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Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade
I hold a BA (Licentiateship) in Philosophy (2011), and a MA in Philosophy (2013), both from the Federal University of Santa Maria (BR). I am currently a doctoral researcher in Global Ethics, Department of Philosophy, at the University of Birmingham (UK).
My PhD research covers the intersection between Interspecies Ethics and the Ethics of War. In my thesis, I canvass what can be called ‘violence rhetoric’ in the Interspecies Ethics literature. By ‘violence rhetoric’ it should be understood the view that actions committed on behalf of nonhumans that result in human harm are morally wrong. Many influential authors hold that it is morally impermissible to “use violence” to protect nonhuman animals. One of the key-arguments employed to maintain such a stance is that those who act violently risk alienating the public about our responsibilities towards other beings. However, that kind of argument fails to address the ethical side of the issue at stake. More precisely, what do we morally owe to nonhuman animals? Do our obligations to members of other species include, for example, rescue duties? If so, what are the theoretical underpinnings of such duties? In order to tackle those topics properly, it is necessary, I argue, to draw on the Ethics of War literature. As I aim to show in my thesis, the sophisticated terminology provided by the War/Self-Defence area can help us to understand the scope of our moral obligations to nonhuman animals better.
For a complete list of my publications, please see my Lattes CV: http://lattes.cnpq.br/6770358458457650
Supervisors: Jeremy Williams and Heather Widdows
My PhD research covers the intersection between Interspecies Ethics and the Ethics of War. In my thesis, I canvass what can be called ‘violence rhetoric’ in the Interspecies Ethics literature. By ‘violence rhetoric’ it should be understood the view that actions committed on behalf of nonhumans that result in human harm are morally wrong. Many influential authors hold that it is morally impermissible to “use violence” to protect nonhuman animals. One of the key-arguments employed to maintain such a stance is that those who act violently risk alienating the public about our responsibilities towards other beings. However, that kind of argument fails to address the ethical side of the issue at stake. More precisely, what do we morally owe to nonhuman animals? Do our obligations to members of other species include, for example, rescue duties? If so, what are the theoretical underpinnings of such duties? In order to tackle those topics properly, it is necessary, I argue, to draw on the Ethics of War literature. As I aim to show in my thesis, the sophisticated terminology provided by the War/Self-Defence area can help us to understand the scope of our moral obligations to nonhuman animals better.
For a complete list of my publications, please see my Lattes CV: http://lattes.cnpq.br/6770358458457650
Supervisors: Jeremy Williams and Heather Widdows
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Abstract: What makes someone morally considerable? In this essay, I canvass the three main conditions often cited within contemporary philosophical literature for the ethical consideration of individuals, namely, well-being, interests, and the biological presence of sentience. The essay itself has four parts. In the first part, I reflect upon the notions of 'moral considerability' and 'well-being'. In the second part, I tackle the numerous questions surrounding the idea of 'interest'. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual distinction between 'having an interest' and 'taking an interest' and its moral implications. In the third part, I address the idea of 'sentience' and explore some of the criticisms that a sentiocentric approach to morality has received. In the fourth part, I discuss the empirical evidences concerning the presence of sentience within a constellation of animal species. Lastly, I conclude my investigation with a cautionary note regarding the line that separates those beings who are currently thought to be worthy of moral consideration and those who are not.
This book offers ethical and political approaches to issues that nonhuman animals face. The recent ‘political turn’ in interspecies ethics, from ethical to political approaches, has arisen due to the apparent lack of success of the nonhuman animal movement and dissatisfaction with traditional approaches. Current works largely present general positions rather than address specific issues and principally rely on mainstream approaches. This book offers alternative positions such as cosmopolitan, libertarian, and left humanist thought, as well as applying ethical and political thought to specific issues, such as experimentation, factory farming, nonhuman political agency, and intervention. Presenting work by theorists and activists, insights are offered from both ethics and politics that impact theory and practice and offer essential considerations for those engaging in interspecies ethics within the political turn era.
