altering a true document to the questions of what can (or cannot) be considered a fake or altered document with emphasis on some types of documents that have great practical significance (so-called related documents, photocopied documents, obvious falsifications, a false document issued or signed by an unauthorized person but with the consent of the person in whose name the document is issued, forgery of invalid and legally non-existent documents, etc.). Some attention has been paid to the neglected question in the literature so far, whether computer data (despite the explicit legal provision) can be considered a document as the object of this criminal offence. Having in mind the arguments of theory and court practice, the paper tries to give answers to these controversial questions.
Međunarodno krivično pravo i ljudske slobode, 2008
HAS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW A FUTURE?
The establishment of the ad hoc tribunals and hybrid co... more HAS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW A FUTURE?
The establishment of the ad hoc tribunals and hybrid courts, the orientation of some countries toward the universal jurisdiction for hard-core international crimes, and especially the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, gave international criminal law a much greater significance in the last fifteen years than ever before. Nevertheless, in evaluating the contribution of that institutions and tendencies to the development of one truly international criminal law, only the creation of ICC gives the reason for the moderate optimism toward the future of international criminal law. In spite of the fact that the establishment of ICC was a great step in the development of international criminal law, there is no place for euphoria. Its future remains still unclear. On the one hand, the Rome Statute is not a dogmatically refined international penal and procedure code and it is still considerably below the standards adopted in contemporary criminal law. On the other hand, its future depends on two opposite tendencies. One tends to keep international criminal law on the level of the conglomeration of heterogeneous and rudimentary norms which is substantially misused as means for the achievement of the interests of the powerful states. The other has the difficult goal and hard task to make international criminal law a coherent and developed system of law that will truly serve for the protection of fundamental human rights and the suppression of grave international crimes. These two tendencies are going to exist further and the tension between them will be present. If interests of justice and the protection of human rights prevail over the interests of powerful states, the international criminal law will have the future. Keywords: International Criminal Law. International Criminal Court, Tribunals, Rome Statute
Odgоvоrnоst pravnih lica za krivična djela - Povraćaj dobara , 2010
Izlaganja učesnika Seminara o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična djela i praćenju, oduzimanju ... more Izlaganja učesnika Seminara o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična djela i praćenju, oduzimanju i povraćaju dobara, Uprava za antikorupcijsku inicijativu, Kolašin, 21-24. oktobar 2009. godine
Criminal Law and Mental Illness
APSTRAKT
Rad se bavi problemom krivičnopravne reakcije na ponaš... more Criminal Law and Mental Illness APSTRAKT Rad se bavi problemom krivičnopravne reakcije na ponašanja duševno bolesnih neuračunljivih lica kojima se povređuju ili ugrožavaju krivičnim pravom zaštićena dobra. Na prethodno pitanje da li je krivičnopravna rekacija uopšte opravdana kada su u pitanju kvazi krivična dela duševno bolesnih lica (koja to nisu u pravom smislu reči jer je krivica konstitutivni element svakog krivičnog dela), odgovor je ipak potvrdan. Ne postoje drugi adekvatniji oblici socijalne kontrole, ili drugi pravni mehanizmi koji bi mogli uspešnije od krivičnog prava, ali uz istovremeno poštovanje garantija koje se u krivičnom pravu postale uobičajene, da zaštite određena važna dobra pojedinca ili društva od duševno bolesnih lica kod kojih se, posle učinjenog dela, može očekivati da će ponovo da učine kažnjivo delo. Iako se čitavo krivično pravo zasniva na krivici, na subjektivnom odnosu učinioca prema krivičnom delu zbog kojeg se to delo negativno vrednuje i učiniocu upućuje socijalno-etički prekor, u slučaju neuračunljivih duševno bolesnih lica i primene odgovarajućih mera bezbednosti, to izostaje. Mogućnosti krivičnog prava u pogledu obavljanja zaštitne funkcije u odnosu na duševno bolesne učinioce su svakako skromnije nego kada su u pitanju uračunljivi učinioci. Generalna prevencija (bilo negativna bilo pozitivna) na kojoj se pre svega zasniva zaštitna funkcija krivičnog prava, skoro da je nezamisliva u odnosu na potencijalne učinioce koji su duševno bolesni. Određene mogućnosti koje postoje na planu specijalne prevencije svode se na detenciju i lečenje duševno bolesnog učinioca. Primena mera bezbednosti prema neuračunljivim duševno bolesnim licima svodi se, stoga, uglavnom na neke aspekte specijalne prevencije (lečenje i detencija). I obavljanje socijalne kontrole putem krivičnog prava se značajno razlikuje u zavisnosti od toga da li je reč o neuračunljivim duševnim bolesnicima ili onima koji imaju normalan psihički aparat.
Unošenjem krivice kao konstitutivnog elementa opšteg pojma krivičnog dela, krivična odgovornost p... more Unošenjem krivice kao konstitutivnog elementa opšteg pojma krivičnog dela, krivična odgovornost postaje suvišan pojam u sistemu opšteg dela. Konstatacija da je neko krivično odgovoran znači da je učinio krivično delo sa svim njegovim elementima (uključujuči i krivicu). Pojam krivične odgovornosti je opravdano zadržati radi pravljenja razlike u odnosu na druge vrste odgovornosti (političku, moralnu itd), ali njegovo zadržavanje u krivičnopravnoj dogmatici ili u pozitivnom pravu može samo da dovede do problema i nedoslednosti u određivanju opšteg pojma krivičnog dela
U radu se razmatraju i analiziraju bitna obeležja krivičnog dela ugrožavanja sigurnosti iz člana ... more U radu se razmatraju i analiziraju bitna obeležja krivičnog dela ugrožavanja sigurnosti iz člana 138. Krivičnog zakonika Srbije. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje pretnji kao radnji izvršenja ovog krivičnog dela. Osim rešavanja nekih složenih problema sa kojima se sudska praksa susreće, cilj rada je bio i da ukaže na adekvatnije zakonsko propisivanje ovog krivičnog dela. Tako, predlaže se da zakonski opis ovog krivičnog dela više ne sadrži posledicu, tj. da posledica bude apstraktna opasnost. Zahtevanje da je došlo do osećaja ugrožene sigurnosti kod pasivnog subjekta nepotrebno je i neopravdano, a vodi i dodatnim problemima u primeni ove inkriminacije. Svaka pretnja da će se napasti na život i telo pasivnog subjekta ili njemu bliskog lica ukoliko je shvaćena ozbiljno, bila bi dovoljna za postojanje krivičnog dela. Osim toga, autor smatra da je propisivanje novog, najtežeg oblika 2009. godine kojim se pruža pojačana krivičnopravna zaštita licima koja obavljaju političke funkcije i poslove u oblasti javnog informisanja bila neopravdana. Time ovo krivično delo koje za cilj ima zaštitu osnovnog prava svakog građanina da se oseća sigurnim, poprima izvesne karakteristike verbalnog političkog delikta.
Dve decenije reforme krivičnog zakonodavstva - iskustva i pouke, Srpsko udruženje za krivičnopravnu teoriju i praksu, Zlatibor-Beograd, 2023, ISBN 978-86-6411-012-9, 2023
CRIMINAL LAW LEGISLATION REFORM - BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND TENDENCIES
Summary
The paper deals ... more CRIMINAL LAW LEGISLATION REFORM - BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND TENDENCIES
Summary
The paper deals with the fundamental issues of criminal legislation reform in Serbia in the last two decades. The emphasis is on the orientation and goals of the criminal policy of the new Criminal Code and its subsequent amendments. In contrast to the legal-dogmatic issues concerning some basic institutions of criminal law, in which significant improvements can be observed, in terms of criminal law policy, the Criminal Code, and especially its later amendments, are on the line of constant expansion of harsh criminal law repression. Legislator and politicians, expressing distrust in this regard in relation to the courts, constantly prescribe disproportionately harsh punishments. The present penal populism also plays an important role in this. This increasingly calls into question the character of criminal legislation in Serbia.
Out of a clear effort to base that legislation on the principles of the rule of law that were manifested during the adoption of the CC, subsequent changes of criminal legislation seriously jeopardized that orientation.
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW IN MONTENEGRO
WITH REFERENCE TO BYZANTINE LEGAL TRADITION
Summary
The... more DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW IN MONTENEGRO WITH REFERENCE TO BYZANTINE LEGAL TRADITION Summary The paper provides an overview and analysis of the development of Montenegrin criminal law until the adoption of the first modern criminal code in 1906. The development of criminal law ran parallel to the development and strengthening of the state. It is confirmed the hypothesis that the Byzantine legal tradition is significantly more present in the field of private than public law. Given that this applies to Roman law, then it is also expected with regard to Byzantine law, which represents modified Roman law. The development of criminal law in Montenegro showed that the Byzantine legal tradition was constantly weakening, and that at the beginning of the 20th century, when the first modern Montenegrin criminal code was adopted, it almost completely disappeared. Montenegrin criminal law developed under the influence of foreign law and tradition, as well as customs and own legal understandings. Of course, its formation was most influenced by existing social circumstances and conditions. Among these numerous factors, the Byzantine legal tradition had a certain place in a certain period. Today, however, the Byzantine legal tradition in the field of criminal law has been overcome not only in Montenegro, but in all modern legal systems, so it is not even desirable. Criminal law should be shaped according to other criteria and principles, and not according to the Byzantine legal tradition, which has nothing to offer in the field of criminal law. Byzantine criminal law did not have such achievements that would represent commonly accepted civilizational value. Studying the development of criminal law in Montenegro, the wider introduction of the penalty of deprivation of liberty can be seen as a turning point in leaving the Byzantine legal tradition and turning to modern criminal law common to European countries. This punishment is otherwise incompatible not only with Byzantium, but also with other medieval societies in which deprivation of liberty did not have the purpose of punishment, but in terms of its goals corresponded to what is called detention in modern criminal procedure. Although the topic of research was the development of criminal law in Montenegro, primarily from the aspect of the possible influence of the Byzantine legal tradition, the situation in the Primorje (Coast) was also briefly discussed. This is not only because it is part of Montenegro today, but because of the influence that law, including criminal law, had on Montenegrin law. Also, the influence of the Byzantine legal tradition was significantly more present in the Primorje than in the area of old Montenegro and Brda (Hills).
Apstrakt: U radu se analizira krivičnopravni institut krajnje nužde sa naglaskom na njegovo oprav... more Apstrakt: U radu se analizira krivičnopravni institut krajnje nužde sa naglaskom na njegovo opravdanje. Dva u teoriji postojeća pristupa kod opravdanja krajnje nužde ne bi trebalo postaviti tako da isključuju jedan drugog, već da budu komplementarni u smislu da se može govoriti o principu ograničene solidarnosti u čijoj osnovi je i princip pretežnog interesa. Pitanje postavljanja granica krajnjoj nuždi u tesnoj je vezi sa njenim opravdanjem i zahteva da se rasprave neka, pre svega, sporna pitanja za postojanje krajnje nužde. Gledanje na te uslove u svetlu opravdanja instituta krajnje nužde doprinosi tome da se jasnije sagledaju i reše određeni problemi koji se javljaju u vezi sa preciziranjem pojedinih uslova za primenu tog instituta. Neophodno je stalno podsećanje na problem opravdanja krajnje nužde koji je, prema mišljenju koje se zastupa u ovom radu, teško rešiv. Između ostalog, deficit na planu legitimnosti ovog instituta nužno vodi i postavljanju strogih uslova ne samo prilikom propisivanja, već i u njegovoj primeni.
MORAL WRONG AND CRIME
The relationship between criminal law and morality is multi-layered and co... more MORAL WRONG AND CRIME The relationship between criminal law and morality is multi-layered and complex. This relationship is marked by the relationship between criminal and moral wrong, which this paper deals with. Its goal is to perceive and analyze the similarities and differences between a crime and a moral offense. This could contribute to answering the question of whether, and to what extent, it is justified to take into account moral norms when creating and applying criminal law. The conclusion that the legislator should take into account the moral norms when prescribing criminal law norms, does not imply abandoning the basic criterion for the creation of criminal offences, which is the object of criminal law protection and the degree of its endangerment. Moral norms can contribute to giving a complex assessment of the significance of that object and its endangerment, but they do not in themselves provide an answer to the question of the need to criminalize certain behavior. When applying the law, courts should not assess whether a crime is at the same time a moral offense. Except for a small number of criminal offenses where their legal description in some way requires certain moral evaluations in determining whether an essential element of crime exists, this issue should be irrelevant to the court. Courts should not, in a particular case, especially when sentencing (which is sometimes difficult to avoid), take into account whether and to what extent the crime committed provoked moral condemnation, as this is not a circumstance that should affect the sentence. Also, the absence of moral condemnation, if all the conditions for the existence of a criminal offense in a particular case have been met, has no significance for the court in the application of the law.
Činjenica da u oblasti odmjeravanja kazne postoji nizak stepen vezanosti pravom, da pravo postavl... more Činjenica da u oblasti odmjeravanja kazne postoji nizak stepen vezanosti pravom, da pravo postavlja samo opšte i široke pravne okvire, omogućava sudovima da vode određenu kaznenu politiku. Ta kaznena politika bi trebalo da bude u skladu sa namjerama zakonodavca o tome kako reagovati u konkretnim slučajevima i koje krivične sankcije izricati. U većini zemalja, pa i u Crnoj Gori, sudska praksa ne ostvaruje očekivanja zakonodavca. Ostavljajući po strani pitanje zašto je to tako, generalno gledajući, zakonodavac je znatno stroži od sudske prakse. To ne znači da sudska praksa postupa suprotno zakonu, tj. contra legem. U okviru širokih ovlašćenja koja joj zakonodavac daje, ona koristi mogućnosti da kazne i druge krivične sankcije koje primjenjuje u odnosu na one koje su propisane budu blage. Iz više razloga nije opravdano ni poželjno da zakonodavac i sudska praksa po težini drugačije vrednuju i stepenuju ponašanja koja su propisana kao krivična djela. Postoji opravdana potreba da se konflikt između zakonodavca i sudske prakse bar ublaži. S jedne strane, sudska praksa bi morala u većoj mjeri da uvažava kaznenu politiku zakonodavca i da adekvatnije tumači uslove za primjenu određenih sankcija i odmjeravanje kazne. S druge strane, zakonodavac bi morao da odustane od pokušaja da propisivanjem sve strožih kazni prinudi sudsku praksu da vodi strožu kaznenu politiku čime produbljuje postojeći jaz i još više otežava sudskoj praksi da uporište za kaznenu politiku nalazi u zakonu.