===
CONTENTS:
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
List of Figures
Foreword (by Richard D. Ryder)
1. Introduction
(Andrew Woodhall & Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade)
2. Making Light of the Ethical? The Ethics and Politics of Animal Rights
(Mark Rowlands)
3. Far-persons
(Gary Comstock)
4. Evolution to Liberation: Political Reflections on Morality and Nonhumans
(Steve F. Sapontzis)
5. Robert Nozick on Nonhuman Animals: Rights, Value and the Meaning of Life
(Josh Milburn)
6. Reinventing Left Humanism: Towards an Interspecies Emancipatory Project
(Zipporah Weisberg)
7. Justice for Animals in a Globalizing World
(Angie Pepper)
8. Animal Rights and the Distorting Power of Anthropocentric Prejudice
(Gary Steiner)
9. Interspecies Encounters and the Political Turn: From Dialogues to Deliberation
(Eva Meijer)
10. Gandhian Satyagraha and Open Animal Rescue
(Tony Milligan)
11. Shame: From Defensive Fury to Epistemological Shifts and Political Change
(Elisa Aaltola)
12. Are We Smart Enough to Know When to Take the Political Turn for Animals?
(Kim Stallwood)
13. Interspecies Atrocities and the Politics of Memory
(Guy Scotton)
14. Animal Research and the Political Theory of Animal Rights
(Gardar Arnason)
15. Cross-Species Comparisons of Welfare
(Tatjana Višak)
16. Population Dynamics Meets Animal Ethics: The Case for Aiding Animals in Nature
(Oscar Horta)
17. Afterword
(Carol J. Adams)
Index
In line with these aims this book is focused on four key areas: (i) how can the movement for nonhuman animals be strengthened or how should it go forward?, (ii) how should we act for nonhuman animals?, (iii) ought we intervene for nonhuman animals, and if so how far and in which areas (e.g. direct action, violence, protest, in nature)?, and (iv) what other areas can we act for nonhuman animals in that we may not be considering already?
These four questions are large areas that have both theoretical and practical importance within interspecies ethics/studies and society/the movement. Within current political, social, and ethical debates – both in academia and society – activism and how individuals should approach issues facing nonhuman animals have become increasingly important ‘hot’ issues. Individuals, groups, advocacy agencies, and governments have all espoused competing ideas for how we should approach nonhuman use and exploitation. Ought we proceed through liberation? Abolition? Segregation? Integration? As nonhuman liberation, welfare, and rights’ groups increasingly interconnect and identify with other ‘social justice movements’, resolutions to these questions have become increasingly entangled with questions of what justice and our ethical commitments demand on this issue, and the topic has become increasingly significant and divisive. These four areas essential questions to be asked in regard to each of these, and within this volume they are answered by drawing on both theory and practice, theorists and activists, and interdisciplinary ideas in order to provide grounded, yet actionable, ways forward. The contributors within this volume offer new insights into all of these areas, and while allowing further debate to flourish they offer concrete suggestions for action and change in everyday practice; both on a large and small scale.
This book is therefore intended not only to provide new and interesting insight into the area and important contemporary discussions, but also to constructively aid the nonhuman movement and unite theory and practice on the crucial issues. With the nonhuman movement and its past approaches currently being questioned as a success, more nonhumans than ever being harmed and exploited, and a growing gulf between activists and scholars, this book attempts to be a bridge over these gaps and move both theory and practice – and thus the movement and field – forward.
The literature on interspecies ethics/studies is, if not as wide as other fields, still significant and growing daily. Within this literature questions on intervention have only recently been receiving attention. With the current ‘political turn’ in the field – i.e. a move away from more traditional ethical approaches to nonhuman animal issues to more politically-based positions – questions regarding how the field, and the movement as a whole, can be improved and have more impact have also begun to be raised. It is by regarding these recent debates that this book specifically fits within the literature.
As such, this book can be broken down into three areas. While each chapter covers various topics which often overlap others, the chapters have been arranged both in order to complement each topic with those that come before and after, and as they fit with these three themes. The first five chapters largely focus on broad issues that are of importance to interspecies ethics/studies and the movement as a whole. Questions such as how the movement can be improved, what can be learned from other social movements, and how activism in general should move forward can be found in this section of the book. Chapters six through eleven consider questions relating to intervention in various situations, differing scales, and in regard to different questions. Questions such as whether intervention is conceivable, how we should intervene, how far, in what circumstances, and whether we should recompense nonhuman animals for past wrongs are the focus of this section of the book. Finally, while all of the contributions to this volume offer new insights, chapters ten and eleven also provide new areas within the debate to consider, and new topics for activists to take into consideration...." (Excerpt from the book's introduction)
-Contents-
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
Introduction
1. Saving Nonhumans: Drawing the Threads of a Movement Together
Andrew Woodhall & Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade
2. Putting Nonhuman Animals First: A Call for a Pragmatic and Realistic Turn in Normative Theorising
Jens Tuider
3. Animal Activism and Interspecies Change
Eva Meijer
4. The Role of Activist and Media Communication in Helping Humanity Establish its Responsibility toward Fellow Animals
Carrie Packwood Freeman
5. Beyond Complicity and Denial: Nonhuman Animal Advocacy and the Right to Living Justly
Kurtis Boyer, Guy Scotton & Katherine Wayne
6. Nonhuman Animals and Sovereignty: On Zoopolis, Failed States, and Institutional Relationships with Free-Living Nonhuman Animals