Rad se bavi pitanjem krivičnopravne zaštite imovine zadužbine, odnosno
fondacije od napada koji d... more Rad se bavi pitanjem krivičnopravne zaštite imovine zadužbine, odnosno fondacije od napada koji dolaze „iznutra”, tj. od strane onih kojima je povjereno da se staraju o imovini fondacije. Ne postoji neko specifično krivično djelo čijim propisivanjem bi se štitila samo imovina fondacije. Zato se u radu analizira mogućnost primjene postojećih krivičnih djela protiv imovine i krivičnih djela protiv privrede u slučajevima napada na imovinu od strane onih koji zastupaju imovinske interese zadužbina I fondacija, tj. onih koji su u obavezi da se staraju o njihovoj imovini. Iako ne bez određenih teškoća, osnovno djelo, putem čije primjene bi trebalo ostvarivati krivičnopravnu zaštitu u ovoj oblasti, bilo bi krivično djelo zloupotrebe položaja u privrednom poslovanju iz člana 272 KZ CG. U radu se ukazuje i na neka druga krivična djela iz Krivičnog zakonika Crne Gore čija bi primjena došla u obzir, od kojih bi najvažnije bilo krivično djelo pronevjere.
SECURITY MEASURES OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT
(Compulsory psychiatric treatment as a criminal sanct... more SECURITY MEASURES OF PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT (Compulsory psychiatric treatment as a criminal sanction) The paper addresses numerous issues of the security measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment and confinement in a medical institution and the measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment at liberty. In addition to provisions of the Serbian Criminal Code, subject to the analysis were relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions as well as provisions of other laws applicable to involuntary psychiatric treatment ordered against perpetrators of criminal acts. The paper particularly focuses on two conceptual issues. The first is whether it would be justified to leave ordering security measures of psychiatric treatment against incompetent offenders out of the system of criminal sanctions and to resolve the problem by opting for an involuntary psychiatric treatment which would not have the nature of a criminal sanction. The second issue concerns implementation, more precisely, whether to shut down specialized prison psychiatric hospitals as the principal organizational units in charge of execution. The reasons in favor of an affirmative answer to the forgoing questions, however, are not convincing enough and neither are the experiences gathered in the few European countries opting for alternative concepts, as indicators of possible advantages of such solutions. Indeed, the true results of closing judicial psychiatric hospitals and turning towards an alternative, new implementation system (Italy, for inst.) are yet to be seen. The general conclusion arrived at in the paper is that, as regards security measures of psychiatric treatment, despite the fact that the present solutions have been applicable for quite a long time (CC of the SFRY from 1976) without having undergone any essential reconstruction in the process of adoption of the Serbian CC in 2005, no legislative steps leading towards conceptually different solutions could be justifiably taken. Instead, there is a need for improving and perfecting the existing solution by removing the problems identified in legislation as well as in implementation. Short of overstepping the boundaries of the present concept, numerous interventions in CC, CPC and Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions are still required as well as those in terms of modernizing the implementation of security measures of psychiatric treatment (ordering and execution thereof), to catch up with prevailing perceptions in contemporary criminal law and psychiatry.
Based on certain international legal acts (Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA dated 28 Novem... more Based on certain international legal acts (Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA dated 28 November 2008), but without limiting it solely to racist and xenophobic motivation, the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia (SCC) introduced a new provision (effective of 1 January 2013) with a view to ensuring a more severe punishment for criminal offences committed against members of certain social groups out of hatred based on such membership. Despite the fact that the general principles of sentencing specified in the SCC foresee that the court will take into account , inter alia, the motives for committing the offence, this provision is of general nature and does not explicitly mention hate as an aggravating circumstance nor, indeed, does it foresee hate as a statutory aggravating circumstance. This might be seen as a justifiable reason for introducing such a provision, regardless of the fact that it implies departing from the general principles in meting out the punishment. This provision is the only mandatory aggravating circumstance in the SCC. However, it is primarily a criminological notion which does not constitute a precise criminal law category. Existing perceptions of "hate crimes" are quite diverse. It is difficult to say whether the solution opted for by the legislator in Serbia shall incite the pronouncement of more severe punishments for crimes committed out of hate on the above grounds. In any case, this is a symbolic gesture on the part of the legislator which should be upheld as such, but if one should ask whether criminal law can suppress hate (against any person), no optimistic view could be based on realistic approach to limited ca¬pacities of criminal law.
U radu se ukazuje na najvažnije momente u životu Nikole Srzentića, teoretičara i profesora krivi... more U radu se ukazuje na najvažnije momente u životu Nikole Srzentića, teoretičara i profesora krivičnog prava, analiziraju i daju ocjene njegovog doprinosa pravnoj nauci kao i stvaranju krivičnog zakonodavstva u Jugoslaviji i Crnoj Gori. Neki njegovi stavovi, i pored toga što je pravna nauka kao i svaka druga nauka u stalnom razvoju, i danas su aktuelni i imaju skoro univerzalni karakter.
DOES SERBIA NEED A CRIMINAL LEGISLATION REFORM?
The “punishment frenzy” in Serbia does not come s... more DOES SERBIA NEED A CRIMINAL LEGISLATION REFORM? The “punishment frenzy” in Serbia does not come solely as a consequence of the conviction that this is an effective way to suppress criminality but also as a result of popularly-shared belief that severe punishments can provide a higher level of social justice. However, overreaction in terms of punishment as a compensation for the shortage of justice has its disadvantages and it can, in the best case scenario, only calm down the public to a certain extent, but certainly not bring true justice. A moderate, rational and realistically grounded criminal legislation would stand a better chance of successfully realizing its function than its excessively broad and overly severe counterpart. Amendments to the CC entered in 2012 represent a discontinuation relative to those adopted in 2009 which contained poor solutions with respect to a multitude of issues in both essential and legislative and technical sense. Still, signals coming from debates held in the National Assembly are not promising. They indicate a climate not so favorable for further improvement of criminal legislation. A comprehensive reform of criminal legislation requires a relatively stable social, political and economic situation.
Ustav Republike Srbije, krivično zakonodavstvo I organizacija pravosuđa, 2007
Iako je ustav najviši pravni akt jedne zemlje, njegov uticaj na materijalno krivično zakonodavstv... more Iako je ustav najviši pravni akt jedne zemlje, njegov uticaj na materijalno krivično zakonodavstvo nije onolii koliko se to obično misli. To pokazuje I činjenica da je u nekim zemljama u toku važenja istog krivičnog zakonika doneto više ustava, a da to nije zahtevalo nikakve promene krivičnog zakonodavstva. U radu se dalje razmatra pitanje na čemu se onda zasniva krivično zakonodavstvo, ako već ustav nije neposredan osnov koji ga I suštinski oblikuje.
CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF DOCUMENT FORGERY
IN MONTENEGRIN CRIMINAL LAW
The material elements of the cri... more CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF DOCUMENT FORGERY IN MONTENEGRIN CRIMINAL LAW The material elements of the criminal offence of document forgery are the act of perpetration and the object of forgery. The offence can be committed by fife acts alternatively. The object of forgery is a document that is very broadly defined. Analyzing and explaining these elements, the author critically re-examines the legal solution in the Criminal Code of Montenegro. The specificity of this solution, which is that the issuance of a real but untruthful document is envisaged as a form of the act of perpretration, cannot be justified when it comes to private documents. Also, raising the rank of perpretration to the inclusion of the preparatory work of obtaining a false or untruthful document for use is dubious in view of criminal policy. The paper also deals with several controversial issues that arise in court practice. Having in mind the arguments and attitudes represented in theory and practice, certain answers are given to these questions, starting from those which deal with a distinction between making a fake and altering a true document to the questions of what can (or cannot) be considered a fake or altered document with emphasis on some types of documents that have great practical significance (so-called related documents, photocopied documents, obvious falsifications, a false document issued or signed by an unauthorized person but with the consent of the person in whose name the document is issued, forgery of invalid and legally non-existent documents, etc.). Some attention has been paid to the neglected question in the literature so far, whether computer data (despite the explicit legal provision) can be considered a document as the object of this criminal offence. Having in mind the arguments of theory and court practice, the paper tries to give answers to these controversial questions.
Međunarodno krivično pravo i ljudske slobode, 2008
HAS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW A FUTURE?
The establishment of the ad hoc tribunals and hybrid co... more HAS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW A FUTURE?
The establishment of the ad hoc tribunals and hybrid courts, the orientation of some countries toward the universal jurisdiction for hard-core international crimes, and especially the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, gave international criminal law a much greater significance in the last fifteen years than ever before. Nevertheless, in evaluating the contribution of that institutions and tendencies to the development of one truly international criminal law, only the creation of ICC gives the reason for the moderate optimism toward the future of international criminal law. In spite of the fact that the establishment of ICC was a great step in the development of international criminal law, there is no place for euphoria. Its future remains still unclear. On the one hand, the Rome Statute is not a dogmatically refined international penal and procedure code and it is still considerably below the standards adopted in contemporary criminal law. On the other hand, its future depends on two opposite tendencies. One tends to keep international criminal law on the level of the conglomeration of heterogeneous and rudimentary norms which is substantially misused as means for the achievement of the interests of the powerful states. The other has the difficult goal and hard task to make international criminal law a coherent and developed system of law that will truly serve for the protection of fundamental human rights and the suppression of grave international crimes. These two tendencies are going to exist further and the tension between them will be present. If interests of justice and the protection of human rights prevail over the interests of powerful states, the international criminal law will have the future. Keywords: International Criminal Law. International Criminal Court, Tribunals, Rome Statute
Odgоvоrnоst pravnih lica za krivična djela - Povraćaj dobara , 2010
Izlaganja učesnika Seminara o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična djela i praćenju, oduzimanju ... more Izlaganja učesnika Seminara o odgovornosti pravnih lica za krivična djela i praćenju, oduzimanju i povraćaju dobara, Uprava za antikorupcijsku inicijativu, Kolašin, 21-24. oktobar 2009. godine
Criminal Law and Mental Illness
APSTRAKT
Rad se bavi problemom krivičnopravne reakcije na ponaš... more Criminal Law and Mental Illness APSTRAKT Rad se bavi problemom krivičnopravne reakcije na ponašanja duševno bolesnih neuračunljivih lica kojima se povređuju ili ugrožavaju krivičnim pravom zaštićena dobra. Na prethodno pitanje da li je krivičnopravna rekacija uopšte opravdana kada su u pitanju kvazi krivična dela duševno bolesnih lica (koja to nisu u pravom smislu reči jer je krivica konstitutivni element svakog krivičnog dela), odgovor je ipak potvrdan. Ne postoje drugi adekvatniji oblici socijalne kontrole, ili drugi pravni mehanizmi koji bi mogli uspešnije od krivičnog prava, ali uz istovremeno poštovanje garantija koje se u krivičnom pravu postale uobičajene, da zaštite određena važna dobra pojedinca ili društva od duševno bolesnih lica kod kojih se, posle učinjenog dela, može očekivati da će ponovo da učine kažnjivo delo. Iako se čitavo krivično pravo zasniva na krivici, na subjektivnom odnosu učinioca prema krivičnom delu zbog kojeg se to delo negativno vrednuje i učiniocu upućuje socijalno-etički prekor, u slučaju neuračunljivih duševno bolesnih lica i primene odgovarajućih mera bezbednosti, to izostaje. Mogućnosti krivičnog prava u pogledu obavljanja zaštitne funkcije u odnosu na duševno bolesne učinioce su svakako skromnije nego kada su u pitanju uračunljivi učinioci. Generalna prevencija (bilo negativna bilo pozitivna) na kojoj se pre svega zasniva zaštitna funkcija krivičnog prava, skoro da je nezamisliva u odnosu na potencijalne učinioce koji su duševno bolesni. Određene mogućnosti koje postoje na planu specijalne prevencije svode se na detenciju i lečenje duševno bolesnog učinioca. Primena mera bezbednosti prema neuračunljivim duševno bolesnim licima svodi se, stoga, uglavnom na neke aspekte specijalne prevencije (lečenje i detencija). I obavljanje socijalne kontrole putem krivičnog prava se značajno razlikuje u zavisnosti od toga da li je reč o neuračunljivim duševnim bolesnicima ili onima koji imaju normalan psihički aparat.
Unošenjem krivice kao konstitutivnog elementa opšteg pojma krivičnog dela, krivična odgovornost p... more Unošenjem krivice kao konstitutivnog elementa opšteg pojma krivičnog dela, krivična odgovornost postaje suvišan pojam u sistemu opšteg dela. Konstatacija da je neko krivično odgovoran znači da je učinio krivično delo sa svim njegovim elementima (uključujuči i krivicu). Pojam krivične odgovornosti je opravdano zadržati radi pravljenja razlike u odnosu na druge vrste odgovornosti (političku, moralnu itd), ali njegovo zadržavanje u krivičnopravnoj dogmatici ili u pozitivnom pravu može samo da dovede do problema i nedoslednosti u određivanju opšteg pojma krivičnog dela
U radu se razmatraju i analiziraju bitna obeležja krivičnog dela ugrožavanja sigurnosti iz člana ... more U radu se razmatraju i analiziraju bitna obeležja krivičnog dela ugrožavanja sigurnosti iz člana 138. Krivičnog zakonika Srbije. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje pretnji kao radnji izvršenja ovog krivičnog dela. Osim rešavanja nekih složenih problema sa kojima se sudska praksa susreće, cilj rada je bio i da ukaže na adekvatnije zakonsko propisivanje ovog krivičnog dela. Tako, predlaže se da zakonski opis ovog krivičnog dela više ne sadrži posledicu, tj. da posledica bude apstraktna opasnost. Zahtevanje da je došlo do osećaja ugrožene sigurnosti kod pasivnog subjekta nepotrebno je i neopravdano, a vodi i dodatnim problemima u primeni ove inkriminacije. Svaka pretnja da će se napasti na život i telo pasivnog subjekta ili njemu bliskog lica ukoliko je shvaćena ozbiljno, bila bi dovoljna za postojanje krivičnog dela. Osim toga, autor smatra da je propisivanje novog, najtežeg oblika 2009. godine kojim se pruža pojačana krivičnopravna zaštita licima koja obavljaju političke funkcije i poslove u oblasti javnog informisanja bila neopravdana. Time ovo krivično delo koje za cilj ima zaštitu osnovnog prava svakog građanina da se oseća sigurnim, poprima izvesne karakteristike verbalnog političkog delikta.