Josh Milburn
7. Are Nonhuman Animals owed Compensation for the Wrongs Committed to Them?
Julia Mosquera
8. And the Animals Show Their Veins: Predation, Vivisection and Moral Innocence
Wayne Williams
9. The Limits of Intervention in Nature on Behalf of Wild Animals and the Limits of Ethics
Patrizia Setola
10. A (Human) Rights-Based Approach to Natural Disaster Intervention for Nonhuman Animals
Lauren Traczykowski
11. Climate Justice for Wildlife: A Rights-Based Account
Julius Kapembwa & Joshua Wells
Index
O livro versa sobre a questão dos direitos animais, tópico de problematização intelectual que, a despeito de ser reconhecido pela comunidade internacional como objeto de análise de estudos de ponta, ainda não recebeu a merecida atenção dentro da esfera acadêmica nacional. A presente obra distingue-se de todas as outras publicações da mesma área por ser o primeiro estudo acadêmico realizado no Brasil o qual versa especificamente sobre a teoria ético-filosófica do scholar de Direito norte-americano, Gary L. Francione – reconhecido como um dos pensadores mais influentes no debate contemporâneo sobre a inclusão dos animais à comunidade moral humana. Acima de tudo, “Animais como Pessoas: A Abordagem Abolicionista de Gary L. Francione” é uma obra de caráter acadêmico que foi particularmente escrita para ser acessível ao público em geral. Esse é um livro dedicado a toda e qualquer pessoa que tenha interesse em expandir sua visão sobre os animais e, talvez, até mesmo repensar completamente a sua forma de percebê-los e de agir para com eles."
Abstract: What makes someone morally considerable? In this essay, I canvass the three main conditions often cited within contemporary philosophical literature for the ethical consideration of individuals, namely, well-being, interests, and the biological presence of sentience. The essay itself has four parts. In the first part, I reflect upon the notions of 'moral considerability' and 'well-being'. In the second part, I tackle the numerous questions surrounding the idea of 'interest'. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual distinction between 'having an interest' and 'taking an interest' and its moral implications. In the third part, I address the idea of 'sentience' and explore some of the criticisms that a sentiocentric approach to morality has received. In the fourth part, I discuss the empirical evidences concerning the presence of sentience within a constellation of animal species. Lastly, I conclude my investigation with a cautionary note regarding the line that separates those beings who are currently thought to be worthy of moral consideration and those who are not.
This book offers ethical and political approaches to issues that nonhuman animals face. The recent ‘political turn’ in interspecies ethics, from ethical to political approaches, has arisen due to the apparent lack of success of the nonhuman animal movement and dissatisfaction with traditional approaches. Current works largely present general positions rather than address specific issues and principally rely on mainstream approaches. This book offers alternative positions such as cosmopolitan, libertarian, and left humanist thought, as well as applying ethical and political thought to specific issues, such as experimentation, factory farming, nonhuman political agency, and intervention. Presenting work by theorists and activists, insights are offered from both ethics and politics that impact theory and practice and offer essential considerations for those engaging in interspecies ethics within the political turn era.
===
CONTENTS:
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
List of Figures
Foreword (by Richard D. Ryder)
1. Introduction
(Andrew Woodhall & Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade)
2. Making Light of the Ethical? The Ethics and Politics of Animal Rights
(Mark Rowlands)
3. Far-persons
(Gary Comstock)
4. Evolution to Liberation: Political Reflections on Morality and Nonhumans
(Steve F. Sapontzis)
5. Robert Nozick on Nonhuman Animals: Rights, Value and the Meaning of Life
(Josh Milburn)
6. Reinventing Left Humanism: Towards an Interspecies Emancipatory Project
(Zipporah Weisberg)
7. Justice for Animals in a Globalizing World
(Angie Pepper)
8. Animal Rights and the Distorting Power of Anthropocentric Prejudice
(Gary Steiner)
9. Interspecies Encounters and the Political Turn: From Dialogues to Deliberation
(Eva Meijer)
10. Gandhian Satyagraha and Open Animal Rescue
(Tony Milligan)
11. Shame: From Defensive Fury to Epistemological Shifts and Political Change
(Elisa Aaltola)
12. Are We Smart Enough to Know When to Take the Political Turn for Animals?
(Kim Stallwood)
13. Interspecies Atrocities and the Politics of Memory
(Guy Scotton)
14. Animal Research and the Political Theory of Animal Rights
(Gardar Arnason)
15. Cross-Species Comparisons of Welfare
(Tatjana Višak)
16. Population Dynamics Meets Animal Ethics: The Case for Aiding Animals in Nature
(Oscar Horta)
17. Afterword
(Carol J. Adams)
Index
In line with these aims this book is focused on four key areas: (i) how can the movement for nonhuman animals be strengthened or how should it go forward?, (ii) how should we act for nonhuman animals?, (iii) ought we intervene for nonhuman animals, and if so how far and in which areas (e.g. direct action, violence, protest, in nature)?, and (iv) what other areas can we act for nonhuman animals in that we may not be considering already?
These four questions are large areas that have both theoretical and practical importance within interspecies ethics/studies and society/the movement. Within current political, social, and ethical debates – both in academia and society – activism and how individuals should approach issues facing nonhuman animals have become increasingly important ‘hot’ issues. Individuals, groups, advocacy agencies, and governments have all espoused competing ideas for how we should approach nonhuman use and exploitation. Ought we proceed through liberation? Abolition? Segregation? Integration? As nonhuman liberation, welfare, and rights’ groups increasingly interconnect and identify with other ‘social justice movements’, resolutions to these questions have become increasingly entangled with questions of what justice and our ethical commitments demand on this issue, and the topic has become increasingly significant and divisive. These four areas essential questions to be asked in regard to each of these, and within this volume they are answered by drawing on both theory and practice, theorists and activists, and interdisciplinary ideas in order to provide grounded, yet actionable, ways forward. The contributors within this volume offer new insights into all of these areas, and while allowing further debate to flourish they offer concrete suggestions for action and change in everyday practice; both on a large and small scale.
This book is therefore intended not only to provide new and interesting insight into the area and important contemporary discussions, but also to constructively aid the nonhuman movement and unite theory and practice on the crucial issues. With the nonhuman movement and its past approaches currently being questioned as a success, more nonhumans than ever being harmed and exploited, and a growing gulf between activists and scholars, this book attempts to be a bridge over these gaps and move both theory and practice – and thus the movement and field – forward.
The literature on interspecies ethics/studies is, if not as wide as other fields, still significant and growing daily. Within this literature questions on intervention have only recently been receiving attention. With the current ‘political turn’ in the field – i.e. a move away from more traditional ethical approaches to nonhuman animal issues to more politically-based positions – questions regarding how the field, and the movement as a whole, can be improved and have more impact have also begun to be raised. It is by regarding these recent debates that this book specifically fits within the literature.
As such, this book can be broken down into three areas. While each chapter covers various topics which often overlap others, the chapters have been arranged both in order to complement each topic with those that come before and after, and as they fit with these three themes. The first five chapters largely focus on broad issues that are of importance to interspecies ethics/studies and the movement as a whole. Questions such as how the movement can be improved, what can be learned from other social movements, and how activism in general should move forward can be found in this section of the book. Chapters six through eleven consider questions relating to intervention in various situations, differing scales, and in regard to different questions. Questions such as whether intervention is conceivable, how we should intervene, how far, in what circumstances, and whether we should recompense nonhuman animals for past wrongs are the focus of this section of the book. Finally, while all of the contributions to this volume offer new insights, chapters ten and eleven also provide new areas within the debate to consider, and new topics for activists to take into consideration...." (Excerpt from the book's introduction)
-Contents-
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
Introduction
1. Saving Nonhumans: Drawing the Threads of a Movement Together
Andrew Woodhall & Gabriel Garmendia da Trindade
2. Putting Nonhuman Animals First: A Call for a Pragmatic and Realistic Turn in Normative Theorising
Jens Tuider
3. Animal Activism and Interspecies Change
Eva Meijer
4. The Role of Activist and Media Communication in Helping Humanity Establish its Responsibility toward Fellow Animals
Carrie Packwood Freeman
5. Beyond Complicity and Denial: Nonhuman Animal Advocacy and the Right to Living Justly
Kurtis Boyer, Guy Scotton & Katherine Wayne
6. Nonhuman Animals and Sovereignty: On Zoopolis, Failed States, and Institutional Relationships with Free-Living Nonhuman Animals