This is the new edition of the book that appeared in 1991. Although it has passed a long time sin... more This is the new edition of the book that appeared in 1991. Although it has passed a long time since the first edition, only the most necessary was changed, which related to the law in force at the time. Instead, the author in an afterword entitled “Criminal minimalism versus legal expansionism” analyzed the situation in the field of contemporary criminal legislation and in suppressing crime, both in Serbia and in the world. The events in the last thirty years do not provide a basis to conclude that there was a rational policy in the field of suppressing crime or that the legislator sought to achieve that. Instead of narrowing criminal law and its more intense use in order to protect the most important assets, there has been an expansion in its normative level. However, the author still believes that the attitudes towards crime prevention and criminal justice expressed in his book thirty years ago are not only sustainable but also reasonable. Although it is acknowledged that the principle of the rule of law with the basic idea of self-limitation of a state contains within itself a certain line of utopia, this principle remains an ideal to be pursued. Only this principle is able to provide a satisfactory legitimate foundation in the field of suppressing crime.
U udžbeniku su analizirani bitni elementi bića pojedinih krivičnih dela. Kod nekih krivičnih dela... more U udžbeniku su analizirani bitni elementi bića pojedinih krivičnih dela. Kod nekih krivičnih dela kod kojih se javljaju sporna pitanja data je i kritička analiza shvatanja sudske prakse. Pri tome dominira korišćenje pravno dogmatskog metoda, jer bi obrada pojedinih krivičnih dela i sa drugih aspekata, pre svega kriminalno-političkog, znatno proširila obim udžbenika.
GRENZEN, MÖGLICHKEITEN UND LEGITIMITÄT DES STRAFRECHTSSCHUTZES
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Au... more GRENZEN, MÖGLICHKEITEN UND LEGITIMITÄT DES STRAFRECHTSSCHUTZES Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Aufstellung allgemeiner Kriterien für ein solches Modell des Strafrechtsschutzes, das einer seits die Anforderungen der materiellen Legitimität erfükkt und anderseits in einem hinreichenden Maße effizient ist. In Verbindung damit wird ine der Einführung ein reziprokes Berhöltnis zwischen den Grenzen, Mäglichkeiten und der Legitimität des Strafrechtschutzes dargestellt.
THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE OF CAUSING PANIC AND DISORDER
Summary
The offence of causing panic and disor... more THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE OF CAUSING PANIC AND DISORDER Summary The offence of causing panic and disorder in its current form should not be retained in criminal law. It is such that it jeopardizes certain human rights, above all, the right to freely express one's opinion. The offence in Criminal Code of Serbia is set up in such a way that any opinion, assessment and prediction in the form of a certain statement can be examined whether it is false or true and with the existence of a consequence, which in its three forms is also quite vague, the commission of a criminal offence can be attributed. It is necessary to decriminalize this crime and introduce another offence instead. The criminal offence of endangering public order and peace by threatening to commit a certain criminal offense that exists in some European legislation could serve as a model.
В работе анализируются представления об общем понятии преступления в сербской науке уголовного пр... more В работе анализируются представления об общем понятии преступления в сербской науке уголовного права. Даётся и краткий обзор таких представлений до 2000 г. После этого, a особенно после вступления в силу нового УК Сербии, произошли значительные изменения подхода к понятию преступления. Хотя речь и не идёт о новшествах, неизвестных зарубежной теории уголовного права, однако для сербской уголовно-правовой науки это представляет большой шаг вперёд в разработке не только проблематики общего понятия преступления, но и всей общей части уголовного права. При рассмотрении вопросов структуры и содержания отдельных конститутивных элементов общего понятия преступления особое внимание уделяется тем из них, в отношении которых изменились представления, несмотря на то, что в течение полувека эти элементы практически не ставились под сомнение. Указывается также на возможные направления дальнейшего развития понятия преступления. Автор полагает, что хотя и не следует стремиться к каким-то совершенно новым и оригинальным подходам к определению общего понятия преступления, господствующие на сегодняшний день представления всё же нуждаются в разработке и уточнении некоторых моментов, a в том, что касается отдельных элементов и их соотношения, и вовсе необходим пересмотр этих представлений. В заключении указывается как раз на эти вопросы и проблемы, а также на возможные их решения.
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Papers by Zoran Stojanovic
Summary
The paper deals with the fundamental issues of criminal legislation reform in Serbia in the last two decades. The emphasis is on the orientation and goals of the criminal policy of the new Criminal Code and its subsequent amendments. In contrast to the legal-dogmatic issues concerning some basic institutions of criminal law, in which significant improvements can be observed, in terms of criminal law policy, the Criminal Code, and especially its later amendments, are on the line of constant expansion of harsh criminal law repression. Legislator and politicians, expressing distrust in this regard in relation to the courts, constantly prescribe disproportionately harsh punishments. The present penal populism also plays an important role in this. This increasingly calls into question the character of criminal legislation in Serbia.
Out of a clear effort to base that legislation on the principles of the rule of law that were manifested during the adoption of the CC, subsequent changes of criminal legislation seriously jeopardized that orientation.
WITH REFERENCE TO BYZANTINE LEGAL TRADITION
Summary
The paper provides an overview and analysis of the development of Montenegrin criminal law until the adoption of the first modern criminal code in 1906. The development of criminal law ran parallel to the development and strengthening of the state. It is confirmed the hypothesis that the Byzantine legal tradition is significantly more present in the field of private than public law. Given that this applies to Roman law, then it is also expected with regard to Byzantine law, which represents
modified Roman law. The development of criminal law in Montenegro showed that the Byzantine legal tradition was constantly weakening, and that at the beginning of the 20th century, when the first modern Montenegrin criminal code was adopted, it almost completely disappeared. Montenegrin criminal law developed under
the influence of foreign law and tradition, as well as customs and own legal understandings. Of course, its formation was most influenced by existing social circumstances and conditions. Among these numerous factors, the Byzantine legal tradition had a certain place in a certain period. Today, however, the Byzantine legal tradition in the field of criminal law has been overcome not only in Montenegro, but in all modern legal systems, so it is not even desirable. Criminal law should be shaped according to other criteria and principles, and not according to the Byzantine legal tradition, which has nothing to offer in the field of criminal law. Byzantine criminal law did not have such achievements that would represent commonly accepted civilizational value. Studying the development of criminal law in Montenegro, the wider introduction of the penalty of deprivation of liberty can be seen as a turning point in leaving the Byzantine legal tradition and turning to modern criminal law common to European countries. This punishment is otherwise incompatible
not only with Byzantium, but also with other medieval societies in which
deprivation of liberty did not have the purpose of punishment, but in terms of its goals corresponded to what is called detention in modern criminal procedure.
Although the topic of research was the development of criminal law in
Montenegro, primarily from the aspect of the possible influence of the Byzantine legal tradition, the situation in the Primorje (Coast) was also briefly discussed. This is not only because it is part of Montenegro today, but because of the influence that law, including criminal law, had on Montenegrin law. Also, the influence of the Byzantine legal tradition was significantly more present in the Primorje than in the area of old Montenegro and Brda (Hills).
The relationship between criminal law and morality is multi-layered and complex. This relationship is marked by the relationship between criminal and moral wrong, which this paper deals with. Its goal is to perceive and analyze the similarities and differences between a crime and a moral offense. This could contribute to answering the question of whether, and to what extent, it is justified to take into account moral norms when creating and applying criminal law. The conclusion that the legislator should take into account the moral norms when prescribing criminal law norms, does not imply abandoning the basic criterion for the creation of criminal offences, which is the object of criminal law protection and the degree of its endangerment. Moral norms can contribute to giving a complex assessment of the significance of that object and its endangerment, but they do not in themselves provide an answer to the question of the need to criminalize certain behavior.
When applying the law, courts should not assess whether a crime is at the same time a moral offense. Except for a small number of criminal offenses where their legal description in some way requires certain moral evaluations in determining whether an essential element of crime exists, this issue should be irrelevant to the court. Courts should not, in a particular case, especially when sentencing (which is sometimes difficult to avoid), take into account whether and to what extent the crime committed provoked moral condemnation, as this is not a circumstance that should affect the sentence. Also, the absence of moral condemnation, if all the conditions for the existence of a criminal offense in a particular case have been met, has no significance for the court in the application of the law.
fondacije od napada koji dolaze „iznutra”, tj. od strane onih kojima je povjereno da se staraju o imovini fondacije. Ne postoji neko specifično krivično djelo čijim propisivanjem bi se štitila samo imovina fondacije. Zato se u radu analizira mogućnost primjene postojećih krivičnih djela protiv imovine i krivičnih djela protiv privrede u slučajevima napada na imovinu od strane onih koji zastupaju imovinske interese zadužbina I fondacija, tj. onih koji su u obavezi da se staraju o njihovoj imovini. Iako ne bez određenih teškoća, osnovno djelo, putem čije primjene bi trebalo ostvarivati krivičnopravnu zaštitu u ovoj oblasti, bilo bi krivično djelo zloupotrebe položaja u privrednom poslovanju iz člana 272 KZ CG. U radu se ukazuje i na neka druga krivična djela iz Krivičnog zakonika Crne Gore čija bi primjena došla u obzir, od kojih bi najvažnije bilo krivično djelo pronevjere.
(Compulsory psychiatric treatment as a criminal sanction)
The paper addresses numerous issues of the security measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment and confinement in a medical institution and the measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment at liberty. In addition to provisions of the Serbian Criminal Code, subject to the analysis were relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions as well as provisions of other laws applicable to involuntary psychiatric treatment ordered against perpetrators of criminal acts. The paper particularly focuses on two conceptual issues. The first is whether it would be justified to leave ordering security measures of psychiatric treatment against incompetent offenders out of the system of criminal sanctions and to resolve the problem by opting for an involuntary psychiatric treatment which would not have the nature of a criminal sanction. The second issue concerns implementation, more precisely, whether to shut down specialized prison psychiatric hospitals as the principal organizational units in charge of execution. The reasons in favor of an affirmative answer to the forgoing questions, however, are not convincing enough and neither are the experiences gathered in the few European countries opting for alternative concepts, as indicators of possible advantages of such solutions. Indeed, the true results of closing judicial psychiatric hospitals and turning towards an alternative, new implementation system (Italy, for inst.) are yet to be seen.
The general conclusion arrived at in the paper is that, as regards security measures of psychiatric treatment, despite the fact that the present solutions have been applicable for quite a long time (CC of the SFRY from 1976) without having undergone any essential reconstruction in the process of adoption of the Serbian CC in 2005, no legislative steps leading towards conceptually different solutions could be justifiably taken. Instead, there is a need for improving and perfecting the existing solution by removing the problems identified in legislation as well as in implementation. Short of overstepping the boundaries of the present concept, numerous interventions in CC, CPC and Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions are still required as well as those in terms of modernizing the implementation of security measures of psychiatric treatment (ordering and execution thereof), to catch up with prevailing perceptions in contemporary criminal law and psychiatry.
The “punishment frenzy” in Serbia does not come solely as a consequence of the conviction that this is an effective way to suppress criminality but also as a result of popularly-shared belief that severe punishments can provide a higher level of social justice. However, overreaction in terms of punishment as a compensation for the shortage of justice has its disadvantages and it can, in the best case scenario, only calm down the public to a certain extent, but certainly not bring true justice. A moderate, rational and realistically grounded criminal legislation would stand a better chance of successfully realizing its function than its excessively broad and overly severe counterpart.
Amendments to the CC entered in 2012 represent a discontinuation relative to those adopted in 2009 which contained poor solutions with respect to a multitude of issues in both essential
and legislative and technical sense. Still, signals coming from debates held in the National Assembly are not promising. They indicate a climate not so favorable for further improvement of criminal legislation. A comprehensive reform of criminal legislation requires a relatively stable social, political and economic situation.
IN MONTENEGRIN CRIMINAL LAW
The material elements of the criminal offence of document forgery are the act of perpetration and the object of forgery. The offence can be committed by fife acts alternatively. The object of forgery is a document that is very broadly defined. Analyzing and explaining these elements, the author critically re-examines the legal solution in the Criminal Code of Montenegro. The specificity of this solution, which is that the issuance of a real but untruthful document is envisaged as a form of the act of perpretration, cannot be justified when it comes to private documents. Also, raising the rank of perpretration to the inclusion of the preparatory work of obtaining a false or untruthful document for use is dubious in view of criminal policy. The paper also deals with several controversial issues that arise in court practice. Having in mind the arguments and attitudes represented in theory and practice, certain answers are given to these questions, starting from those which deal with a distinction between making a fake and altering a true document to the questions of what can (or cannot) be considered a fake or altered document with emphasis on some types of documents that have great practical significance (so-called related documents, photocopied documents, obvious falsifications, a false document issued or signed by an unauthorized person but with the consent of the person in whose name the document is issued, forgery of invalid
and legally non-existent documents, etc.). Some attention has been paid to the neglected question in the literature so far, whether computer data (despite the explicit legal provision) can be considered a document as the object of this criminal offence. Having in mind the arguments of theory and court practice, the paper tries to give answers to these controversial questions.
The establishment of the ad hoc tribunals and hybrid courts, the orientation of some countries toward the universal jurisdiction for hard-core international crimes, and especially the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, gave international criminal law a much greater significance in the last fifteen years than ever before. Nevertheless, in evaluating the contribution of that institutions and
tendencies to the development of one truly international criminal law, only the creation of ICC gives the reason for the moderate optimism toward the future of international criminal law. In spite of the fact that the establishment of ICC was a great step in the development of international criminal law, there is no place for euphoria. Its future remains still unclear. On the one hand, the Rome Statute is not a dogmatically refined international penal and procedure code and it is still considerably below
the standards adopted in contemporary criminal law. On the other hand, its future depends on two opposite tendencies. One tends to keep international criminal law on the level of the conglomeration of heterogeneous and rudimentary norms which is substantially misused as means for the achievement of the interests of the powerful
states. The other has the difficult goal and hard task to make international
criminal law a coherent and developed system of law that will truly serve for the protection of fundamental human rights and the suppression of grave international crimes. These two tendencies are going to exist further and the tension between them will be present. If interests of justice and the protection of human rights prevail over the interests of powerful states, the international criminal law will have the future.