Josh Milburn
7. Are Nonhuman Animals owed Compensation for the Wrongs Committed to Them?
Julia Mosquera
8. And the Animals Show Their Veins: Predation, Vivisection and Moral Innocence
Wayne Williams
9. The Limits of Intervention in Nature on Behalf of Wild Animals and the Limits of Ethics
Patrizia Setola
10. A (Human) Rights-Based Approach to Natural Disaster Intervention for Nonhuman Animals
Lauren Traczykowski
11. Climate Justice for Wildlife: A Rights-Based Account
Julius Kapembwa & Joshua Wells
Index
O livro versa sobre a questão dos direitos animais, tópico de problematização intelectual que, a despeito de ser reconhecido pela comunidade internacional como objeto de análise de estudos de ponta, ainda não recebeu a merecida atenção dentro da esfera acadêmica nacional. A presente obra distingue-se de todas as outras publicações da mesma área por ser o primeiro estudo acadêmico realizado no Brasil o qual versa especificamente sobre a teoria ético-filosófica do scholar de Direito norte-americano, Gary L. Francione – reconhecido como um dos pensadores mais influentes no debate contemporâneo sobre a inclusão dos animais à comunidade moral humana. Acima de tudo, “Animais como Pessoas: A Abordagem Abolicionista de Gary L. Francione” é uma obra de caráter acadêmico que foi particularmente escrita para ser acessível ao público em geral. Esse é um livro dedicado a toda e qualquer pessoa que tenha interesse em expandir sua visão sobre os animais e, talvez, até mesmo repensar completamente a sua forma de percebê-los e de agir para com eles."
Within recent years, a ‘political turn’ has occurred within nonhuman ethics. This ‘turn’ has been undertaken as, despite its impact, most theorists consider that the nonhuman movement has actually had little impact for nonhumans. Indeed, there is much more nonhuman suffering and exploitation since the movement beganthan there ever was before, despite the changes that the movement has accomplished. Recently, then, nonhuman theorists within academia have been attempting to consider ‘what has gone wrong’ and how this can be fixed. The resulting conclusion for some is that an ethical approach has not been working, and thus we need to approach nonhuman issues via another methodology, such as a more practically-aimed political science.
Largely, however, this shift has not occurred within the activist community, who still focus almost entirely on the ethical approach, via either Peter Singer’s utilitarian liberation or an abolitionist rights position. This lack of impact from theorists to activists exemplifies the gulf between theory and practice. While the concern of theorists may be correct that the way that the movement has traditionally approached nonhuman issues has largely failed in its overall aim, the problem may rather be with how divided the movement is, how no unified approach is taken, and how theory and action are largely undertaken distinctly and with different short-term aims.
In the first part of this paper, we consider how both theory and practice must be linked together in order for the nonhuman movement to become more effective, and how a re-grouping is required. We shall claim that this requires both that activists ground their action more than currently occurs and that theorists not only focus more on actual, practical ways to aid nonhumans but also actively partake in the actions themselves.
In the second part of this paper, we consider this approach in regards to two areas. In the first, we canvass the theoretical underpinnings of direct action and analyse the philosophical basis for practical activism. More precisely, we aim to tackle the poorly explored intersection between nonhuman animal ethics and the ethics of war and self-defence. If our assessment of the topic suffices, it is concluded, then we have good reasons to think that intervene to protect nonhuman animals from harm is morally acceptable. In the second area, we consider how anthropocentrism not only creates theoretical problems within the debate but also undermines the nonhuman movement and its aims as a whole. This, it will be claimed, also occurs within the practical elements of the movement. Thus, only by considering this theoretically, and removing this both in our theories and in our everyday practice and the movement’s goals, can both theory and action – and most importantly, nonhumans – benefit.
Within our chapter, we consider the divide between theorists and activists within the nonhuman animal movement. We consider the recent reflections on the successes and failures of the movement before arguing that instead of a methodological reason that perhaps the source of the movement’s overall lack of success is the result of this theory/practice gulf. In the first part of the chapter we consider how both theory and practice must be linked together in order for the nonhuman movement to become more effective, and argue that activists ought to ground their action more than currently occurs while theorists must focus more on actual, practical ways to aid nonhuman animals while also actively partake in action themselves. In the second part we consider this approach in regard to anthropocentrism and the poorly explored intersection between interspecies ethics and the ethics of war and self-defence. We argue that with the former, anthropocentrism when understood correctly not only results in problems for the movement that need to be confronted but that rejecting anthropocentrism has important implications on theoretical and practical issues, such as intervention. With the latter, we argue that questions concerning direct action and the moral permissibility of using violence to protect nonhuman animals from human oppression cannot be answered within interspecies ethics alone. It is necessary to make use of a more sophisticated and accurate terminology, which can only be found in the ethics of war and self-defence literature.