Keywords: International Criminal Law. International Criminal Court, Tribunals, Rome Statute
APSTRAKT
Rad se bavi problemom krivičnopravne reakcije na ponašanja duševno bolesnih neuračunljivih lica kojima se povređuju ili ugrožavaju krivičnim pravom zaštićena dobra. Na prethodno pitanje da li je krivičnopravna rekacija uopšte opravdana kada su u pitanju kvazi krivična dela duševno bolesnih lica (koja to nisu u pravom smislu reči jer je krivica konstitutivni element svakog krivičnog dela), odgovor je ipak potvrdan. Ne postoje drugi adekvatniji oblici socijalne kontrole, ili drugi pravni mehanizmi koji bi mogli uspešnije od krivičnog prava, ali uz istovremeno poštovanje garantija koje se u krivičnom pravu postale uobičajene, da zaštite određena važna dobra pojedinca ili društva od duševno bolesnih lica kod kojih se, posle učinjenog dela, može očekivati da će ponovo da učine kažnjivo delo. Iako se čitavo krivično pravo zasniva na krivici, na subjektivnom odnosu učinioca prema krivičnom delu zbog kojeg se to delo negativno vrednuje i učiniocu upućuje socijalno-etički prekor, u slučaju neuračunljivih duševno bolesnih lica i primene odgovarajućih mera bezbednosti, to izostaje. Mogućnosti krivičnog prava u pogledu obavljanja zaštitne funkcije u odnosu na duševno bolesne učinioce su svakako skromnije nego kada su u pitanju uračunljivi učinioci. Generalna prevencija (bilo negativna bilo pozitivna) na kojoj se pre svega zasniva zaštitna funkcija krivičnog prava, skoro da je nezamisliva u odnosu na potencijalne učinioce koji su duševno bolesni. Određene mogućnosti koje postoje na planu specijalne prevencije svode se na detenciju i lečenje duševno bolesnog učinioca. Primena mera bezbednosti prema neuračunljivim duševno bolesnim licima svodi se, stoga, uglavnom na neke aspekte specijalne prevencije (lečenje i detencija). I obavljanje socijalne kontrole putem krivičnog prava se značajno razlikuje u zavisnosti od toga da li je reč o neuračunljivim duševnim bolesnicima ili onima koji imaju normalan psihički aparat.
Summary
The paper deals with the fundamental issues of criminal legislation reform in Serbia in the last two decades. The emphasis is on the orientation and goals of the criminal policy of the new Criminal Code and its subsequent amendments. In contrast to the legal-dogmatic issues concerning some basic institutions of criminal law, in which significant improvements can be observed, in terms of criminal law policy, the Criminal Code, and especially its later amendments, are on the line of constant expansion of harsh criminal law repression. Legislator and politicians, expressing distrust in this regard in relation to the courts, constantly prescribe disproportionately harsh punishments. The present penal populism also plays an important role in this. This increasingly calls into question the character of criminal legislation in Serbia.
Out of a clear effort to base that legislation on the principles of the rule of law that were manifested during the adoption of the CC, subsequent changes of criminal legislation seriously jeopardized that orientation.
WITH REFERENCE TO BYZANTINE LEGAL TRADITION
Summary
The paper provides an overview and analysis of the development of Montenegrin criminal law until the adoption of the first modern criminal code in 1906. The development of criminal law ran parallel to the development and strengthening of the state. It is confirmed the hypothesis that the Byzantine legal tradition is significantly more present in the field of private than public law. Given that this applies to Roman law, then it is also expected with regard to Byzantine law, which represents
modified Roman law. The development of criminal law in Montenegro showed that the Byzantine legal tradition was constantly weakening, and that at the beginning of the 20th century, when the first modern Montenegrin criminal code was adopted, it almost completely disappeared. Montenegrin criminal law developed under
the influence of foreign law and tradition, as well as customs and own legal understandings. Of course, its formation was most influenced by existing social circumstances and conditions. Among these numerous factors, the Byzantine legal tradition had a certain place in a certain period. Today, however, the Byzantine legal tradition in the field of criminal law has been overcome not only in Montenegro, but in all modern legal systems, so it is not even desirable. Criminal law should be shaped according to other criteria and principles, and not according to the Byzantine legal tradition, which has nothing to offer in the field of criminal law. Byzantine criminal law did not have such achievements that would represent commonly accepted civilizational value. Studying the development of criminal law in Montenegro, the wider introduction of the penalty of deprivation of liberty can be seen as a turning point in leaving the Byzantine legal tradition and turning to modern criminal law common to European countries. This punishment is otherwise incompatible
not only with Byzantium, but also with other medieval societies in which
deprivation of liberty did not have the purpose of punishment, but in terms of its goals corresponded to what is called detention in modern criminal procedure.
Although the topic of research was the development of criminal law in
Montenegro, primarily from the aspect of the possible influence of the Byzantine legal tradition, the situation in the Primorje (Coast) was also briefly discussed. This is not only because it is part of Montenegro today, but because of the influence that law, including criminal law, had on Montenegrin law. Also, the influence of the Byzantine legal tradition was significantly more present in the Primorje than in the area of old Montenegro and Brda (Hills).
The relationship between criminal law and morality is multi-layered and complex. This relationship is marked by the relationship between criminal and moral wrong, which this paper deals with. Its goal is to perceive and analyze the similarities and differences between a crime and a moral offense. This could contribute to answering the question of whether, and to what extent, it is justified to take into account moral norms when creating and applying criminal law. The conclusion that the legislator should take into account the moral norms when prescribing criminal law norms, does not imply abandoning the basic criterion for the creation of criminal offences, which is the object of criminal law protection and the degree of its endangerment. Moral norms can contribute to giving a complex assessment of the significance of that object and its endangerment, but they do not in themselves provide an answer to the question of the need to criminalize certain behavior.
When applying the law, courts should not assess whether a crime is at the same time a moral offense. Except for a small number of criminal offenses where their legal description in some way requires certain moral evaluations in determining whether an essential element of crime exists, this issue should be irrelevant to the court. Courts should not, in a particular case, especially when sentencing (which is sometimes difficult to avoid), take into account whether and to what extent the crime committed provoked moral condemnation, as this is not a circumstance that should affect the sentence. Also, the absence of moral condemnation, if all the conditions for the existence of a criminal offense in a particular case have been met, has no significance for the court in the application of the law.
fondacije od napada koji dolaze „iznutra”, tj. od strane onih kojima je povjereno da se staraju o imovini fondacije. Ne postoji neko specifično krivično djelo čijim propisivanjem bi se štitila samo imovina fondacije. Zato se u radu analizira mogućnost primjene postojećih krivičnih djela protiv imovine i krivičnih djela protiv privrede u slučajevima napada na imovinu od strane onih koji zastupaju imovinske interese zadužbina I fondacija, tj. onih koji su u obavezi da se staraju o njihovoj imovini. Iako ne bez određenih teškoća, osnovno djelo, putem čije primjene bi trebalo ostvarivati krivičnopravnu zaštitu u ovoj oblasti, bilo bi krivično djelo zloupotrebe položaja u privrednom poslovanju iz člana 272 KZ CG. U radu se ukazuje i na neka druga krivična djela iz Krivičnog zakonika Crne Gore čija bi primjena došla u obzir, od kojih bi najvažnije bilo krivično djelo pronevjere.
(Compulsory psychiatric treatment as a criminal sanction)
The paper addresses numerous issues of the security measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment and confinement in a medical institution and the measure of compulsory psychiatric treatment at liberty. In addition to provisions of the Serbian Criminal Code, subject to the analysis were relevant provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions as well as provisions of other laws applicable to involuntary psychiatric treatment ordered against perpetrators of criminal acts. The paper particularly focuses on two conceptual issues. The first is whether it would be justified to leave ordering security measures of psychiatric treatment against incompetent offenders out of the system of criminal sanctions and to resolve the problem by opting for an involuntary psychiatric treatment which would not have the nature of a criminal sanction. The second issue concerns implementation, more precisely, whether to shut down specialized prison psychiatric hospitals as the principal organizational units in charge of execution. The reasons in favor of an affirmative answer to the forgoing questions, however, are not convincing enough and neither are the experiences gathered in the few European countries opting for alternative concepts, as indicators of possible advantages of such solutions. Indeed, the true results of closing judicial psychiatric hospitals and turning towards an alternative, new implementation system (Italy, for inst.) are yet to be seen.
The general conclusion arrived at in the paper is that, as regards security measures of psychiatric treatment, despite the fact that the present solutions have been applicable for quite a long time (CC of the SFRY from 1976) without having undergone any essential reconstruction in the process of adoption of the Serbian CC in 2005, no legislative steps leading towards conceptually different solutions could be justifiably taken. Instead, there is a need for improving and perfecting the existing solution by removing the problems identified in legislation as well as in implementation. Short of overstepping the boundaries of the present concept, numerous interventions in CC, CPC and Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions are still required as well as those in terms of modernizing the implementation of security measures of psychiatric treatment (ordering and execution thereof), to catch up with prevailing perceptions in contemporary criminal law and psychiatry.
The “punishment frenzy” in Serbia does not come solely as a consequence of the conviction that this is an effective way to suppress criminality but also as a result of popularly-shared belief that severe punishments can provide a higher level of social justice. However, overreaction in terms of punishment as a compensation for the shortage of justice has its disadvantages and it can, in the best case scenario, only calm down the public to a certain extent, but certainly not bring true justice. A moderate, rational and realistically grounded criminal legislation would stand a better chance of successfully realizing its function than its excessively broad and overly severe counterpart.
Amendments to the CC entered in 2012 represent a discontinuation relative to those adopted in 2009 which contained poor solutions with respect to a multitude of issues in both essential
and legislative and technical sense. Still, signals coming from debates held in the National Assembly are not promising. They indicate a climate not so favorable for further improvement of criminal legislation. A comprehensive reform of criminal legislation requires a relatively stable social, political and economic situation.
IN MONTENEGRIN CRIMINAL LAW
The material elements of the criminal offence of document forgery are the act of perpetration and the object of forgery. The offence can be committed by fife acts alternatively. The object of forgery is a document that is very broadly defined. Analyzing and explaining these elements, the author critically re-examines the legal solution in the Criminal Code of Montenegro. The specificity of this solution, which is that the issuance of a real but untruthful document is envisaged as a form of the act of perpretration, cannot be justified when it comes to private documents. Also, raising the rank of perpretration to the inclusion of the preparatory work of obtaining a false or untruthful document for use is dubious in view of criminal policy. The paper also deals with several controversial issues that arise in court practice. Having in mind the arguments and attitudes represented in theory and practice, certain answers are given to these questions, starting from those which deal with a distinction between making a fake and altering a true document to the questions of what can (or cannot) be considered a fake or altered document with emphasis on some types of documents that have great practical significance (so-called related documents, photocopied documents, obvious falsifications, a false document issued or signed by an unauthorized person but with the consent of the person in whose name the document is issued, forgery of invalid
and legally non-existent documents, etc.). Some attention has been paid to the neglected question in the literature so far, whether computer data (despite the explicit legal provision) can be considered a document as the object of this criminal offence. Having in mind the arguments of theory and court practice, the paper tries to give answers to these controversial questions.
The establishment of the ad hoc tribunals and hybrid courts, the orientation of some countries toward the universal jurisdiction for hard-core international crimes, and especially the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, gave international criminal law a much greater significance in the last fifteen years than ever before. Nevertheless, in evaluating the contribution of that institutions and
tendencies to the development of one truly international criminal law, only the creation of ICC gives the reason for the moderate optimism toward the future of international criminal law. In spite of the fact that the establishment of ICC was a great step in the development of international criminal law, there is no place for euphoria. Its future remains still unclear. On the one hand, the Rome Statute is not a dogmatically refined international penal and procedure code and it is still considerably below
the standards adopted in contemporary criminal law. On the other hand, its future depends on two opposite tendencies. One tends to keep international criminal law on the level of the conglomeration of heterogeneous and rudimentary norms which is substantially misused as means for the achievement of the interests of the powerful
states. The other has the difficult goal and hard task to make international
criminal law a coherent and developed system of law that will truly serve for the protection of fundamental human rights and the suppression of grave international crimes. These two tendencies are going to exist further and the tension between them will be present. If interests of justice and the protection of human rights prevail over the interests of powerful states, the international criminal law will have the future.
Keywords: International Criminal Law. International Criminal Court, Tribunals, Rome Statute
APSTRAKT
Rad se bavi problemom krivičnopravne reakcije na ponašanja duševno bolesnih neuračunljivih lica kojima se povređuju ili ugrožavaju krivičnim pravom zaštićena dobra. Na prethodno pitanje da li je krivičnopravna rekacija uopšte opravdana kada su u pitanju kvazi krivična dela duševno bolesnih lica (koja to nisu u pravom smislu reči jer je krivica konstitutivni element svakog krivičnog dela), odgovor je ipak potvrdan. Ne postoje drugi adekvatniji oblici socijalne kontrole, ili drugi pravni mehanizmi koji bi mogli uspešnije od krivičnog prava, ali uz istovremeno poštovanje garantija koje se u krivičnom pravu postale uobičajene, da zaštite određena važna dobra pojedinca ili društva od duševno bolesnih lica kod kojih se, posle učinjenog dela, može očekivati da će ponovo da učine kažnjivo delo. Iako se čitavo krivično pravo zasniva na krivici, na subjektivnom odnosu učinioca prema krivičnom delu zbog kojeg se to delo negativno vrednuje i učiniocu upućuje socijalno-etički prekor, u slučaju neuračunljivih duševno bolesnih lica i primene odgovarajućih mera bezbednosti, to izostaje. Mogućnosti krivičnog prava u pogledu obavljanja zaštitne funkcije u odnosu na duševno bolesne učinioce su svakako skromnije nego kada su u pitanju uračunljivi učinioci. Generalna prevencija (bilo negativna bilo pozitivna) na kojoj se pre svega zasniva zaštitna funkcija krivičnog prava, skoro da je nezamisliva u odnosu na potencijalne učinioce koji su duševno bolesni. Određene mogućnosti koje postoje na planu specijalne prevencije svode se na detenciju i lečenje duševno bolesnog učinioca. Primena mera bezbednosti prema neuračunljivim duševno bolesnim licima svodi se, stoga, uglavnom na neke aspekte specijalne prevencije (lečenje i detencija). I obavljanje socijalne kontrole putem krivičnog prava se značajno razlikuje u zavisnosti od toga da li je reč o neuračunljivim duševnim bolesnicima ili onima koji imaju normalan psihički aparat.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Aufstellung allgemeiner Kriterien für ein solches Modell des Strafrechtsschutzes, das einer seits die Anforderungen der materiellen Legitimität erfükkt und anderseits in einem hinreichenden Maße effizient ist. In Verbindung damit wird ine der Einführung ein reziprokes Berhöltnis zwischen den Grenzen, Mäglichkeiten und der Legitimität des Strafrechtschutzes dargestellt.
Summary
The offence of causing panic and disorder in its current form
should not be retained in criminal law. It is such that it jeopardizes certain
human rights, above all, the right to freely express one's opinion. The
offence in Criminal Code of Serbia is set up in such a way that any
opinion, assessment and prediction in the form of a certain statement can
be examined whether it is false or true and with the existence of a
consequence, which in its three forms is also quite vague, the commission
of a criminal offence can be attributed. It is necessary to decriminalize
this crime and introduce another offence instead. The criminal offence of
endangering public order and peace by threatening to commit a certain
criminal offense that exists in some European legislation could serve as
a model.